NGOKU ingaphezu kwenyanga inyikima eye yatshabalalisa iPort-au-Prince, yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-200,000 XNUMX yaza yafaka izigidi zabantu kweyona meko inzima.
Kodwa ngokutsho kukarhulumente wase-US, abantu baseHaiti banokuninzi abanombulelo ngako.
Ngomhla we-12 kaFebruwari, unozakuzaku waseMelika eHaiti uKen Merten waqhayisa esithi, โNgokumalunga nokuhanjiswa koncedo loluntuโฆ imodeli yendlela esiye sakwazi ngayo ukuzilungisa njengabanikeli emhlabeni kwaye siphendule kwinyikima. "
UBill Quigley, umlawuli wezomthetho weZiko lamaLungelo oMgaqo-siseko, waba nempendulo elula kwibango likaMerten: "Yintoni? IHaiti ngumzekelo wendlela urhulumente wamazwe ngamazwe kunye noluntu olunikelayo olufanele luphendule ngayo kwinyikima? I-ambassador kufuneka isebenze ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye idinga abanye R&R. Jonga iinyani."
Ziziphi izibakala? I-Ofisi yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yoLungelelaniso lweMicimbi yoLuntu (i-OCHA) inikela ingxelo yokuba โngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3 abantuโumntu omnye kwabathathu baseHaitiโbachatshazelwe kanobom yinyikima, yaye abazizigidi ezi-2 kubo bafuna uncedo oluthe rhoqo lokutya. uninzi lwabo lusahlala phantsi kwamashiti neekhadibhodi kwiinkampu zokwexeshana.
OKO UNOKUKWENZA Iminikelo noncedo zifuneka ngamandla eHaiti. Nantsi eminye imibutho enonxulumano nemibutho yasekuhlaleni kweli lizwe. The Ingxowa-mali yoNcedo oluNgxamisekileyo yaseHaiti, ihlelwe ngumbutho wobumbano iHaiti Action, ihambisa izixhobo ngokuthe ngqo kwimibutho ephantsi. Yasekwa ngo-2004 emva kobhukuqo-mbuso olwanyanzela uMongameli uJean-Bertrand Aristide ukuba aphume esikhundleni. Ngolwazi oluthe kratya, kubandakanywa umnxeba womnxeba, yiya kwi Canada Haiti Action Network Indawo yeWebhu. The Iziko lezoNyango laseZanmi Lasante ikwiCentral Plateau yaseHaiti kwaye inikezela ngokhathalelo lwempilo ngothungelwano lweekliniki. Iziko lezempilo lasinda kwinyikima kwaye lihambisa uncedo kwindawo yentlekele. Unganikela kwiziko ngokusebenzisa umbutho ongenzi nzuzo wase-US Abalingani kwiMpilo. ISOPUDEP sisikolo soovulindlela ePetionville. Izibonelelo zesikolo kunye nootitshala baso bayahlanganiswa ukuze bancede abemi abangabamelwane. Unokusixhasa isikolo ngokusebenzisa iCanada-based Sawatzky Family Foundation. |
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, umzamo wokunceda ukwazile ukubonelela abantu abangama-270,000 ngeendawo zokuhlala ezisisiseko njengeentente. Bangaphezulu kwesigidi esi-1 abantu abasenalo ufikelelo oluncinci ekutyeni nasemanzini kwaye kufuneka barhoxe ukuze bafumane isondlo. Okubi nangakumbi kukuba, ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi wokunceda ungasebenzi kakuhle, abantu baseHaiti banikela ingxelo yokuba okunye ukutya kuchitha ixesha elide kwisikhululo seenqwelo-moya kangangokuba kuye kubole xa kufika abantu abalambileyo.
NgoFebruwari 7, amawaka abantu baseHaiti benza umngcelele kwihlomela-dolophu lasePetionville ePort-au-Prince bekhalazela iimeko zabo ezibuhlungu kunye nokusilela kokunikezelwa koncedo.
Ezo meko ziya kuba mbi ngakumbi njengoko ixesha lemvula lisondela. I-Mรฉdicins sans Frontiรจres (MSF) yashwankathela imeko embi kakhulu:
Kunzima ukukholelwa ukuba kwiiveki ezine emva kweenyikima, abantu abaninzi basahlala phantsi kweebhedi ezinkampini nasesitratweniโฆ isantya esicothayo sosasazo. I-MSF inenkxalabo yokuba ngokuqala kwexesha lemvula, siya kujongana neemeko ezingxamisekileyo zonyango, xa abantu abahlala ngaphandle kwendawo yokuhlala beza kuthi benorhudo okanye izifo zokuphefumula.
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UNOzakuzaku wase-US wayengenakuphosisa ngakumbi malunga nephulo lokunceda eHaiti.
Nangona ezinye ii-NGOs ezifana ne-Partners in Health ziye zenza kwaye zenza umsebenzi omangalisayo wokubonelela ngeenkonzo kumaxhoba enyikima, ngokubanzi, intlekele yaseHaiti ibonakalise iinkalo ezimbi kakhulu zorhulumente wase-US kunye neshishini le-NGO yoncedo.
Njengoko abahlalutyi abaninzi baye baqaphela, i-US eneneni isebenzise umsebenzi wayo "wokunceda" ukufihla umkhosi womkhosi waseHaiti, ngenjongo yokuthintela isikhukula sababaleki ukuba sifike e-US, sinyanzelise uphuhliso olukhulu lwe-sweatshop eHaiti, kunye nomqondiso kwi-Latin yonke. IMelika, iCaribbean kunye noorhulumente abanamandla behlabathi ukuba i-US ijolise ekubuyiseleni amandla ayo kummandla.
Ngenxa yoko, uncedo oluvela e-US ludlale umdlalo wesibini kwiminqweno yobukhosi-kwaye inkalo ye-NGO-egxile ekuphenduleni kwayo yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesicwangciso sayo.
Endaweni yokunceda ilizwe laseHaiti kunye nokwakha amandla ayo okujongana nale ngxaki, i-US ifakela i-379 yezigidi zeedola kuncedo ngeearhente zayo emva koko ngee-NGO. Ngokutsho kwe-Associated Press:
Idola yaseMelika nganye iphantse yaqhekeka ngolu hlobo: iisenti ezingama-42 zoncedo lwentlekele, iisenti ezingama-33 zoncedo lwasemkhosini lwase-US, iisenti ezilithoba zokutya, iisenti ezilithoba zokuthutha ukutya, iisenti ezintlanu zokuhlawula abantu baseHaiti abasindileyo kwimizamo yokuchacha, ngaphantsi nje kweesenti enye ukuya. urhulumente waseHaiti, kwaye malunga nesiqingatha sesenti kwiDominican Republic.
Uninzi lweemali ezikhuselwe ngasese ziye zathunyelwa kwii-NGO ezinembali etshekishwayo eHaiti, kungekhona abo bazinikele ngokwenene ekuvuseleleni umbutho waseHaiti. Njengoko uBill Quigley ebhala:
Iminikelo yeHaiti kwimibutho yabucala idlule kwi-644 yezigidi zeerandi. Ngaphezu kwe-200 yezigidi zeerandi ziye zaya kwi-Red Cross, eyayinabantu abali-15 abasebenza kwiiprojekthi zempilo eHaiti ngaphambi kwenyikima. Malunga nezigidi ezingama-40 zeerandi ziye zaya kwi-Partners in Health, eyayinabantu abangama-5,000 abasebenza ngezempilo eHaiti ngaphambi kwenyikima.
IiNGO ezinkulu, ezifumana isixa semali, ziyibona le ngxaki njengethuba elikhulu lokunyusa ingxowa-mali kunye neprofayili yazo. Ngoko ke, endaweni yoncedo oluphakathi nolunengqiqo, into enokwenziwa ngurhulumente ozimeleyo kuphela, ii-NGOs ziyakhuphisana zodwa, ngokoqobo ziphawula iindawo ezizisebenzelayo ngeelogo zazo. Njengomphumo wolu khuphiswano, babonelela ngobonelelo loncedo olubonakalayo kunye nesiphithiphithi. Ngokutsho kwijenali yezonyango yaseBritani LancetIiNGO zezi:
begxalathelana befuna isikhundla, ngamnye kubo esithi wenza okona kulungileyo kwabo basinde kwinyikima. Ezinye ii-arhente zide zithi โzikhokelaโ kumsebenzi wokunceda. Ngapha koko, njengoko sibona ngokucacileyo, imeko yaseHaiti iyisiphithiphithi, iyonakalisa kwaye nantoni na ngaphandle kokulungelelaniswa.
Zingcoliswe ngamandla ezopolitiko angaphakathi kunye neempawu ezingathandekiyo ezibonwa kwiinkampani ezinkulu ezininzi, ii-arhente zoncedo ezinkulu zinokuxakeke kukunyusa imali ngemizamo yazo yokubhena. Usasazo lwemidiya njengesiphelo ngokwalo kaninzi luyinjongo yemisebenzi yabo. Ukuthengisa kunye nokuthengisa kuneprofayile ephezulu kakhulu. Mhlawumbi okubi kakhulu, iinzame zokunceda kwintsimi ngamanye amaxesha zikhuphisana, kunye nentsebenziswano encinci phakathi kwee-arhente, kubandakanywa ezincinci, izibonelelo eziphantsi ezinokuthi zibe nothungelwano olungcono kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo, kwaye ke zibekwe kakuhle ukuba ziphumeze ngokukhawuleza uncedo oluphuthumayo.
Okubi nangakumbi kukuba, ii-NGOs, ngenxa yentsebenziswano esondeleyo nomkhosi wase-US, ziye zamkela i-paranoid obsession ngokhuseleko nto leyo ebangela ukuba zibonelele ngoncedo lokwenyani. NgokukaSasha Kramer, umseki we-non-profit Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods owayeseHaiti ngexesha lenyikima kwaye uhlala elapho namhlanje:
Omnye umhlobo wandibonisa imephu esetyenziswa zizo zonke ii-NGOs ezinkulu, apho iPort-au-Prince yahlulwe ngokwemimandla yokhuseleko: tyheli, orenji, obomvu. Iindawo ezibomvu zithintelwe; kwimimandla e-orenji, zonke iifestile zemoto kufuneka zivalwe, kwaye azikwazi ukutyelelwa ngamaxesha athile emini; nakwindawo etyheli, abasebenzi boncedo kaninzi abavumelekanga ukuba bahambe ezitalatweni, kwaye bachithe ixesha labo elininzi bekhwela esixekweni ukusuka kwenye iofisi ukuya kwenye ngezithuthi zombutho.
Ukwenziwa kwezi ndawo zokhuseleko kuye kwafana nokwakhiwa kodonga, udonga oluqiniswe yimiqobo yolwimi kunye noloyiko, kuneentsimbi zentsimbi-udonga oluthi, ngokungafaniyo nezakhiwo ezininzi zasePort-au-Prince, aluzange ludilike ngexesha inyikima.
Uloyiko, kanye njengogonyamelo, luzibangela ukuba luqhubeke. Xa abasebenzi boncedo bengena eluntwini bebonakalisa uloyiko, kuyacaphukisa, ukungazikhathaleli okubonwayo ekunxibelelaneni nesininzi esihluphekayo kuyakhubekisa, ukuqhuba kwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo iifestile zisongiwe kwaye oonogada abaxhobileyo bayakhubekisaโฆ
Ngaphandle kweenjongo ezintle zabasebenzi abaninzi abancedisayo bejikeleza isiseko se-UN, uncedo oluninzi oluza kwimibutho emikhulu lusavaliwe kwindawo yokugcina, ulinde i-UN efunekayo kunye ne-US yokukhapha umkhosi obonwa njengento ebalulekileyo ekuhanjisweni. Okwangoku, abantu ezinkampini bayabandezeleka, yaye ukunyamezela kwabo kuya kuncipha.
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UMGAQO-NKQUBO wase-US wokugqitha urhulumente waseHaiti ukuba axhase ngemali ii-NGOs asiyonto intsha-oku ibiyinkqubo yase-US kwiLizwe leSithathu ukusukela ekujikeni kwiniyoliberalism ngeminyaka yoo-1970.
I-US isebenzise iinkqubo ze-IMF kunye neBhanki yeHlabathi yohlengahlengiso lwezakhiwo ukunyanzela oorhulumente beHlabathi leSithathu ukuba bathengisele ishishini labucala, banciphise imivuzo kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente, bacuthe imiqobo yorhwebo, kwaye bavule uqoqosho kurhwebo notyalo-mali lwase-US. Ngaxeshanye, i-US kunye nabaxhasi bamashishini baqala ukuxhasa ngemali ii-NGOs ukujongana nengxaki yentlalontle eyenziwe yimigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal.
Njengoko uDavid Harvey exoxa kwincwadi yakhe Imbali emfutshane yeNeoliberalism:
Ukukhula kwamaqela agqwesileyo kunye nee-NGOsโฆkukhaphe inguqu ye-neoliberal kwaye kwanda ngokumangalisayo ukusukela ngo-1980 okanye njalo. Ii-NGOs kwiimeko ezininzi ziye zangena kwivacum kubonelelo lwentlalo olushiywe kukurhoxa kukarhulumente kwimisebenzi enjalo. Oku kuthetha ushishino lwabucala yiNGO. Kwezinye iimeko, oku kuye kwanceda ukukhawulezisa ukurhoxa kurhulumente kubonelelo lwentlalontle. Ii-NGOs ngoko zisebenza njenge "Trojan horses for neoliberal globalization."
Ii-NGOs, enyanisweni, ngamashishini ngokwawo. Badlala abalawuli abahlawulwa kakuhle abanyusa imali kwimpembelelo embi yeniyoliberalism kwihlabathi jikelele. Abaphenduli kubemi basekuhlaleni ekucingelwa ukuba bayabasebenzela, kodwa endaweni yoko kubaxhasi bamazwe ngamazwe ababaxhasa ngemali-ixesha elininzi, iimbumba ezixhaswa ngemali njengeGeorge Soros's Open Society Institute kunye noorhulumente bongxowankulu.
Ngaphaya koko, ngenxa yokuba ii-NGOs zinokubhatala iinkokeli zasekhaya ngaphezulu kunorhulumente okanye imibutho yasekuhlaleni, zihlala ziqesha abantu abanokuthi ngokwesiko bakhokele imibutho yasekhohlo. Njengoko uMike Davis engena Isijikelezi-langa samatyotyombe:
Ii-NGO zeHlabathi leSithathu zibonakalise ukuba zikrelekrele ekukhetheni ubunkokheli basekhaya kunye nokuqinisa indawo yentlalo ebihlala abantu basekhohlo. Nokuba kukho imibhiyozo ethile engaqhelekanga-njengee-NGOs ezinomkhosi ezinegalelo elikhulu ekudaleni i-World Social Forums-impembelelo ebanzi ye-NGO/"inguquko yoluntu eluntwini"...ibiyeyokugunyazisa nokudodobalisa imibutho yasekuhlaleni yasezidolophini.
UDavis uthi ii-NGOs, ngokwenene, luhlobo "lwe-impiriyali ethambileyo." Banendima efana kakhulu naleyo yayidlalwa ngamaziko onqulo lwabavangeli kwimbali yangaphambili yobukhosi. Babonelela ngokhuseleko lokuziphatha-uthumo lwempucuko lokunceda abahedeni abakhohlakeleyo-kumagunya aphanga uluntu. Ibe kanye njengokuba amaziko onqulo ayethethelela imfazwe yookumkani, iiNGO ezininzi, ziye zayishiya imbono yazo engokwesithethe yokungathabathi cala kwiingxwabangxwaba, ziye zaba ngabaxhasi bokungenelela emkhosini.
Akukho ndawo icace ngakumbi le pateni kunaseHaiti. I-US yaqinisekisa uzwilakhe u-Baby Doc Duvalier ngeminyaka yoo-1980s ukuba aphumeze isicwangciso sophuhliso lwe-neoliberal abathi abantu baseHaiti babiza ngokuba "yisicwangciso sokufa," eyehlisa iirhafu kwezolimo zaseMelika, yakhuthaza uphuhliso lwe-sweatshop ePort-au-Prince kwaye yavula iindawo zokuchithela abakhenkethi kumazwe ngamazwe. abaphezulu.
Ngokuqikelelwayo, isicwangciso savelisa intlekele yoluntu; kwandisa ubuhlwempu obupheleleyo ngama-60 ekhulwini. Kodwa amahlwempu aseHaiti, abasebenzi kunye nabalimi bavuka ukuze bakhe intshukumo enkulu, uLavalas, owathi ekugqibeleni wanyula uJean-Bertrand Aristide umongameli ngo-1990 kwiqonga le-anti-neoliberal reform.
I-US yabona uhlaziyo oluthambileyo luka-Aristide njengesisoyikiso, yaxhasa ubhukuqo-mbuso ngo-1991 kwaye yasebenzisa ulawulo lobhukuqo-mbuso lobugrogrisi ukutyumza intshukumo yentlalo yaseLavalas. Kwakhona kwaqinisekisa u-Aristide ukuphumeza "isicwangciso sokufa" njengemeko yokubuyiselwa kwakhe kwi-1994. Ngaphantsi kwesoyikiso esivela e-US, u-Aristide kunye nomlandeli wakhe, uRenรฉ Prรฉval uphumeze uninzi lwesicwangciso.
I-US yaphinda yasebenzisa olunye ubhukuqo-mbuso ngokuchasene no-Aristide ngo-2004 kunye nolunye ulawulo lobhukuqo-mbuso ukunyanzela kuso sonke isicwangciso. Ngoku, iHaiti inoqoqosho oluninzi lwe-neoliberal kwiLatin America kunye neCaribbean.
Ngoko ke, njengoko watshoyo isifundiswa saseHaiti uRobert Fatton exoxa esithi, โUkukhululwa kukarhulumente akuyongoziโฆIsisiphumo senkqubo yeniyoliberal emiliselwe kweli lizwe ngamaziko amakhulu emali ezizwe ngezizwe. Ngokukhuthaza ukurhoxa kukarhulumente kwintlalontle yakhe. kunye nokulawula izibophelelo, kunye nokukhuthaza ukongama kwemarike, lo rhulumente ube negalelo kwintlekele yezoqoqosho, yezopolitiko kunye nentlalo. "
Kwangelo xesha linye, i-US, amanye amagunya kunye nabaxhasi bamazwe ngamazwe baqalisa ukuxhasa ngemali ii-NGOs. Kungekudala, iBhanki yeHlabathi yabika ukuba kukho ii-NGOs ze-10,000 kweli lizwe, zenza yonke into ukusuka ekuqokeleleni inkunkuma ukuya kukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nokubonelela ngokutya kwi-chaotic patchwork yeenkonzo ezithathe indawo yelizwe elingakwaziyo.
Ezi NGOs azikho phantsi kukarhulumente kuphela ngamagama. Peter Hallward amaxwebhu kwiUkutshabalalisa uMkhukula ukuba i-Arhente yase-US yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe (USAID) kunye namanye amaziko karhulumente afanayo avela kwamanye amazwe abonelele nge-70 yepesenti yenkxaso-mali kwiiNGO. Enye i-30 yepesenti iphuma kwiimbumba kunye nabaxhasi ngabanye.
Ngokungamangalisiyo, njengoko uHallward exoxa, "imali eninzi ye-USAID eya eHaiti nakwamanye amazwe akulo mmandla yenzelwe ngokucacileyo ukulandela umdla - ukukhuthaza imeko yotyalo-mali ekhuselekileyo, ukongiwa kwamakhonkco kunye namashishini asekhaya, ukugcinwa kobutyebi. abasebenzi abathobileyo nabafumana umvuzo ophantsi, njalo njalo."
Abantu baseHaiti ngoku babiza ilizwe labo njenge "Riphabhlikhi yee-NGOs." Kodwa elo ligama elingafanelekanga, kuba abantu baseHaiti abanalo ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kwii-NGO. Enyanisweni, iHaiti iye yalawulwa yi-American NGO Raj.
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NGEXA EZINYE ii-NGOs ezifana ne-Partners in Health ziye zasekwa ukuba ziphuhlise i-Haitian grassroots self-organization kunye nokulawula, ezininzi ii-NGOs ezinkulu ziye zabandakanyeka kwintlekele ye-neoliberal eyenziwa yi-US eHaiti.
Okokuqala, ii-NGOs ziye zavelisa kwakhona kwaye zandisa ukungalingani kweklasi eHaiti. Kuba ii-NGOs zinokuhlawula ngcono kakhulu kunaye nabani na ongomnye, kubandakanywa nelizwe laseHaiti, baye batshayela iingcali ezikumgangatho ophakathi kwizikhundla zabo. Abantu baseHaiti ngoku babiza ngokuba "yiklasi ye-NGO." Njengoko i-anthropologist uMark Schuller ebhala:
Ukongeza kwimivuzo ephezulu, abasebenzi be-NGO banokufikelela kumalungelo amaninzi: amanzi okusela acocekileyo, umbane wokuhlawula ii-hones zeseli, i-imeyile kunye ne-visa yase-US ehlala ixabisa. La malungelo wona adibanisa abantu kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Utyelelo lokuqala lwabantu e-US lwaqinisa iimbono zeneoliberal. Olu didi lwenziweyo, oluxhomekeke kudidi oluphakathi-"udidi lweNGO"-ngaloo ndlela luxhasa ngokuthe ngqo uhlobo lomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe lwezoqoqosho, luphumeza umsebenzi weengcamango kwaye lubabeke ngakumbi abantu baseHaiti, kunyulwe abambalwa abanyuliweyo ukuba bafumane amalungelo kuvinjwa uninzi lwamahlwempu eHaiti.
Ii-NGOs ngokwazo zikwishishini lentlupheko, hayi ukupheliswa kwayo, kwaye ziye zanda ngokuvalelwa kunye nokuwohloka komgangatho wokuphila waseHaiti. Oku kukhokelele abantu abaninzi baseHaiti ukuba bababone ngokufanelekileyo njengengeniso kwingxaki yabo.
Njengoko uSove Lavi waxelela uSchuller, ii-NGOs "zithatha isigulo [sika-AIDS] kwaye zisiguqule sibe lishishini. Bayeka abantu baswelekeโฆNgenxa yesi sigulo, abantu abaninzi baye baba ngamagqwirha, abantu abaninzi baye baba zizityebi. Abaninzi baye baba zizityebi. abantu baqhuba iimoto zodidi, izithuthuthu zodidi. Abantu abaninzi benza imali eninzi ngemiqolo yabantu abaphila nesi sifo. Abantu abaninzi abaphila nesi sigulo, sisaqhubeka besifa."
Ezi NGOs ziye zashiya i-litany yeeprojekthi ezithe, kude nokuphucula imeko yabantu abahluphekayo baseHaiti, ngokwenene ziye zayenza mandundu.
Isazi ngembali yabantu uTimothy Schwartz ubhala ifuthe elibi lee-NGOs kwincwadi yakhe Ukuhambahamba eHaiti. Ngokukodwa, ubonisa indlela i-CARE International-eyayibanga injongo yayo eHaiti yayikukubonelela ngoncedo lokutya kwabo "abahluphekayo abahluphekayo"-ayiphumelelanga nje kwinjongo yayo, kodwa ngokwenene yandisa ingxaki yokutya.
Xa i-US iphumeza "isicwangciso sayo sokufa" eHaiti, eyanciphisa ezolimo zabalimi kwaye yakhukulisa imarike ngeemveliso ezixhaswa ngemali yase-US, yabangela ingxaki yokutya. Abalimi abazange bakwazi ukufumana indawo yokuthengisa imveliso yabo, baza ke ngoko bathwaxwa bubuhlwempu, ngokufuthi bengakwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo zokutya ngenxa yokuwohloka komgangatho wabo wokuphila. Emva koko baxhomekeke kuncedo lokutya.
I-USAID yona, ixhase ngemali iCARE International ukondla abo bangathathi ntweni. I-NGO yaqala ukusasaza izityalo zase-US njengoncedo lokutya, ngexesha lesivuno esibi kunye nesilungileyo, sijongela phantsi isakhono sabalimi baseHaiti sokukhuphisana kwintengiso. Rhoqo, uncedo lokutya lwaluthathwa ngabaphezulu bendawo kwaye bathengiswa emarikeni, uphawu lweCARE lusancanyathiselwe kwipakethe. ICARE yayibonakala ingenankathalo kangako kangangokuba ayizange ilandele ngokwenene imiphumo yenkqubo yayo yoncedo lokutya.
Ngeli xesha, yabeka iinkomfa kwiihotele ezintle ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweHaiti kurhulumente wayo wase-US kunye nabaxhasi bamashishini. U-Schwartz ubhala ukuba oku kufana "nokugqwethwa kweenjongo zesisa zaseMelika, kunye namabango ayo obuxoki okunceda 'abona bahluphekayo bahluphekayo' xa eyona nto yayiyenza yayikwenza isidlo esimnandi kwiihotele ezinqabileyo, ngelixa uqhuba umgaqo-nkqubo wezopolitiko wase-US umdla wobungxowankulu beshishini lamazwe ngamazwe kunye noosomashishini."
Komnye umzekelo, uSchwartz ubalisa ibali leenkedama ezixhaswe yi-NGO eziye zajika zaba sisikhuselo sokuthengisa abantwana.
IiNGO ezifana neWorld Vision, Compassion International kunye neChristian Aid Missions zidibene zixhasa amashumi amawaka abantwana abakumakhaya eenkedama. Phezulu, oku kuvakala njengesicwangciso sobubele. Kodwa njengoko uSchwartz ebonisa, abaqhubi abakumgangatho ophakathi kwiintandane bathatha imali kwii-NGOs kwaye baqhuba i-scam.
Kwezinye iimeko, aba basebenzi babehlala kungekhona iinkedama zokwenyani, kodwa abantwana be-elite yendawo. Kwezinye iimeko, banikela ngemali kubantu abangathathi ntweni baseHaiti ukuze bancede abantwana babo, bebathembisa ukuba baza kunyanyekelwa, bafundiswe baze banikwe ithuba lokuphila ubomi obubhetele. Uninzi lweenkedama zokwenyani-abantwana abahlala ezitalatweni abangathathi ntweni-abakhange bafumane ndawo. Amakhaya eenkedama ayezaliswe ngabantwana abakumgangatho ophakathi okanye abantwana abathengwe kubazali baboโoko kukuthi, iinkedama zomgunyathi.
U-Schwartz ubhala ukuba "wayengenamathandabuzo ukuba amakhaya iinkedama abantu baseHaiti kunye nabantu abaninzi baseMelika ababebanceda ekufumaneni imali yayingamashishini." Uyibiza ngokuthi "isisa sobuxoki. Ndikholelwa ukuba kufana nokuphanga abantwana abangathathi ntweni ngokwabo. Imali yeyabo, kwaye abayifumani, kwiimeko ezininzi endiye ndadibana nazo."
Okubi nangakumbi kukuba, abona bantu bagxekayo bathengisa ngabantwana bathengisa abona bantwana bangamahlwempu ebukhobokeni okanye kurhwebo lwesini. Ngokufuthi, aba bantwana bathengiswa kumazwe angaphandle. I-UNICEF inikela ingxelo ngoqikelelo olungagungqiyo lokuba nyaka ngamnye, kuthengiswa abantwana baseHaiti abangama-2,000 XNUMX eDominican Republic kuphela.
U-Schwartz ukwabonisa indlela impembelelo eyintlekele yemigaqo-nkqubo yoqoqosho lwe-neoliberal yase-US kunye nokungaphumeleli okanye ukuhambelana kwee-NGOs kubashiye abantu benqwenela kangangokuba baphendukela kurhwebo lwe-narco njengomthombo wengeniso. Ewe kunjalo, i-US ke isebenzisa oku njengesizathu esingakumbi sokuhlala emkhosini kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwesinye isicwangciso sophuhliso lwe-sweatshop.
Izigqibo zikaSchwartz zichanekile ngokupheleleyo:
Owona mbutho wesisa wamazwe ngamazwe we-CARE, iCRS, iWorld Vision kunye ne-ADRA-wenze intando yezopolitiko yamaziko, oorhulumente kunye nabaphembeleli bezopolitiko abachonge inzuzo yokuthelekisa iHaiti njengomvuzo ophantsi-oko kukuthi intlupheko-kwaye ngokwenza njalo, le mibutho yesisa izinikele ekuncedeni abona bahluphekayo bahlupheka basebenza ukwenza abantu baseHaiti bahlwempuzeke ngakumbi.
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NGEXESHA i-US isebenzise ii-NGOs ukunceda ukunyanzelisa i-neoliberalism eHaiti, yaphinda yazikhohlisa ukuba zakhe inkcaso yezopolitiko kuyo nayiphi na intshukumo yohlaziyo. I-US yongeze inkxaso-mali ye-NGO ye-racket ekuqhubeleni phambili kwi-coup yayo yesibini ngokumelene no-Jean-Bertrand Aristide ngo-2004. Kwangelo xesha linye ukuba yanyanzelisa urhulumente ka-Aristide ngezityholo zokuxhaphaza unyulo, yanyusa inkxaso-mali yee-NGOs. ezazichasene noAristide.
Njengoko u-Hallward ebhala, benza "ukusebenzisa amaqhinga azama kwaye avavanyiwe okukhuthaza idemokhrasi. EHaiti njengakwezinye iindawo, izithuthi eziphambili zokuhambisa umgaqo-nkqubo zaziyi-USAID, i-International Foundation for Electoral Systems, kunye ne-International Republican Institute. Zizonke, zivela kwi-USAID Ngo-1994 ukuya ku-2002, iWashington yayiza kunikela malunga ne-70 yezigidi zeedola-imali eyothusayo ngokwemigangatho yaseHaiti-ukuqeqesha inkcaso yezopolitiko efanelekileyo ku-Aristide.
Uninzi, ukuba aluninzi, kwii-NGOs ezithe zagqibela zilungelelaniswe kumbutho wezopolitiko weqela eliphikisayo, iQela le-184, kwaye exhasa ubhukuqo-mbuso yayikuluhlu lwabasebenzi base-US.
Intsebenziswano enjalo ye-NGO kunye nobhukuqo-mbuso igqibezela isangqa esikhohlakeleyo-ii-NGOs zancedisa kwaye zaxhasa "isicwangciso sokufa"; kwandiswa ngokusilela, ukuphatha kakubi kunye norhwaphilizo ifuthe leniyoliberalism eHaiti; waza waxhasa ubhukuqo-mbuso oluchasene norhulumente onyulwe ngedemokhrasi.
Ngokwenza njalo, bajongela phantsi ulongamo lwabantu baseHaiti, bonke bephantsi kweglosi yokunceda abantu boyise intlupheko yabo-ubuhlwempu abathi, enyanisweni, bancedise ukuyidala.
I-Marine Gen. Smedley Butler ukususela kumashumi eminyaka yokuqala ye-20th yekhulu leminyaka wathi wayesebenza "njenge-racketeer ye-capitalism." Okufanayo kunokusetyenziswa ngokulula kwii-NGOs kunye noncedo loluntu namhlanje-yi-racket ye-empire.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela