Umthombo: Iziko loPhando loQoqosho noMgaqo-nkqubo
Kuyathandwa ngabantu, ngakumbi abantu boqoqosho, ukubanga ukuba itekhnoloji ibingumqhubi omkhulu wokwanda kokungalingani kule minyaka ingamashumi amane idlulileyo. Lo mbono ulungele kakhulu abo bakwicala eliphumelelayo lolwahlulo lokungalingani, kuba oko kuthetha ukuba ukukhula kokungalingani kwakuyinkqubo yezinto eziphilayo ezizimeleyo kumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Ukungalingani kusenokuba sisiphumo esingathandekiyo, kodwa ngubani onokuchaswa nokuhambela phambili kwetekhnoloji?
Nokuba iteknoloji eqhuba ibali lokungalingani inokuba luncedo kangakanani, iwela kolona vavanyo lulula lwengqiqo yayo. Ukuthatha umzekelo oye wasetyenziswa rhoqo, kukho inkxalabo yokuba ukufuduka kwabasebenzi ngeerobhothi kuya kubangela ukudluliselwa kwengeniso evela kubasebenzi ukuya kubantu abaphethe iirobhothi.
Ngelixa la magqabaza esoloko ephathwa njengokubonisa ingxaki esisiseko eyenziwe bubuchwephesha, eneneni yenza okwahlukileyo koko. "Umnini" i-robot ayikho ubudlelwane bobugcisa, busemthethweni, kwaye ngoko ke kuxhomekeke kwimithetho yethu.
Ukwenza ikhonkrithi ngakumbi, ingeniso evela ekubeni nerobhothi ayibangelwa kukuba nerobhothi ebonakalayo. Iirobhothi ziya kuba nexabiso eliphantsi ukuvelisa. Ke abantu abayi kuba bafumana ingeniso enkulu kubanini bentsimbi kunye namanye amacandelo erobhothi. Isizathu sokuba abanye abantu batyebe kakhulu ngokuba neerobhothi kungenxa yokuba banamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kunye namalungelo okushicilela afunekayo ekwenzeni iirobhothi. Ngaphandle kwezi patent kunye ne-copyright monopolies, iirobhothi ziya kuba nexabiso eliphantsi, njengoomatshini bokuhlamba, kwaye bekungayi kubakho ulwabiwo olukhulu oluya phezulu oluyanyaniswa nazo.
Ihlabathi elingenaPatent kunye neCopyright Monopolies
Ukuba ayikacacanga, i-patent kunye ne-copyright monopolies zizixhobo zomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu, hayi izenzo zikaThixo. Sinokubenza bomelele kwaye babe nde xa sifuna, okanye babe mfutshane kwaye babe buthathaka, okanye singabi nabo kwaphela. Ukuphathwa kwezi monopolies kumgaqo-siseko sisiqalo esihle kakhulu sokuqonda ngokucacileyo imiba.
Amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kunye namalungelo okukopisha abonakala njengelinye lamagunya anikwe iNkongolo (Inqaku I, iCandelo lesi-8, iGatya lesi-8). Igatya lithi iCongress inamandla:
"Ukukhuthaza iNkqubela kwiNzululwazi kunye noBugcisa obuluncedo, ngokukhusela amaXesha alinganiselweyo kubaBhali kunye nabaqambi beLungelo elikhethekileyo kwiZibhalo zabo kunye noFunyanisiweyo."
Qaphela ukuba eli ligunya ngokucacileyo elinikwe iCongress ukuba lingasebenzisa okanye lingasebenzisi, njengamandla okurhafisa okanye amandla okubhengeza imfazwe. Amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kunye namalungelo okushicilela awaqinisekiswanga njengamalungelo omntu, njengelungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo okanye inkolo.
Amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kunye namalungelo okushicilela nawo anxibelelene ngokucacileyo nenjongo yoluntu yokukhuthaza โinkqubela phambili yenzululwazi nobugcisa obuluncedo.โ Kukho iidigri ezili-180 eziphikisanayo nombono wokuba umntu unelungelo elingokwemvelo lokufumana ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza okanye ilungelo lokushicilela.
Phofu ke, makhe sicinge ukuba iCongress ikhetha ukuphelisa ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kunye ne-copyright ngomso. Kodwa, sisenazo zonke itekhnoloji ezikhoyo namhlanje, ezinje ngeekhompyuter, ii-smartphones, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa kunye nezinye. Kweli hlabathi, kuya kubakho imfuno encinci yabantu abanezakhono njengeenjineli zesoftware, iingcali zebhayoloji, okanye izakhono kwezinye iindawo ezinxulumene ne-STEM ezixatyiswe kakhulu kuqoqosho lwangoku. (Siza kucinga ukuba akukho phando luxhaswa ngurhulumente okwangoku.)
Ngapha koko, kwakutheni ukuze inkampani yamachiza ihlawule isixa esikhulu semali ebantwini ukuze benze amayeza amatsha ukuba amayeza anokotshwa aze athengiselwe ngabantu esikhuphisana nabo ukususela mhla bangena emarikeni? Kuya kuba njalo nakubaphuhlisi besoftware, abenzi bezixhobo zonyango, abavelisi beekhompyuter, iinkampani ze-smartphone, kunye nayo nayiphi na enye imveliso apho iindleko zophando kunye nophuhliso zaziyinxalenye enkulu yexabiso lemveliso.
Ukuphela kwelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kunye nokhuselo lwelungelo lokukhuphela lingathumela ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ibango laba bantu banezakhono eziphezulu emgangathweni. Ukuba sikholelwa kwiimarike, ke ukuhla kwemfuno kufuneka kwakhona kuthumele umvuzo wabantu abaneekholeji kunye nezidanga eziphambili kwisayensi, ubunjineli kunye nezinye iindawo ze-STEM ngomgangatho.
Kwangokunjalo, imivuzo yokwenyani yabantu abangaqeshwanga kula macandelo kufuneka itsibe. Ukuba akukho malungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza okanye ukhuseleko olunxulumeneyo kumachiza achazwe ngugqirha, endaweni yokuchitha malunga nama-500 eebhiliyoni zeedola kulo nyaka, sinokuchitha ngaphantsi kwe-100 leebhiliyoni zeedola. Nkqu nawona mayeza abiza imali eninzi kunokwenzeka athengise ngawo kuphela amakhulu eedola ngommiselo wonyaka. Ugcino lwe-400 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngonyaka, luya kufikelela kwi-3,000 yeedola kusapho ngalunye. Besingagcina enye i-100 yeedola ukuya kwi-150 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka (ngokumalunga ne-1,000 yeedola kusapho ngalunye) kwizixhobo zonyango, ezinje ngoomatshini bokucofa izintso, ii-MRIs, kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zezinye izixhobo zonyango ezinokungabizi mali ininzi.
Kuya kubakho ibali elifanayo ngezinto ezinjengee-smartphones kunye neekhompyuter. I-iPhone entsha inokuthengisa nge-100 yeedola okanye ngaphantsi. Kuya kuba njalo nakwiikhompyuter ezinokuthi zithengise ngaphezulu kwe-1,000 yeedola namhlanje, ngenxa yelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kunye nokhuseleko lwelungelo lokushicilela. Kwaye, ewe, yonke imiboniso kamabonwakude, imiboniso bhanyabhanya, imidlalo yevidiyo, nezinye izinto ezinamalungelo okukopisha, abantu abahlawula iimali ezinkulu ngoku, ziya kufumaneka ngaphandle kweendleko.
Olu londolozo luya kwandisa kakhulu umvuzo wokwenyani wabasebenzi ngaphandle kwezakhono ezikhethekileyo kwiindawo ezinxulumene ne-STEM. Mhlawumbi besiya kuba sibona ibali apho abasebenzi abaqhelekileyo babebona iingenelo zengeniso yezoqoqosho kwimveliso, njengoko bekunjalo de kwangowe-1979. Kweli hlabathi, bekungayi kufuneka sizikhathaze ngomvuzo osuka kubasebenzi uye kubantu abangabanini. iirobhothi, kuba bekungayi kubakho imbuyekezo enkulu ngakumbi kubantu ababenazo iirobhothi, njengoko abenzi bomatshini bokuhlamba bengenzi ngeniso enkulu.
Ukupheliswa ngokupheleleyo kwamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza kunye namalungelo okukopisha yimeko egqithisileyo, kodwa lukhetho lwepolisi olunokwenzeka. Ukuba sithe sakhetha olu khetho lomgaqo-nkqubo, siya kuba nolwabiwo olulinganayo kakhulu lwengeniso, nangona sinobuchwepheshe obufanayo. Ngamafutshane, into yokuba kukho ukwanda okukhulu kokungalingani okuhambelana nokuphuhliswa kwetheknoloji kule minyaka ingamashumi amane edlulileyo yayiyisiphumo sokhetho lomgaqo-nkqubo, kungekhona iteknoloji.
Ukhetho loMgaqo-nkqubo wokuKhuthaza iNdlela yokuTsha kunye noMsebenzi woYilo
Ukuba siyayivuma imeko egqithisileyo, apho singenalo ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza okanye ukhuseleko lwelungelo lokushicilela, ngoko ke kufuneka siqonde ukuba akukho nto yendalo kubuchwepheshe bethu enokubangela ukungalingani. Yimithetho yethu ngokupheleleyo kwi-teknoloji enokubangela ukungalingani kwanda.
Ngokusisiseko, amandla kunye nobude belungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kunye nokukhuselwa kwelungelo lokushicilela, kunye nezinye iindlela zokuxhasa izinto ezintsha kunye nomsebenzi wokudala kunokucingelwa njengokufana ne-faucet, esinokujika phezulu okanye ngaphantsi. Njengomcimbi osebenzayo, sikhethe ukuguqula itephu ibe phezulu kakhulu kumashumi amane eminyaka edlulileyo.
Sandise ubude belungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kunye nokukhuselwa kwelungelo ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngeli xesha. Ngokungakholelekiyo, siye sandisa ubude bokhuseleko lwelungelo lokuphinda emva, ngokungathi iyavakala ukunika umntu inkuthazo kwizenzo kwixesha elidlulileyo.
Sikwandise umda wazo zombini amalungelo abenzi kunye namalungelo okushicilela. Kwimeko yamalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza, sizivumele ezi monopoli ukuba zisebenze kwiindawo ezintsha, ezinje ngeefomu zobomi, isoftware, kunye neendlela zoshishino. Amalungelo okushicilela nawo asetyenziswa kwi-Intanethi.
Ukongeza, siqhoboshele umonakalo oqatha wokohlwaywa kwelungelo lokushicilela elinokugqithisa owona monakalo ngemiyalelo emininzi yobukhulu. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ekunyanzeliseni kwabo. Umzekelo, iiroyality zengoma nganye ziyabaleka kakuhle ngaphantsi kwe-1 cent ngomdlalo ngamnye. Oku kuthetha ukuba nomntu obekhuphela umlinganiselo omkhulu, uthi ugqithisela iikopi ezili-10,000, uya kuba noxanduva lowona monakalo wokwenene ongaphantsi kwe-$100. Akukho mntu unokukhathazeka ngokulandela isimangalo apho bema khona ukuze bafumane ngaphantsi kweedola ezili-100, ukuba baphumelele.
Nangona kunjalo, umthetho uvumela umonakalo wesohlwayo onokufikelela kumashumi amawaka eedola kwiimeko ezinjalo. Ukuba ngaba lo mgaqo-nkqubo ulungileyo unokuxoxwa ngawo, kodwa inyaniso yokuba umonakalo oqatha wokohlwaywa ohambelana nokuphulwa kwelungelo lokushicilela. is umgaqo-nkqubo, akukho ngxoxo. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo ubonelela ngenkxaso kuluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini, kubandakanywa iimuvi nomabonakude, amaphephandaba, nemidlalo yevidiyo, ukongeza kumculo orekhodiweyo.
Umgaqo-nkqubo weTekhnoloji, hayi iTekhnoloji Udala ukungalingani
Kuya kuba linyathelo elikhulu eliya phambili xa sinokufumana iingcali zezoqoqosho kunye nabanye ababandakanyekayo kwiingxoxo malunga nokungalingani ukuba ngumgaqo-nkqubo wethu weteknoloji oqhuba ukungalingani, kungekhona iteknoloji ngokwayo. Oko kuya kuphelisa ingxabano ye-strawman, ukuba abo balahlekileyo kuqoqosho lwangoku ngandlel 'ithile basilele ngandlel' ithile ukuziqhelanisa nobuchwepheshe, kwaye bavule umnyango wengxoxo enzulu ngakumbi yomgaqo-nkqubo wetekhnoloji.
Njengoko kunjalo, utshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo weteknoloji luye lwenzeka kakhulu kwiikona ezimnyama ezikude noluntu, nangona isixa semali esisesichengeni sigxobhoza isixa esijongene neenkqubo eziphikisanayo ezifana nezitampu zokutya kunye ne-TANF. Kufuneka kubekho ingxoxo enzulu kawonke-wonke malunga nokuba sifuna ukuba lomelele kangakanani na ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kunye nokhuseleko lwelungelo lokushicilela kunye nokuba kusoloko kuyeyona ndlela ingcono yokukhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha kunye nomsebenzi woyilo, ngokuchaseneyo nezinye iindlela ezifana nenkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke ngokuthe ngqo (bona Ibanjiwe, isahluko 5 [sisimahla].)
Kwaye, inxalenye ebalulekileyo yaloo ngxoxo kufuneka ibe yimpembelelo yolu khuseleko lokungalingani. Akucaci ukuba kufuneka sizincame ngesantya senkqubela yeteknoloji ukuze sinciphise ukungalingani, kodwa bekuya kuba sengqiqweni ukubuza enoba ukuzincama okunjalo kufanelekile kusini na. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphakamisa imibuzo enjalo akunakwenzeka de sithethe ngepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda ngendlela enyanisekileyo, into engazange yenzeke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwiingxoxo zomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu.
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Nikela