Njengoko sidlula kwisikhumbuzo sokuhlaselwa kwe-Septemba 11, i-2001, kuyanceda ukuqaphela utshintsho kwinkcubeko yezopolitiko yase-US eguqule esi sizwe kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo. Ndifundisa iklasi yembali kwiYunivesithi yaseLehigh, "Imfazwe yoBunqolobi kwezopolitiko, iMedia, kunye neMemori," ehlawuliswa njengokuvavanya "intsingiselo" yale mfazwe, ngokuphonononga "amava omntu kunye nemibono ebalulekileyo kwimfazwe, ” njengoko kubonisiwe kwiintetho ezisemthethweni, kumajelo eendaba, nakwifilimu edumileyo.
Njengonjingalwazi ogqiba iminyaka engama-40 enyakeni, kwaye owayeneminyaka engama-21 ngexesha lohlaselo lwe-11 kaSeptemba, andizange ndiqonde ngokupheleleyo de ndaqalisa ukufundisa le klasi umsantsa okhoyo engqondweni yoluntu “kwiMfazwe yoBugrogrisi. ” Ndichithe amava am onke anesidanga sokuqala kunye nesidanga, kunye nomsebenzi wam wobuprofesa ndifunda iirhetoric zezopolitiko zase-US, imithombo yeendaba, kunye noluvo loluntu kwisithuba se-9/11. Ndiphile ngalo lonke umzuzu weli xesha kwaye ndaphonononga iziganeko eziphambili zembali nge-lens yenzululwazi yezentlalo, ndinenjongo yokuqonda ukuba kutheni umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US uthathe uhlobo olwenzileyo. Kodwa kubantwana abaneminyaka eyi-18 ukuya kwengama-22 abathatha iklasi yembali ngo-9/11, yonke le yimbali yakudala. Abafundi abangekathweswa isidanga ngo-2019 babeziintsana okanye ngabantwana abancinci ngo-2001, ke abananto yanto, singasathethi ke ngamava abantu abadala, kwinto eyayinjani inkcubeko yezopolitiko yase-US emva kohlaselo lwePentagon kunye neWorld Trade Towers. Ukuthelekisa awam amava kulutsha lwaseMelika ngamava axabisekileyo okufunda, xa kuqwalaselwa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kakhulu ulutsha oluzibandakanya ngalo nexesha, xa kuthelekiswa namava olutsha lwesizukulwana sangaphambili. Ukulandela eli nqaku, esi sincoko sixoxa ngezinye zezifundo eziphambili endiziqokelele ekufundiseni imbali "yeMfazwe yobugrogrisi."
Inzuzo yokufundisa abantwana abaneminyaka engama-20 malunga nembali yezopolitiko emva kwe-9/11 kukuba abaxinzelelwanga yintetho eyityhefu efanayo echaza i-United States ngokukhawuleza emva kolu hlaselo. UMongameli Bush wabhengeza ngokudumileyo emva kwe-9/11 ukuba abantu baseMelika kunye nabemi behlabathi "babenathi okanye ngokuchasene nathi" kwimfazwe engenasiphelo, athe umongameli wathembisa ukuba ayizukuphela de ubunqolobi bucinywe ebusweni bomhlaba. iglowubhu. Kule meko, abantu baseMelika baziva becinezelekile kwaye besoyika ukuba bangavumi ukuchasana, kuba besoyika ukubizwa ngokuba "abangathandi ilizwe," "ongaseMelika," okanye "umntu ovelana nabanqolobi." Kodwa le mfazwe i-ultra-nationalism iye yaphela, kunye nokunyuka kokungathembi iinkokeli zezopolitiko zase-US kunye neemfazwe ezininzi ezingathandwayo e-Iraq, Afghanistan, nakwezinye iindawo.
Ngenxa yokususwa kwabo ngokwasemzimbeni emva kweminyaka eyi-9/11, abantu abancinci baseMelika basindiswa ekujonganeni nemfundiso eyayibethelele intetho yezopolitiko yase-US ekuqaleni kwe "Imfazwe Yobugrogrisi." Oku kuguqulela ekuvulelekeni okunzulu kwimiceli-mngeni ebambekayo, esisiseko ekuqinisekiseni ukuba semthethweni kwale mfazwe. Abafundi bam babambe umdla wokwenyani wengqondo malunga nentetho kunye nexabiso elichaza imihla kunye neminyaka ngokukhawuleza emva kwe-9/11, kodwa bajonga elo xesha ngamehlo asusiweyo, avaliweyo, kwaye bazimisele ukubuza iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo we-US wangaphandle. Oku kuquka ukuvuleleka kumbono “wokubuyela emva,” okanye ukugxekwa ngokugqithisileyo kwe-US njengeye yaphembelela ubutshaba kulo lonke ilizwe lamaSilamsi ngemigaqo-nkqubo yengcinezelo kunye ne-impiriyali yangaphandle. Le ngxoxo kwakunzima ukuba, ukuba akunakwenzeka, kwimeko ye-uber-nationalistic yoloyiko eyayilawula i-US emva kwe-9/11.
Abafundi bam bayabuqonda ubungozi obukhoyo ekuthinteleni ingxoxo kwisizwe esizibona singumkhuseli weenqobo ezisemgangathweni zedemokhrasi. Isigqebelo solawulo lukaBush olufuna intobelo engathandabuzekiyo emva kwe-9/11, egameni lokukhusela inkululeko yaseMelika kunye nedemokhrasi, ayilahlekanga kubafundi bam. Abaninzi bayayibona ngokucacileyo ingozi yenkqubo yexabiso le-proto-fascistic efuna ukuxhaswa okungafanelekanga, okungaboniyo kwiinkokeli zezopolitiko kunye ne-ajenda yabo yemfazwe, ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa kweengozi ezibandakanyeka kwimfazwe engapheliyo eyenziwa kwilizwe emva kwelizwe, ngokuxhalabisa okuncinci kwimiphumo yobuntu. .
Enye ingenelo yokufun’ ukwazi kwabantu abancinci baseMelika namhlanje kukuguqulela ekuzimiseleni ukuqwalasela ngokunzulu iinjongo zabahlaseli be-9/11. Lo mdla wawungekho ngemihla kunye neminyaka emva koSeptemba 11. Ngokuqinisekileyo, amaMerika athenga iincwadi malunga noMbindi Mpuma kunye namaSilamsi ngokunyuka kwamanani emva kwe-9/11. Kodwa andikhumbuli namnye umntu endathetha naye kwiminyaka yam yokufunda umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US owayezikhathaza ngokufunda udliwanondlebe no-Osama Bin Laden. Ukuba babekwenzile oko, ngeba bafumanise ukuba imbono yakhe kunye namaqabane akhe, ngelixa enenzondelelo yempambano kwaye egqithisa, yayiqhutywa zizikhalazo ezinzulu ngokuchasene ne-United States ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi bamazwe amaSilamsi. Ezi ziquka: umsindo kwinkxaso yomkhosi wase-US kuSirayeli kunye nokuhlala kwayo ngokungekho mthethweni ePalestina; ubukrakra kwiziseko zomkhosi wase-US kuwo wonke uMbindi Mpuma, ngakumbi eSaudi Arabia; ukuchaswa kwenkxaso ye-US yolawulo lwe-authority kummandla; kunye nokucekiswa yi-US emva kwemfazwe yase-Iraq yowe-1991 kunye nezohlwayo ezalandelayo, ezibangele ukusweleka kwabantwana abaqikelelwa kwi-500,000 baseIraq.
Ukudinwa yimfazwe kwaba sisitshixo sezopolitiko zaseMelika ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-2000 kunye nee-2010s, njengoko uninzi lwabantu baseMelika beza kubona imfazwe yase-Iraq njengokuziphatha okubi kwaye ayifanelekanga iindleko zemali, ubomi, kunye negazi, kwaye beqwalasela ubuxoki bemfazwe malunga nezixhobo ezityholwa nge-Iraq. yentshabalalo enkulu kunye nobudlelwane obungeyonyani kubugrogrisi be-Al Qaeda. Uninzi lwabantu abancinci baseMelika babonakala besabelana ngale mpi yokudinwa namhlanje, nokuba bebengalandeli ngokusondeleyo ipolitiki yaseMelika ngeminyaka yoo-2000. Emva kokuba ndivezwe kumagama ka-Osama Bin Laden, abafundi bam bayayiqonda indlela eyingozi ngayo ukuqala "kweMfazwe yoBugrogrisi", kungquzulwano apho uBin Laden ebanda kwaye ezama ukutsala i-US kwiimfazwe ezitshabalalisayo kuMbindi Mpuma. , ukuze kuphunyezwe "ibhalansi yobugrogrisi" kumacala omabini, echazwa ngezenzo ezikhohlakeleyo zentshabalalo echasene nabemi ngomkhosi wase-US kunye namaSilamsi asisiseko.
Iimfazwe ngokuqinisekileyo zigrogrisa abantu abaninzi, abathe babandakanyeka kungquzulwano oluphakathi kwamaqela alwayo. UBin Laden wayethembele koku, kwaye inkxaso yakhe kubaqweqwedisi be-9/11 yayikhuthazwa lithemba lokuba impendulo yomkhosi wase-US yayiza kugxininisa ngakumbi kuMbindi Mpuma, ukwandisa inani labantu abanomdla wokuzibulala kunye nabanye " imfazwe engcwele” nxamnye neUnited States noorhulumente abamanyeneyo nabantu. Kwiminyaka elishumi emva kohlaselo lwe-11 kaSeptemba, ukusebenza kwesi sicwangciso "iliso ngeso" kwafezekiswa, njengoko kubonakala ekunyukeni kwe-ISIS kunye nokuthatha kwayo iindawo ezinkulu zase-Iraq naseSiriya. Amandla e-ISIS ancitshisiwe kwiminyaka yamuva nje, nangona isandul 'ukubona kwakhona, kwaye ihlala ibeka i-caliphate phantsi kolawulo lwama-fundamentalists azinikele kwi-"Jihad" yekrele ngokuchasene nabagxeki kunye nabangakholwayo.
Okukhuthazayo, uninzi lwabafundi bam bayabuqonda ubungozi beqhinga likaBin Laden lokunyuka ne-United States. Bayaqonda ukuba akukho siphelo silungileyo kwimfazwe enjalo, inqaku elingqinwe yinto yokuba ngoku sikunyaka we-18 wemfazwe e-Afghanistan, kungekho siphelo sibonakalayo. Kodwa bayayibona ingozi ekhoyo ekutsaleni umva kwabantu baseMelika kwihlabathi kwiminyaka yakutshanje, njengoko kuboniswa kukukhula kwenkcubeko yezopolitiko yaseMelika, kunye nokuncipha kwengqwalasela yoluntu kwimicimbi yehlabathi. Ngaphandle kokuqonda okubalulekileyo kwimbali "yeMfazwe yoBugrogrisi," kukho ithuba elincinci lobunzima obukhulu baseMelika abaqaphela ingozi yobundlobongela obukhulayo kwingxabano engaphumeleliyo eshiye ukufa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kumacala omabini.
Enye inkxalabo enzulu endiyivayo kubafundi kukuba uxinzelelo loluntu lokunyuka komkhosi kuMbindi Mpuma luya kwanda kakhulu, ukuba i-US iphantsi kolunye uhlaselo olukhulu lobunqolobi olulandelelwa ngasemva kwi-Islamic fundamentalists. Asikuko ukuba aba bafundi bazibophelele ngokumfamekileyo kwimpendulo enobundlobongela, ngokuzimeleyo ekuthatheni ingqalelo ezinye iindlela ezingezizo zobundlobongela kwimfazwe. Kukuba boyika ukuba abantu baseMelika abafundanga ngempumelelo izifundo zika-9/11 kunye “neMfazwe yobugrogrisi,” kwilizwe elidume kakubi ngembali yokulibala.
Uninzi lwabantu abancinci baseMelika bavuleleke ekujonganeni nohlaselo lobugrogrisi lwexesha elizayo ngesakhelo sobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, apho abarhanelwa bobugrogrisi bakhutshwa kumazwe abakuwo kwaye basiwe kwinkundla yomthetho apho izityholo zibekwe ngokuphandle ngokuchasene nabo. Oku akuthethi ukuba bayayikhupha intshukumo yasemkhosini, ukuba zonke iinketho ezingezizo ubundlobongela ziphelile. Kodwa abafundi bam balufundile uhlahlelo lwabagxeki abachasene nemfazwe njengoNoam Chomsky nabanye. Bayaliqonda ixabiso lokuqhubeka njengesizwe esisemthethweni-esihlonipha umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, wesizwe, kunye noluntu - ngelixa beqaphela ulongamo lwezinye izizwe, kwaye besaphaphile ekulweni ubunqolobi bamazwe ngamazwe. Ngelishwa, inkxaso yabo yentanda-bulumko kwezinye iindlela zoxolo kwiimfazwe zexesha elizayo ayibaleli kakhulu ukuba olu luvo ayabiwa ngabantu abaninzi baseMelika.
Lo mhla we-11 kuSeptemba lithuba lokuba abantu baseMelika bacinge nzulu ngomonakalo obangelwe “yiMfazwe yobuGqwirha” kwihlabathi liphela. Ukungazinzi kwale mfazwe kubangele amazwe amaSilamsi kuye kwavutha ngakumbi iimvakalelo ezichasene neMelika. Kodwa i-United States inokuqalisa ukuthatha amanyathelo okunciphisa le ntiyo, ngokugxila kwezinye iindlela ezingenabundlobongela kwisibetho sobunqolobi behlabathi. Iingxaki azinakuba phezulu kwixesha lokukhula kwe-radicalism. Ngeli xesha longquzulwano, ulutsha lwaseMelika luya kuba luncedo ekuvakaliseni umbono walo wokufumana uxolo.
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Nikela