Njengabantu kuyo yonke indawo, uninzi lwabantu base-US bacinga ukuba akulunganga ukubulala abantu njengendlela yokunyanzela urhulumente wabo. Kodwa kwabaninzi, ikhonkco phakathi kwesi sigwebo kunye nokuchaswa kwesicwangciso sase-US sokuhlasela i-Iraq sinqunyulwe luloyiko, ulwazi olungelulo kunye nokungafuni ukuba imfazwe iya kuthetha ntoni na kubantu abaqhelekileyo e-Iraq. Esi sikhokelo sijoliswe ekuncedeni ukulwa ne-euphemisms ("umonakalo we-collateral") kunye nolwimi olwenziwayo ("iibhombu zawa") ezifihla ukubandezeleka okuya kubangelwa izicwangciso zoLawulo lweBush. Siyathemba ukuba iya kuba luncedo kuwe ekuhambeni iincoko malunga nemfazwe kunye nokukhuthaza usapho kunye nezihlobo ukuba bamele ezinye iindlela zoxolo.
Esi "Sikhokelo seTheyibhile yokubulela" yinxalenye yephulo le-MADRE's Wonke uMntwana unegama lokunyusa imali yokuthunyelwa ngokukhawuleza kwamayeza abantwana kunye nobisi kwiintsapho zase-Iraqi ezisongelwa luhlaselo lwase-US.
Ithetha ntoni imfazwe kubafazi kunye neentsapho zase-Iraq?
Ulawulo lukaBush lufuna ukuqhushumbisa iBaghdad, isixeko esinabantu abazizigidi ezihlanu. Oku kuya kubangela intlekele yobuntu elingana nokuqhushumba kwebhombu lomoya eLos Angeles.
Ingxelo kaNovemba yombutho wezempilo wehlabathi iMedact iqikelela ukuba ubuncinci abantu abangama-50,000 banokubulawa luhlaselo lwase-US (www.medact.org/tbx/pages/section.cfm?index_id=2).
Uninzi lwabantu abaninzi banokufa ngenxa yeziphumo zexesha elide zokuqhunyiswa kwebhombu, kubandakanya ukonakala kwendalo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kokutya, ezolimo kunye neziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo, ezifana nezityalo zamayeza kunye nezibhedlele.
Khumbuza abantu ukuba le mfazwe ibanzi kunohlaselo ngoku olucetywayo nguBush Administration. Ibandakanya impembelelo edibeneyo ye-1991 Desert Storm bombing kunye neminyaka eyi-12 yezohlwayo kunye nokuqhunyiswa kwebhombu ukususela ngoko. Imikhosi yaseBritani neyaseUnited States iye yadubula iIraq izihlandlo ezingaphezu kwama-50 kulo nyaka kuphela yaza yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-500 ukususela ngowe-1999.
Ibe yintoni impembelelo yezohlwayo ezikhokelwa yi-US kunye nokuqhunyiswa kwebhombu kubafazi baseIraq kunye neentsapho?
Ngokutsho kweUNICEF kunye neWorld Health Organisation, izohlwayo ezikhokelwa yi-US zibulale abantu abangaphezu kwesigidi.
Phantse i-60% yabaswelekileyo ngabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka esixhenxe.
Abantwana abangama-4,500 bafa nyanga zonke ngenxa yendlala kunye nezifo ezinokuthintelwa (ukwanda okuphindwe kathandathu ukususela ngo-1990).
Oyena mntu ubulala abantwana abancinci kukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni ngenxa yorhudo olubangelwa zizigulo ezibangelwa ngamanzi, ukunyuka okoko i-US iqhushumbise iigridi zombane ezazinika amandla amaziko okucoca amanzi e-Iraq. Izohlwayo zithintele i-Iraq ekungeniseni ngaphandle iindawo zokutshintshwa kweekhemikhali ezifunekayo ukunyanga amanzi.
Icandelo lezempilo likarhulumente lase-Iraq sele lisondele ekuweni ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yokunqongophala kwamayeza asisiseko kunye noncedo.
Izifo ezingazange zibonwe kumashumi eminyaka ziye zaphinda zavela - ikholera, isifo setyphoid kunye nobhubhani wemalariya.
I-Iraq esemazantsi ibone ukunyuka okuphindwe kathathu komhlaza wabantwana ukusukela oko i-US yawisa iibhombu ze-uranium ezifakwe kwi-radioactive kwindawo.
Ngaphandle kwemali enzima, uqoqosho lwase-Iraq luphantse lwawa.
Intlalo yase-Iraq iye yaqhambuka, nokwanda okukhulu kwabangqibayo, abantwana basezitalatweni, ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuthengisa ngomzimba.
Oku kubandezeleka kuxhaphakileyo kwenzeka kwilizwe ebelikho, ngenxa yengeniso yeoli kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ye-Baathist yentlalontle, enempumelelo ngokufanelekileyo, kunye nabasebenzi abafundileyo, abakumgangatho ophakathi oqinileyo, iziseko ezingundoqo zanamhlanje kunye neenkonzo zoluntu eziphilileyo.
Khumbuza abantu ukuba nangona amajelo eendaba engayihoyi intlekele yoluntu ebangelwe zizohlwayo, zenza uhlaselo olutshabalalisayo kwabona bantu base-Iraq basesichengeni kwaye kufuneka bathathelwe ingqalelo njengezixhobo zentshabalalo.
Uza kuthetha ntoni urhulumente omtsha obekwe yi-US kubafazi baseIraq?
Abasetyhini baseIraq baphakathi kwabona bakhululwe kakhulu kulo mmandla, nangona becinezelwa kakhulu njengabemi baseIraq. Kuba ngelixa urhulumente wabo ecinezela amalungelo oluntu nawezopolitiko, uye waqinisekisa amalungelo abasetyhini kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho.
Phambi kokuba izohlwayo ezikhokelwa yi-US zitshabalalise isakhono se-Iraq sokubonelela ngeenkonzo zoluntu, abasetyhini bebewonwabela amalungelo okufumana imfundo, umsebenzi, inkululeko yokuhambahamba, umvuzo olinganayo ngomsebenzi olinganayo, ukhathalelo lwemini jikelele kunye nekhefu lokuya kubeleka leminyaka emihlanu. Ingxelo yoPhuhliso loLuntu yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ka-2002 ibeka i-Iraq kuqala phakathi kwamazwe ama-Arabhu ekuxhotyisweni kwabasetyhini.
Ngelixa abafazi base-Iraq belangazelela amalungelo edemokhrasi, banesizathu esincinci sokuba nethemba malunga nolawulo olutsha, oluxhaswa yi-US, olunokuthi lube nguzwilakhe lomkhosi phantsi kobunkokeli obahlukeneyo ("Ukutyhilwa: I-Thugs Bush ifuna endaweni kaSaddam," www.sundayherald.com/27877 ).
Abafazi base-Iraqi bayazi ukuba i-US iyabaxhasa oorhulumente abanetyala lokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kubi ehlabathini lonke ngabasetyhini (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait kunye neminyaka yokuqala ye-Afghanistan phantsi kweTaliban).
Khumbuza abantu ukuba ngokungafaniyo "nokutshintsha kolawulo" e-Afghanistan, apho ingcinezelo yabasetyhini yayiyeyona ndawo iphambili yobudlelwane boluntu kuLawulo lwaseBush, akukho nzame yenziwe yi-US ukunyanzelisa ukubandakanywa kwabasetyhini kwi-Iraq "post-Saddam" .
Ngaba i-Iraq ayisisongelo somkhosi e-US?
· Abahlalutyi abathembekileyo abafana nowayesakuba ngumhloli wezixhobo ze-UN oyintloko uScott Ritter bagcina ukuba isoyikiso somkhosi esivela e-Iraq sibaxiwe kwaye ukususela kwiMfazwe yeGulf, i-Iraq iye yahluthwa kakhulu izixhobo (http://click.topica.com/maaatKmaaS8Dhb1Bjcmb/). Ngo-Okthobha i-2002, i-CIA yakhupha ingxelo ithi isoyikiso somkhosi esivela e-Iraq sisezantsi kakhulu kwiminyaka elishumi ("Abahlalutyi be-Discount Attack by Iraq," www.washingtonpost.com).
· Ulawulo alunikezi bungqina bokuxhasa intetho eyothusayo malunga ne-Iraq. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-Iraq "igcina isiseko esifunekayo ukwakha" isixhobo senyukliya (njengoko uBush walumkisa kwintetho yakhe kaSeptemba 12 kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo) ayifani nokwakha enye. Akukho gunya lithembekileyo likholelwa ukuba uSaddam Hussein unezixhobo zenyukliya.
Ngokwabahloli bezixhobo zangaphambili ze-UN, i-95% yezixhobo zekhemikhali zase-Iraq zitshatyalalisiwe. I-Iraq inokuba neevenkile zee-agent zebhayoloji, kuba i-US ibonelele nge-Baghdad ngesitokhwe se-anthrax, i-botulism kunye nezinye izifo kwi-1980s. Nangona kunjalo, uRitter kunye nabanye babonisa ukuba amandla ala ma-agent aphelelwe lixesha kwaye i-Iraq ayinazo iinkqubo zokuhambisa (umzekelo, imijukujelwa emide kunye neziqhubi ze-rocket) ukujika iikhemikhali okanye i-biological agents zibe zizixhobo.
Khumbuza abantu ukuba eyona meko inokwenzeka ukuba uSaddam Hussein aqalise izixhobo zokutshabalalisa uninzi yimfazwe ejolise ekumsuseni - kanye ikhosi elandelwa yi-US.
Ngaba uhlolo alukhange lube lilize ngenxa yokungathotyelwa kwe-Iraq?
Amaqabane ase-US, iZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-CIA bathi ukuhlolwa kwe-UN kuphumelele ngokusisiseko ekuququzeleleni ukuchithwa kwezixhobo zase-Iraq ("Abahlalutyi be-Discount Attack yi-Iraq," www.washingtonpost.com).
· I-Iraq yalile ukuqhubeka nohlolo xa yafumanisa ukuba i-US isebenzisa abahloli njengeentlola. I-Iraq ikwalile ukusebenzisana xa abahloli bafuna ukufikelela ngokungenamda kuyo nayiphi na indawo e-Iraq. I-US ngokufanayo iyala ukwamkela abahloli bezixhobo ze-UN kuzo zonke iilabhoratri zase-US.
Amajelo osasazo anamhlanje ahlala ephindaphinda ibango lase-US lokuba abahloli bakhutshelwa ngaphandle kwe-Iraq nguSaddam Hussein ngo-1998. Enyanisweni, baye barhoxiswa ngesicelo sikaMongameli uClinton ngobusuku bephulo lakhe lokuqhushumba kweDesert Fox.www.madre.org/art_iraq_factsheet98.html#iraq ).
· I-US iye yasingela phantsi inkuthazo yase-Iraq yokusebenzisana nabahloli ngokubhengeza ukuba izohlwayo (ezazinyanzelwa ekuqaleni ukuthotywa kwezixhobo) ziya kuhlala zikhona nasemva kokuba i-Iraq ithobelana nohlolo.
Ngaba i-Iraq ayixhasi ubunqolobi ngokuchasene ne-United States?
Zonke iinzame zoLawulo lukaBush zokudibanisa i-Iraq nobunqolobi bamazwe ngamazwe aziphumelelanga. Uphononongo luka-2002 olwenziwa liSebe likaRhulumente (“IiPatterns of Global Terrorism”) alifumananga nxulumano phakathi kwe-Iraq namaqela abanqolobi. Ingxelo ye-CIA ye-2002 ibonisa ukuba i-Baghdad iyaziphepha izenzo ezinokuthi zichase i-US ("Ityala elichasene neMfazwe," www.thenation.com ).
Umanyano phakathi kweqela le-Ba’ath elingenabukholo kunye ne-al-Qaeda yinto engenakwenzeka kakhulu. USaddam Hussein uye wasebenzisa ingcinezelo egqithisileyo kumaSilamsi; U-Osama bin Laden uthatha uSaddam Hussein njengomntu ongakholwayo.
Ukuphakamisa umbono wentsebenziswano yaseIraq kunye "nabanqolobi" kubonakala ngathi liqhinga lokoyikisa. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, izicwangciso zikaBush zokuhlasela i-Iraq ngaphambi kohlaselo lukaSeptemba 2001 ("Bush Planned Iraq Regime Change ngaphambi kokuba abe nguMongameli," www.sundayherald.com/27735 ).
Elona "khonkco" linamandla phakathi kwe-Iraq kunye ne-al-Qaeda kukuba ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq kunokonyusa inkxaso ye-al-Qaeda ngokuphembelela inzondo ngokuchasene ne-US kunye neemeko eziya zisiba mbi, ezifana nokungazinzi kwezopolitiko, ukufuduka kwabantu abaninzi, intlupheko kunye nokuwohloka kwezentlalo, ezikhokelela kwipolitiki. iimbono ezibaxiweyo, kuquka izenzo zobugrogrisi.
Ngaba i-Iraq ayizange yophule izindululo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN?
Ewe, i-Iraq ayiphumelelanga ukuthobela izindululo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko ezili-12. Olu lwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka lusonjululwe liBhunga ngokwalo. Akukho lizwe linelungelo lokunyanzelisa izigqibo ze-UN ngokuzimeleyo (Amanqaku 41 kunye ne-42 ye-UN Charter).
Ngaphezu koko, ukwaphulwa kwe-Iraqi kumbalwa kwaye kuncinci xa kuthelekiswa namazwe afana neTurkey ne-Indonesia, aphula izisombululo ezininzi kwaye afumana inkxaso eqinileyo evela e-US. U-Israel, oyena ukhokelayo ngokuchasene nezigqibo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko (i-44 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku) ngoyena mntu wafumana uncedo lwe-US kwihlabathi liphela.
UBush uchasene nokuphulwa kwe-Iraq yezigqibo ze-UN ngelixa echaza ukuzimisela kwakhe ukwaphula umgaqo-siseko we-UN Charter: ukuhlasela i-Iraq ngaphandle kwesigunyaziso seBhunga lezoKhuseleko (www.madre.org/art_bush_un_quotes.html ).
Khumbuza abantu ukuba inkxalabo kaBush malunga nokuthotyelwa kweZizwe eziManyeneyo ikhetha kakhulu: ukusukela oko wathatha isikhundla sakhe, uye wayicima izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kwaye wophule iindibano ze-UN ezininzi kunelizwe liphela kwiminyaka engama-20.
Ngaba uSaddam Hussein akanguye uzwilakhe ongumbulali?
· Irekhodi lamalungelo oluntu likaSaddam Hussein liphakathi kwezona zimbi kwihlabathi. Ukanti umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US awukayijongi le ngxaki. Umzekelo, akukho sigqibo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko esigunyazisa ukuthotyelwa kweIraqi nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wamalungelo oluntu.
· Ngeli xesha, i-US ngokwayo yenze intlekele yoluntu kunye namalungelo oluntu e-Iraq ngezona zohlwayo zinzima kwihlabathi.
· Enyanisweni, i-US ithintela eyona ndlela isebenzayo kumazwe ngamazwe yokutshutshisa nokuthintela iintlobo zokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu okwenziwa nguSaddam Hussein, oko kukuthi, iNkundla yoLwaphulo-mthetho yaMazwe ngaMazwe.
· Uninzi lwezenzo zenkohlakalo zikaSaddam Hussein zenziwa ngelixa wayengumhlobo osondeleyo wase-US. I-US ithengise izixhobo zase-Iraq nasemva kokuba i-Iraq isebenzise izixhobo zekhemikhali ezingekho mthethweni malunga nabemi baseKurdish kwindyikityha ye-Halabja ye-1988. Kuphela ngo-1990, xa uSaddam Hussein engazange ayithobele i-US ngohlaselo lwakhe olungagunyaziswanga eKuwait, watshintshwa ukusuka kwi-asethi ephambili ukuya "kwiButcher yaseBaghdad."
Khumbuza abantu ukuba nokuba yintoni na, i-US ayinalungelo lokulandela "utshintsho lwenkqubo." Ukubhukuqwa ngogonyamelo korhulumente owongamileyo akufanele kuthathwe “njengokhetho lomgaqo-nkqubo,” kodwa kukwaphulwa okunzulu kwemigaqo engundoqo ye-UN Charter kunye nokubetha iziseko zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokhuseleko oludibeneyo.
Yeyiphi eyona njongo yemfazwe?
Esona sizathu sisisiseko semfazwe sisuka kwimfundiso yase-US yolongamo olusisigxina lomkhosi oluphuhliswe ziingcamango zaseRiphabhlikhi uCheney, uRumsfeld, uWolfowitz noPowell, ezithiwe thaca kumaxwebhu afana neSebe lezoKhuselo “Isikhokelo soCwangciso loKhuselo 1994-1999” kunye noBush’. Ngomhla wama-20 kuSeptemba, 2002 iphepha lomgaqo-nkqubo wokhuseleko wesizwe (“Bush to Outline Doctrine of Striking Fees First,” www.nytimes.com). Le mfundiso ichaza ulawulo lomkhosi wase-US phezu kwabahlobo neentshaba ngokufanayo; ulawulo kwimithombo engundoqo yehlabathi (i-oyile, igesi yendalo); kunye nokujongelwa phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe, umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nolawulo lwesizwe lwamanye amazwe. I-Iraq yimeko yovavanyo lwale mfundiso.
I-Iraq inendawo yesibini koovimba abakhulu be-oyile emhlabeni emva kweSaudi Arabia. I-US ineminyaka emininzi izama ukwandisa ukufikelela kwayo kwi-oyile yase-Iraq.
Imfazwe ibonelela abantu baseRiphabhlikhi ngophambuko kumahlazo enkampani, uqoqosho oludodobalayo, uhlaselo lwabo kumalungelo oluntu kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo eyenzakalisa abantu abahluphekayo nabanomvuzo ophakathi. Igqala lobuchule kwiRiphabhlikhi uJack Pitney wayishwankathela: “Ukuba abavoti baya kuvoto benamahlazo amashishini aphezulu kuluhlu lwabo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba baya kuvota kwiDemokhrasi. Ukuba bayahamba [becinga] ngemfazwe yobunqolobi kunye nerhafu, "amaRiphabhlikhi anenzuzo.
Ngaba zikho ezinye iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa endaweni yemfazwe?
Uhlolo: Ukutshatyalaliswa kwezixhobo ezininzi zase-Iraq ngeminyaka yee-1990 akubanga ngenxa yokuqhushumba, kodwa kuhlolo olwenziwa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Kufuneka sifune ukuba iziphumo zabahloli banamhlanje, hayi iinjongo zomkhosi wase-US, zikhokele umgaqo-nkqubo we-Iraq.
Ukuphelisa izixhobo: Eyona ndlela yokuzikhusela “kwizixhobo ezitshabalalisayo” kukuthotywa kwezixhobo zehlabathi. Njengesiqalo, kufuneka sifune ukuba izohlwayo zomkhosi ezichasene ne-Iraq zandiswe kuwo onke amazwe akuMbindi Mpuma (njengoko kubiziweyo kwiSigqibo se-UN 687, esicacisa iimfuno zokuthotywa kwezixhobo zase-Iraq). Iimfuno zokuthotywa kwezixhobo kufuneka zigxininise kwi-US, eyiyeyona nkampani inkulu yezixhobo zehlabathi enemigaqo-nkqubo yokuwisa iibhombu zenyukliya kumazwe asixhenxe.
I-Diplomacy: Nangona amazwe angamalungu ephantsi kokunyotywa kunye nokuxhatshazwa yi-US, iZizwe eziManyeneyo zihlala zilithemba lethu lentsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe. Kufuneka sifune ukuba i-US izinikele kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo njengomlamli wezoyikiso kuxolo nokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukukhuselwa kwabasetyhini kunye neentsapho zase-Iraqi: Abo bahlawule elona xabiso liphezulu kwimfazwe yeminyaka eli-13 phakathi kwe-US ne-Iraq ngama-Iraqi aqhelekileyo. Kufuneka sifune ukuba izohlwayo ezikhokelwa yi-US zisuswe ngokukhawuleza kwaye i-Iraq, njengawo onke amazwe, iphendule kwimigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe yamalungelo oluntu.
Ukoyisa uloyiko, ukufuna ubulungisa
Uphononongo lukaNovemba ka-2002 olwenziwe yiChristian Science Monitor lubonisa ukuba uninzi lwabemi base-US ngoku bayakuxhasa ukubulawa kweenkokeli zangaphandle “kwimfazwe yobugrogrisi” kwaye umntu omnye kwabane unokucinga ukuba uyakuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya. Oku kukhula kokuzimisela ukuxhasa ubundlobongela kubonisa uloyiko oluye lwaba yinto eqhelekileyo yobomi boluntu e-US ukususela ngoSeptemba 11, 2001. Njengabantu abazinikele kumalungelo oluntu, sinokubonisa iindlela uLawulo lweBush luye lwafuna ukuhambisa olu loyiko. inkxaso yemfazwe yayo ne-Iraq (umzekelo, ngokuxoka malunga nokubandakanyeka kwe-Iraqi kuhlaselo lwe-11 kaSeptemba, njengoko i-White House yenza kwakhona ngoSeptemba 26, 2002). Kwaye singabonisa ukuba oku kusetyenziswa kwentlungu kunye nokoyika inzuzo yezopolitiko luhlobo lobundlobongela.
Kodwa ukwenza abantu bakwazi ukucela umngeni kwimfazwe kaBush, kufuneka sijongane ngqo noloyiko lwabantu. Sinokuqala ngokuvuma ukuba uloyiko luyimpendulo efanelekileyo kwixesha lokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula, ukubulawa kwe-anthrax kunye nokudutyulwa kwe-sniper (nangona ingahambelani). Kwaye singacebisa ukuba inkxalabo esemthethweni malunga nokhuseleko ayifuni kuthetha ukuxhasa imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Okokugqibela, sinokuqalisa iincoko malunga nemibuzo esembindini, efana nale:
Loluphi uhlobo lomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle onokuthi unciphise amathuba olunye uhlaselo e-US kwaye ukhusele amalungelo abantu emhlabeni jikelele? Ngaba ukhuseleko lwethu luza kunikezelwa ngcono ngokuba ngabaxhaphazi behlabathi okanye ngokusebenza ngokubambisana namanye amazwe? Singakwandisa njani ukuqonda kwethu "ukhuseleko" ukujongana neemfuno zezigidi e-US ezingenamakhaya, imisebenzi, ukhathalelo lwempilo okanye ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho?
Singayakha njani imvumelwano yoluntu malunga neenqobo ezisemgangathweni ezibanjwe ngokubanzi ezifana nokukhusela abantwana neentsapho, ukusebenzisa ubundlobongela njengendlela yokugqibela (kungekhona yokuqala) kunye nokuhlonipha umthetho?
Singasebenza njani ukuba iinkokeli zethu ziphendule kumbono woluntu esifuna ukuhlala kulo?
Enye indlela yokumela uxolo kunye namalungelo oluntu kukuzibandakanya ne-MADRE ethi Wonke Umntwana Unegama. Eli phulo linyathelo lenkqubo yethu yoBulungisa, hayi impindezelo, ebeka iliso “kwimfazwe yobugrogrisi” kaBush kwaye imemelela umgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle wase-US ohlonipha amalungelo oluntu kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ndwendwela iwebhusayithi ye-MADRE, www.madre.org , ngolwazi olungakumbi.
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