Kutshanje i ENew York Times ibisenza ingxelo ngokuncipha korhwebo lwamaphephandaba kunye nokungakhuseleki kwemisebenzi okunxulumeneyo phakathi kweentatheli zoshicilelo. Kwingxelo ye-4 kaJuni, enomxholo othi "Ukupheliswa kweMihla," Maxesha abafundi bafunda ukuba ihlonitshwa kakhulu Amaxesha-Picayune eNew Orleans ayiyedwanga ekuzameni ukuhlala edada ngokupapasha ngaphantsi kwe kanye ngosuku. Amanye amaphephandaba amathandathu, eUnited States naseKhanada, asanda kubhengeza izicwangciso zokunciphisa ishedyuli yawo yokushicilela kwaye athembele kwii-web editions lonke ixesha. "Abaphathi bamaphephandaba bathi ukuprinta nokuhambisa amaphephandaba ngeentsuku ezithile kuphela kuya kunciphisa iindleko kakhulu ngelixa kugcinwe enye intengiso yephepha ...."
Njenge Maxesha amanqaku, "isigqibo sokunciphisa amaphepha oshicilelo sihlala sikhatshwa kukusikwa kwicala leendaba, ngokunjalo." Umgangatho wokupapashwa kwemihla ngemihla, osele ukhukulisiwe ngenxa yokuncipha okuxhaphakileyo kwegumbi leendaba, uya kuhla ngakumbi ngenxa yezizathu NGOKU uyachaza. “Abasebenzi kwi I-Times-Picayune silindele ukuba malunga nesinye kwisithathu segumbi leendaba labantu abamalunga ne-140 liya kusikwa. Iintatheli "zixelelwe ukuba izinto eziphambili kubo ziya kutshintshela ekubhaleni kwiwebhu." Ngokutsho komnye umhleli wangaphambili: “Bafuna ukuba bavelise iibhlog ezininzi ngosuku kwaye bangazikhathazi ngokuhlanganisa izinto kwiphakheji ecingisisiweyo. I-Times-Picayune unesithethe esibalaseleyo sobuntatheli obusakhulayo. Elo siko liphoswa phantsi kwebhasi.”
Kwakhona inxalenye yalo mkhwa ungonwabanga Detroit News kwaye i Detroit Free Press, amaphepha amabini ngoku aphethwe yiDetroit Media Partnership. Ukususela ngo-2010, i iindaba iye “ishicilelwe ngoMvulo ukuya kutsho ngoMgqibelo kodwa ihambisa amaphepha ngoLwesine nangoLwesihlanu (kunye necandelo elikhethekileyo elihanjiswa kunye Ushicilelo lwasimahla ngeeCawe). Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1990, intsebenziswano esondeleleneyo phakathi kwamaphepha amabini afanayo—eyayingawawo kaGannett media chain kunye ne-Knight Ridder, Inc. ngokulandelelanayo—kwabeka isiseko sokoyiswa kolona shishino lukhulu lweendaba kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo. Xa abaphathi bephephandaba laseDetroit baphumelela ukuphosa abasebenzi abangama-2,500 583 “phantsi kwebhasi”—ngokubatshintsha ebudeni boqhankqalazo—akuzange kuphelele nje ukuncama umgangatho wobuntatheli basekuhlaleni; iye yaphatha kakubi umbutho wam, i- Newspaper Guild/CWA, omnye wemibutho emithandathu yabasebenzi ebandakanyekayo kobo bunzima beentsuku ezingama-XNUMX (kunye neminyaka yokutyholwa ngokusemthethweni emva koko).
Ityala Eligqithisileyo?
In Itheyibhile Eyaphukileyo, Unjingalwazi wezentlalo yoluntu kwiYunivesithi yaseFordham uChris Rhomberg ubonelela ngomxholo obalulekileyo wembali kolu hambo lubalulekileyo phakathi koo-1990. Ubuninzi bencwadi yakhe buchaza imiqobo ababejamelene nayo abagwayi, indlela abazama ngayo ukuyoyisa, nemiphumo yokoyiswa kwabo, ekuhlaleni nakwisizwe. Uphononongo olunzulu lwaseRhomberg ngogwayimbo lwephephandaba laseDetroit kufuneka lufundwe kuye nabani na ozama ukuvala iphephandaba kwixesha elizayo-okanye umise ukumiswa komsebenzi, kuyo nayiphi na enye indawo apho umqeshi aneepokotho ezinzulu, enye ingeniso eninzi. -Iipropati zokuvelisa, kunye noomatshini abafanayo bokuphatha, ubudlelwane bomsebenzi necandelo labucala kwicala layo.
Ngenxa yokwehla kwezinga lezenzo zethu zemisebenzi emikhulu, ugwayimbo oluchasene ne Detroit News kwaye I-Free Press njengokuba umbhali esitsho, “yayiyimeko egqithiseleyo.” Abanye banokude bayijonge njengento yangaphandle, bejonge umva kwixesha langaphambili longquzulwano lwemizi-mveliso olungathintelwanga eDetroit. Uqhankqalazo “lwalungaphezu kwama-97 ekhulwini—yaye lwalungaphezu kwama-99 ekhulwini—kulo lonke ugwayimbo lwamashishini abucala ukususela ngowe-1984 ukusa kowama-2002.” Ikwabandakanya iiyunithi ezininzi zengxoxo ezilungelelanisa imihla yazo yokuphelelwa kwesivumelwano kunye nokusebenza ngaxeshanye ngokuchasene nomqeshi omnye, i-Detroit Newspaper Agency. Imveliso yeSebe lezoBulungisa eliphikisanayo-eyamkelwe ngokubambisana-isivumelwano sokusebenza, eli qumrhu livumele u-Knight Ridder noGannett ukuba badibanise imveliso yabo, ukusasazwa, ukuthengisa, ukugcinwa kwemali, kunye nemisebenzi yokuthengisa kwisixeko, ngelixa begcina iimpawu zabo zephephandaba ezahlukeneyo.
Kwenye indawo kushishino olufanayo, umboniso ohambelanayo wolungelelwaniso nomanyano phakathi kwabasebenzi lusoloko luphazanyiswa lucalucalulo lweemanyano zabasebenzi. E-Detroit, i-Metropolitan Council of Newspaper Unions (MCNU) edibanise ngempumelelo abaqhankqalazi igquma “iingcali ezimhlophe, abasebenzi bekhola eluhlaza, kunye namagcisa anobuchule”—umxube onqabileyo wemisebenzi kwimigca yepikethi yase-US, ngoku nakwixesha elizayo. ixesha eladlula.
Ukungqingwa kweMfazwe kuMbindi-ntshona
Nangona kunjalo ugwayimbo lwaseDetroit luhleli luyimveliso yeendlela zobudlelwane babasebenzi zakutsha nje, ezichazwe kakuhle ngumbhali, eziye zacaca nangakumbi kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo yeengxoxo zemvumelwano kunye nokwehla komsebenzi woqhankqalazo kwicandelo labucala. Uqhankqalazo lwaseDetroit luzinze kwindlela yokungqinga imfazwe eqhelekileyo kwabo basebenzi bemveliso abangamakhalipha abazama ukuxhathisa iimvumelwano zekhontrakthi kwamanye amadabi aseMbindi-ntshona ngeminyaka yoo-1980 kunye no-'90s. Njengoko elinye iphephandaba elixhaswa yimanyano yabasebenzi elabangelwa lugwayimbo lalicacisela abafundi ngombandela walo wokuqala, ungquzulwano lwalungazange ngokwenene lube “lumalunga nemali okanye kwanangenani labasebenzi abafanele bathengwe okanye badekwe.”
Ngokutsho Ijenali yeCawa yaseDetroit, abaphathi babefuna ngamandla okanye babesele beyiphumezile “imigaqo-nkqubo eyayiza kuzicima imibutho yabasebenzi ngokungavumi ukumelwa kwamakhulu abasebenzi okanye ukuba imibutho yabasebenzi ingakwazi ukuthethathethana ngemivuzo neminye imiba ebambekayo.” Njengoko igqwetha laseDetroit Guild uDuane Ice exelele iRhomberg:
“Emva kwamashumi eminyaka kuxoxiswano akukho mntu wayekhumbula naliphi na ixesha apho aba baqeshi okanye nawaphi na amanye amaphephandaba e-Detroit, aye athethathethana ngokungquzulana kwaye…babhengeza ukuphela kweengxoxo ezidityanelweyo. Oko kwakuthetha ukuba iimanyano zabasebenzi zazingenanxaxheba kwisiphumo. hamba ngokweentshukumo, uchaze ukungaguquki, kwaye uthi, “Nantsi imimiselo nemiqathango.
Akukho ngaphantsi kwabahlaseli baseDetroit phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1990, abasebenzi bakarhulumente eWisconsin baqonda, kulo nyaka uphelileyo, apho imeko yomqeshi ikhokelela khona. Ke benza ngokufanelekileyo, besiya ezitalatweni kwaye bahlala kwikomkhulu likarhulumente, xa iimanyano zabo zatyholwa ngendlela efanayo, ngokungalindelekanga, yiRhuluneli yeGOP uScott Walker, emva kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yothethathethwano lwekontraka yecandelo likarhulumente kwilizwe laseBadger. Uthethathethwano olulinganayo lokholo olubi (kunye nenjongo yokuphelisa umanyano) lubangele uqhankqalazo lweeveki ezimbini ngabasebenzi baseVerizon abangama-45,000 kungekudala emva koko.
Kwiintetho eziye zatsala ukusukela ngo-Agasti ka-2011, iVerizon iqhubekile nokufuna umvuzo, inzuzo, kunye nemvumelwano yomgaqo womsebenzi onokuthi ubuyisele umva amashumi eminyaka enkqubela phambili yomanyano. Isibhengezo solawulo sokungaphumeleli, nokuba sisemthethweni okanye akunjalo, sihlala sinokwenzeka, apho abasebenzi befowuni baseMntla-mpuma banokujongana nokhetho olufanayo njengabasebenzi bephephandaba laseDetroit kwiminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe eyadlulayo: ukwamkela "iimeko ezithunyelweyo" okanye ukunyusa ukuchasana kwabo kwezo zinto zithathwayo, emsebenzini, ekuhlaleni, okanye emva kumgca wokupiketha.
E-Detroit, indlela ethathiweyo yokuchasa ukuncitshiswa kweendleko zabasebenzi kunye nohlengahlengiso lwendawo yokusebenza yaba kukumiswa komsebenzi. Kodwa “ayizange iphumelele ngokupheleleyo ekuthinteleni ukuveliswa nokusasazwa kwamaphephandaba,” uqukumbela ngelithi uRhomberg. Ngokucokisekileyo bevuma ukungakwazi kwazo ukuyeka imveliso, iinkokeli zeemanyano “zaye endaweni yoko zithembele kukusasazwa kunye nokwayiwa kweentengiso nakwityala labo elisemthethweni” kwiBhodi yeSizwe yoBudlelwane bezaBasebenzi (NLRB). Naluphi na ukuphazamiseka kunye neendleko ezongezelelweyo kwafuneka banyamezele eDetroit, eGannett naseKnight Ridder bobabini bakhuselekile ngolwazi lokuba ingeniso eyenziwa ngamanye amaphephandaba abo amaninzi (zombini ezihlangeneyo kunye nezingekho manyano) ziya kuqhubeka zihamba ngendlela yazo.
Iiprofayili kwisikhundla-kunye-neFayile yesibindi
URhomberg uqala isifundo sakhe esichukumisayo ngezahluko ezichaza isakhiwo esitsha sobunini beshishini lephephandaba kunye neziphumo zalo ezibi kubudlelwane babasebenzi phakathi kwezikhulu zemithombo yeendaba ezifana neGannett, uguquko lwemeko yentlalo-ntle yaseDetroit "njengedolophu yomanyano," kunye "nommangaliso wemihla ngemihla" wendlela. kuveliswa iphephandaba—inkqubo etshintshe kakhulu ukususela kwixesha lemibutho yemibutho yesizwe eyayibandakanyeke kuqhankqalazo.
Ngethamsanqa, Itheyibhile Eyaphukileyo ayisiyiyo nje amandla amakhulu okubumba ngokutsha ubomi babasebenzi bamaphephandaba, emsebenzini nasekuhlaleni. Le ncwadi ikwabandakanya imizobo engalibalekiyo ye-kunye nezipho ezifanelwe ngokufanelekileyo kuqhankqalazo olufana neMichigan Journalism Hall of Famer Susan Watson, a I-Free Press amanqaku umbhali wagxothwa ngenxa yokuthatha inxaxheba ukungathobeli civil kwi iindaba ukwakha ngempelaveki yoSuku lwaBasebenzi ngo-1996; UBarb Ingalls, umfazi womsebenzi wemoto, “owayengazange abandakanyeke kakhulu kumanyano lwakhe phambi koqhankqalazo,” kodwa ke waba yinkokeli ekufikeleleni eluntwini kwilizwe lonke (umsebenzi asaqhubeka nawo namhlanje wokuchasa imfazwe kunye nenkolo yabasebenzi. imanyano eDetroit); kunye nomququzeleli weTeamster uMike Zielinksi, obhalise amalungu angamashumi amahlanu avaliweyo okanye agxothileyo kwiKomiti yezoBulungisa yaBasebenzi ebisebenza "njengeqela elibhabhayo elinokudityaniswa ngesaziso esifutshane ngalo naluphi na uhlobo lwesenzo." (Ngowe-1999, uZielinksi wagxothwa emsebenzini xa, ngokutsho kweRhomberg, umongameli weTeamster owayesandul’ ukunyulwa uJames R. Hoffa wagqiba “ukucoca indlu yabalandeli balowo wayengaphambi kwakhe, uRon Carey, aze aphelise umzabalazo waseDetroit.”)
Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, kukho umsebenzi wegumbi leposi uBen Solomon, esidibana naye ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwencwadi. Enegazi kodwa engakhange athobe, waphumelela isigwebo senkundla esinqabileyo se-2.5 yezigidi zeedola ngokuchasene namaphephandaba aseDetroit kunye namahlakani abo kurhulumente kamasipala ngokwenza iyelenqe lokuhlutha yena kunye nabanye abaqhankqalazi amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko. Ngexesha lokuqhawuka okukhulu ekuchongeni abantu abaninzi kwindawo yoshicilelo eSterling Heights, eMichigan, uSolomon watshizwa ipepile, wagqunywa, waphinda wabanjwa wabanjwa ngaphandle konyango, kumboniso owothusayo wobundlavini bamapolisa, ukuya kwinqanaba elingaphantsi, ngabanye abahlaseli abaninzi.
Ibali lale mihla laseRhomberg lomanyano lwabasebenzi kunye noguquko lomntu akukho nto imangalisayo okanye inemibala kunebali lomculo. Newsies. Ukuxuba intsomi kunye neenyani ezimbalwa malunga nogwayimbo lwenyani kwinkulungwane eyadlulayo, Newsies iye yaba yimveliso yeqonga edumileyo ye-NYC. Ibeka amakhwenkwe eendaba eManhattan ngokuchasene noJoseph Pulitzer, umphathi wopapasho onciphisa umvuzo wabo ngokunyusa ixabiso lentengiso yamaphepha abo. Ngelixa lokuyekiswa komsebenzi wabo, abaqhankqalazi bajongana nokubethwa kunye nokubanjwa ngamapolisa, basokola iyantlukwano phakathi kwamaqela abo ngenxa yokuxengaxenga kobunkokeli, kodwa bayaphumelela ukusungula iphepha logwayimbo kunye nokufumana inkxaso koogxa babo kwezinye iindawo. Olo manyano lwabasebenzi, kunye nongenelelo lobuhlobo lweRhuluneli uTheodore Roosevelt, lukhokelela kwisivumelwano esilungileyo noPulitzer. Abahlaseli babuyisela imisebenzi yabo ngoku ehlawulelwe ngokufanelekileyo-isiphelo saseHollywood ngokuqinisekileyo, nangona kunjalo kwi-Broadway (kwaye yaphakanyiswa kwifilimu ye-Disney eneminyaka engamashumi amabini ngegama elifanayo).
Uhlengahlengiso lwe Itheyibhile Eyaphukileyo, nangona kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ibonakale kungekudala, kwiqonga okanye kwisikrini. Ingxelo kaRhomberg intsonkothile ngakumbi kwaye ukudelelwa kweDetroit akubethi nto yokucula okanye ukudanisa.
Yehliswa phantsi nguMthetho
Kugwayimbo lwamaphepha-ndaba okokwenyani, abezopolitiko abazokuhlangula, nangona uninzi lwamagosa karhulumente eMichigan aqale acengwa ukuba angaluniki udliwano-ndlebe kookhwekhwe begumbi leendaba. NgoFebruwari 1997, emva kweenyanga ezilishumi elinesithoba emgceni, imibutho yaseDetroit yenza izibonelelo ezingenamiqathango zokubuyela emsebenzini. Kodwa ke iindaba kwaye I-Free Pressbathembisa “ukubuyisela kuphela iqhezu labasebenzi abagwayimbileyo, njengoko kuvunyelwe izithuba ezitsha,” kuba bebengayi kuthumela naluphi na ukhwelo lwabo oluqeshiweyo. Kwiinyanga ezine emva koko, ijaji yomthetho wezolawulo (ALJ) evela kwi-NLRB yalixhasa ibango lemibutho yokuba uhambo luqhankqalazo olungenabulungisa emsebenzini. "Ijaji iyalele iinkampani ukuba zibuyisele abasebenzi abagwayimbileyo, ibagxothe, ukuba kuyimfuneko, abasebenzi abatshintshwayo kwaye yenze nabaphi na abagwayimbo bangabuyiselwa emsebenzini." Kwiintsuku ezimbini emva kweso sigqibo sikhuthazayo, i-AFL-CIO yabamba umboniso kade womanyano lwelizwe kunye nabasebenzi bephephandaba laseDetroit. Ngaphezu kwama-60,000 amalungu ombutho wabasebenzi aye aqhankqalaza, aqhankqalaza, yaye avuyisana nenkqubela yakutshanje yomthetho.
Ngelishwa, iinkqubo zesibheno setyala le-NLRB zisisikhumbuzo "sokulibaziseka kobulungisa, ubulungisa buvinjiwe." Amaphephandaba amabini anqabile ukuthobela isigqibo se-ALJ kwaye iBhodi yezaBasebenzi ayiphumelelanga ukufumana ijaji ye-federal ukuba ikhuphe "umyalelo wethutyana wokuba bonke abaqhankqalazi babuyiselwe ngokukhawuleza kwimisebenzi yabo" ngelixa isimangalo siqhubeka. Kunyaka emva koko, ngehlobo lika-1998, iBhodi yaseWashington, DC yavumelana ngamxhelo mnye isigwebo se-ALJ, yamisela iqonga lokubhena kwenkampani kwiNkundla yeziBheno yase-US. Ngeli xesha, ngaphezu kwama-400 ababekade beqhankqalazile basala bevaleleke ngaphandle okanye begxothiwe (kuquka abamongameli basekuhlaleni abathandathu ababandakanyekayo).
I-100 lezigidi zeerandi kwintlawulo eyi-back yayihambelana nesigqibo senkundla yezibheno. NgoJulayi 7, 2000, ithemba lembuyekezo nokubuyiselwa emsebenzini laye laphela xa izigwebo zangaphambili zeNLRB zatshitshiswayo. URhomberg uchaza okwenzekayo emva koko:
"Amaphephandaba akwala ukubabuyisela abo basebenzi, kwaza kwaqhubeka izibheno ezingokwasemthethweni kangangeminyaka eliqela. Ekugqibeleni, uninzi lwamatyala anxulumene namalungelo oluntu aye achithwa okanye aconjululwa ngaphandle kwenkundla. kwanyanzelwa ukuba zamkele iikhontrakthi ngokwemiqathango yabaphathi Eyokugqibela kwimibutho emithandathu yazinza ngoDisemba, 2000, kwaye, ngaphezu kweminyaka emihlanu emva kokuba iqalile, uqhankqalazo lwamaphephandaba eDetroit lwaluphelile….Izivumelwano azizange zinike izibonelelo zokuxolelwa kwabaqhankqalazi abagxothiweyo, kubandakanywa nabaziwayo abaqhankqalazayo. ababhali kunye nababhali bemihlathi abaye bathatha inxaxheba ekungathobelini uluntu olungenalo ugonyamelo. "
Komnye umbhalo osemazantsi ongabalulekanga ngokusemthethweni kugwayimbo, uMongameli George W. Bush wabiza usihlalo omtsha we-NLRB ngo-2002. Wakhetha uRobert Battista, igqwetha laseMichigan elalisebenza njengegqwetha elikhokelayo kwi-NLRB. iindaba kwaye I-Free Press ekuzikhuseleni kwabo ekugqibeleni kwabaphumeleleyo kwizityholo zokuthethathethana ngokholo olubi.
Njengoko iRhomberg iphawula, amaphephandaba aseDetroit aye ahlawula ixabiso “ngomgaqo-nkqubo wawo okruqulayo ngokuphathelele abo bagwayimbayo kwibutho labantu ababeluxabisa gqitha umanyano lwabasebenzi.” Uqikelela ilahleko yabo enxulumene nogwayimbo oluthe ngqo ukuya kwi-130 yezigidi zeedola, kuba isithathu sabo bonke ababhalisile nabo bahambile. "Ukusasazwa kweendaba kwehle ngokuphindwe kasibhozo kwireyithi yeshishini lilonke phakathi ko-1995 kunye no-1999, kwaye uninzi lweentatheli ezingamagqala zashiya amaphepha kunye nesixeko, zihamba kunye neminyaka yolwazi kunye nenkumbulo yoluntu." Ngo-2005, emva kweminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe e-Detroit, u-Knight Ridder wathengisa I-Free Press kuGannett. Lo mva wayishiya iDetroit naye, emva kokothula amaphepha omabini kwiphephandaba lesizwe elibizwa ngokuba yiMediaNews Group, Inc. Ngo-2011, i-MNG yayinabafundi abambalwa abangama-500,000 kunabafundi. iindaba kwaye I-Free Press yenze xa abanini bangaphambili balawula iimanyano ngo-1995.
Amanye amalungu oqhankqalazo olwalungenakuphepheka—abalweli bombutho abangazange bavume okanye abakwazanga ukubuyela emsebenzini—“baqhubeka belandela inkqubo yabo yokusesikweni ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo,” inikela loo ngxelo iRhomberg. Phakathi kwabo kukho amalungu eQumrhu, amaQela, abashicileli, kunye nabanye abasasebenza ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje njengabahleli bamaphephandaba okanye ababhali bamaphephandaba, abaququzeleli babasebenzi, okanye abakhankasi bomanyano kwenye indawo.
Kwi-1999, i Ijenali yeCawa-yasungulwa njengephepha elingamashumi amane anesibhozo evekini labafundi baseDetroit abalahla amaphepha amabini abethekileyo-bayeka ukupapashwa. Kunyaka wayo wokuqala wokusebenza, i Journal ifikelele kwincopho yokusasazwa kwama-300,000, impumelelo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili yephepha logwayimbo oluxhaswa ngabasebenzi. Kodwa njengoko abahlaseli bangaphambili babizwe ukuba babuyele iindaba orI-Free Press okanye ushiye idolophu kwimisebenzi yobuntatheli kwezinye iindawo, i JournalI-inshorensi yehla, ukuhanjiswa kwayo kwahla, inkxaso-mali yemanyano yacuthwa, kwaye iphepha lafa.
The Journal wayengeyedwanga ekuboneni izivumelwano zekhontrakthi ezingephi zafikelelwa ekupheleni kuka-2000, phantsi konyanzeliso nasemva kokusilela okusemthethweni kwabasebenzi. Kwindibano ye-AFL-CIO ebhetele kade kunokuba ingazange ngoJuni 1997, inkokeli ye-MCNU u-Al Derey wakhupha uluhlu lwabahlaseli abangaphezu kweshumi elinesibini—abashicileli, abashicileli, iintatheli, nabanye—abasweleke ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lokuqala. iminyaka emibini yokuhambahamba. Evuselela imincili, uDerey wavakalisa ukuba “akukho namnye kubo owawela umgca!” Kodwa ngokulusizi uRhomberg uthi, “kwabo nabanye abafana nabo, amalungelo abo asasazeke ngokwenene emoyeni.”
USteve Early usebenze njengomququzeleli womanyano kunye nomnxibelelanisi woqhankqalazo kuBasebenzi boNxibelelwano baseMelika iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesixhenxe. Ube negalelo elisimahla kumaphephandaba emihla ngemihla ukusukela ngo-1965 kwaye ngoku ukwi-Pacific Media Workers Guild, TNG/CWA Local 39521 eSan Francisco. Ungumbhali, kutsha nje, kwiiMfazwe zombango e-US Labor, evela kwiiNcwadi zeHaymarket. Olu hlaziyo luvele ekuqaleni kwi-Disent, Agasti 8, 2012 ngo http://dissentmagazine.org/online
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