Njengesambatho esihonjisiweyo esenza ezona zinto zibuthuntu zibengezele, imbonakalo ecekethekileyo yanamhlanje yobupopolali bobupolitika igubungele ubunzulu obumanyumnyezi bokukhula kokungalingani okufihlakele ngokubonakalayo. Yaye lo mmangaliso wokwanda kobutyebi negunya uneenxalenye zikaNewton kunye noDarwin kuyo.
Ngokutsho kweNewton's umthetho wokuqala zentshukumo: abo basemagunyeni baya kuhlala benegunya ngaphandle kokuba kwenziwe oko ngamandla angaphandle. Umntu osisityebi uya kuzuza ubutyebi kuphela, logama nje kungekho nto ibaphambukisayo kwindlela yabo yangoku. Ngokuphathelele uDarwin, kwihlabathi lendaleko yezemali, abo banobutyebi okanye amandla baya kwenza oko kulungileyo kubo ukukhusela obo butyebi, nokuba akukho mdla womnye kwaphela.
Kwinoveli edumileyo kaGeorge Orwell ka-1945, Ifama yezilwanyana, iihagu ezifumana ulawulo kwimvukelo nxamnye nomfama ongumntu ekugqibeleni zenza uzwilakhe kwezinye izilwanyana ngesiseko sesinye. umyalelo: โZonke izilwanyana ziyalingana, kodwa ezinye izilwanyana ziyalingana kunezinye.โ Ngokubhekiselele kwiriphabliki yaseMerika, ukulingana kwale mihla kuya kuba: โBonke abemi bayalingana, kodwa izityebi zilingana kakhulu kunaye nabani na ongomnye (kwaye baceba ukuhlala benjalo).โ
Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukungalingani ludonga olukhulu lwezoqoqosho phakathi kwabo banegunya kunye nabangenawo.
Njengoko izilwanyana zefama ka-Orwell zikhula ngokulinganayo ngokulinganayo, ngoko ke kulo mzuzu kwilizwe elisabanga amathuba alinganayo kubemi balo, abathathu baseMelika ngoku unobutyebi obuninzi njengesiqingatha esisezantsi soluntu (i-160 yezigidi zabantu), unokuthi ngokuqinisekileyo siphila kuluntu olukhulayo lwe-Orwellian. Okanye mhlawumbi iTawayini esandayo.
Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, uMark Twain kunye noCharles Dudley Warner babhale inoveli yakudala ka-1873 ebeka ileyibhile engalibalekiyo ngexesha labo kwaye banokwenza okufanayo nakweyethu. IXesha Eliqhelekileyo: Ibali lanamhlanje ibonise ukubawa kunye nobuqhophololo bezopolitiko emva kweMfazwe yaseMelika yaseMelika. Isihloko sayo sabamba umoya wento engqineke ilixesha elide xa abatyebi be-uber beza kulawula iWashington kunye neMelika iphela. Elo yayilixesha elalizaliswe ngabaphangi, oochwephesha abachwepheshile, kunye nezinhanha ezingaqhelekanga zebhanki. (Ngaba kukho nantoni na evakala iqhelekile?) Owona mahluko uphambili phakathi kwenkulungwane edluleyo nesihonjiswe ngawo kukuba abo baphangi bakha izinto ezibonakalayo ezifana neendlela zikaloliwe. Abasebenzi banamhlanje abalinganayo bezityebi ezinkulu bakha izinto ezingabambekiyo njengetekhnoloji kunye neqonga le-elektroniki, ngelixa i-grifter kamongameli ikhetha ekuphela kwesiseko esitsha esibonwayo, udonga olukhulu oluya ndawo.
Ngexesha likaTwain, i-US yayivela kwiMfazwe Yombango. Oosomathuba babephuma eluthuthwini lomphefumlo wesizwe obethwayo. Intelekelelo yomhlaba, ukuphembelela urhulumente, kunye nezivumelwano ezinomthunzi ngokukhawuleza zadibana ukudala uluntu olungalinganiyo lomyalelo wokuqala (ubuncinci ukuza kuthi ga ngoku). Kungekudala emva kokuba inoveli yabo iphumile, uthotho lokudodobala koqoqosho lwatshabalalisa ilizwe, lwalandelwa luloyiko lwezemali ngo-1907. City New York okubangelwa bubuqhophololo obukhokelwa ngumbhexeshi wentengiso yobhedu.
Ukusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1890 ukuya phambili, oyena mgcini-bhanki unamandla emhlabeni, uJP Morgan, wabizwa izihlandlo ezininzi ukuba akhulule ilizwe elikwinqanaba lezoqoqosho. Ngo-1907, unobhala kaNondyebo uGeorge Cortelyou wambonelela $ 25 yezigidi kwimali yebheyile ngesicelo sikaMongameli uTheodore Roosevelt ukuba azinzise iWall Street kunye nokuthomalalisa abemi abaxhwithanayo abazama ukutsala imali yabo kwiibhanki kwilizwe jikelele. Kwaye oku uMorgan wakwenza-ngokunceda abahlobo bakhe kunye neenkampani zabo, ngelixa ekhupha imali phezulu ngokwakhe. Ngokubhekiselele kwiibhanki ezinenkathazo kakhulu ezibambe ukugcinwa kwabantu abaqhelekileyo? Ewe, zasonga. (Izithunzi ze-2007-2008 meltdown kunye nebheyile nabani na?)
Abaphathi beebhanki abaphambili abafumene eso sipho kurhulumente baye babangela ukuba Ingozi ka-1929. Akumangalisi ukuba, kwabakho intelekelelo eninzi nobuqhetseba ngaphambi kwayo. Ngaloo minyaka, umbhali weencwadi uF. Scott Fitzgerald babambisa umoya wexesha lokungalingani okumangalisayo IGatsby enkulu xa omnye wabalinganiswa bakhe esithi: โMakhe ndikuxelele ngezityebi kakhulu. Bahlukile kum nawe.โ Kunokuthethwa okufanayo nanamhlanje xa kufikwa kumsantsa phakathi kwabangenazinto nabanezinto ezininzi.
Umvuzo vs. Ubutyebi
Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ubume bokungalingani kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye ubudala, kubalulekile ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kobutyebi kunye nomvuzo kunye nokuba zeziphi iintlobo zokungalingani ezivela kwinto nganye. Ngokulula nje, ingeniso yimalini oyenzayo ngokomsebenzi ohlawulwayo okanye nayiphi na imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali okanye kwizinto zexabiso (okanye ezinye izinto onazo ezinokutshintsha ixabiso). Ubutyebi yingqokelela nje yaloo mpahla kwaye nayiphi na imbuyekezo okanye uxabiso kubo. Okukhona unobutyebi obuninzi, kokukhona kulula ukuba nengeniso ephezulu yonyaka.
Masiyicazulule loo nto. Ukuba urhola $31,000 ngonyaka, umvuzo ophakathi kumntu wase-United States namhlanje, umvuzo wakho uya kuba yiloo mali thabatha irhafu ehambelanayo (kubandakanya federal, state, social security, and Medicare ones). Ngokomyinge, oko kuthetha ukuba uya kusala malunga $26,000 ngaphambi kokuba kungene ezinye iindleko.
Ukuba ubutyebi bakho buyi-1,000,000 yeedola, nangona kunjalo, kwaye ubeka oko kwi-akhawunti yokulondoloza ukuhlawula 2.25% inzala, unokufumana malunga ne-$22,500 kwaye, emva kweerhafu, ushiywe malunga ne-19,000 yeedola, ungenzi nto.
Ukubeka yonke le nto ngombono, i-1% ephezulu yaseMelika ngoku ithatha ekhaya, ngokomyinge, ngaphezu kwama-40 amaxesha engeniso ye-90 ephantsi. Kwaye ukuba unyukela phezulu kwi-0.1%, loo manani aba mandundu kakhulu. Elo qela lincinci ligoduka ngaphezu kwamaxesha e-198 ingeniso yabasezantsi ngama-90%. Kananjalo banayo ubutyebi obuninzi njengelizwe elisezantsi ngama-90%. โUbutyebi,โ njengoko uAdam Smith watshoyo ngokwesiko phantse kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezinesiqingatha ezadlulayo. Ubutyebi beZizwe, โngamandla,โ isaci eso ngokungafane sibonakale siphelelwe lixesha.
I-Case Study: Ubutyebi, ukungalingani, kunye ne-Federal Reserve
Ngokucacileyo, ukuba uzuza ubutyebi kweli lizwe, uphambi komdlalo ngephanyazo. EMelika, isithathu ukuya phantse isiqingatha bonke ubutyebi Ilifa kunokuba uzenzele. Ngokuka a ENew York Times uphando, umzekelo, uMongameli uDonald Trump, ukususela ekuzalweni, wafumana uqikelelo $ 413 yezigidi (ngeedola zanamhlanje, oko kukuthi) kutata wakhe amthandayo kunye nomnye $ 140 yezigidi (ngeedola zanamhlanje) kwimali-mboleko. Ayisiyondlela imbi yokuba โusomashishiniโ aqalise ukwakha i-empire (of ukubhengezwa kwemali) elathi libe liqonga lephulo likamongameli yavuza ekuqhubeni ilizwe. Trump uyenzile, ngamanye amazwi, indlela yakudala - ngelifa.
Kwinzondelelo yakhe ye-megalomaniacal yokubhengeza imeko kaxakeka yesizwe kumda osemazantsi, lowo ujike usozigidi-gidide-wajika waba ngumongameli ubonelela kodwa omnye wemizekelo emininzi yerekhodi elide lokusebenzisa kakubi amandla. Ngelishwa, kweli lizwe, abantu abambalwa bajonga ukungalingani kwerekhodi (esakhulayo) njengolunye uhlobo lokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, olunye uhlobo lodonga olukhulu, kule meko ukugcina kungekhona abantu baseMbindi baseMelika kodwa abaninzi abemi base-US ngaphandle.
I-Federal Reserve, ibhanki ephakathi yelizwe echaza iindleko zemali kwaye igcine iWall Street emva kwengxaki yezemali ye-2007-2008 (kwaye ukususela), ekugqibeleni yabonisa ukuba amanqanaba anjalo okungalingani anjalo ziindaba ezimbi lonke ilizwe. Njengoko uSihlalo we-Fed uJerome Powell watsho kwi- Iholo yedolophu eWashington ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari, โSifuna ukuba impumelelo yabiwe ngokubanzi. Sidinga imigaqo-nkqubo ukwenza oko kwenzeke. โ Okubuhlungu kukuba, i-Fed ibe negalelo elikhulu ukwanda ukungalingani okucwangcisiweyo ngoku kwezemali kunye, ukongezelela, inkqubo yezopolitiko. Kutshanje iphepha lophando, i-Fed yenza, ubuncinane, igxininise imiphumo yokungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ibonisa ukuba "ukungalingani kwemivuzo kunokuvelisa imfuno ephantsi, uxinzelelo lokunciphisa imali, ukukhula ngokugqithiseleyo kwetyala kunye nokungazinzi kwezimali."
Emva kokudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi, nangona kunjalo, i-Fed yathatha umthwalo wokunciphisa iindleko zemali kwiibhanki ezinkulu ngokunqumla inzala kwi-zero (ngaphambi kokuba inyuse i-2.5%) kwaye ithenge i-$ 4.5 yezigidigidi kwi-Treasury kunye ne-mortgage bond. ukuthoba ngakumbi. Konke oku ukuze iibhanki ziboleke imali ngokulula kwiSitalato esikhulu kwaye zivuselele uqoqosho. NjengoSenator uBernie Sanders phawula nangona, โI-Federal Reserve ibonelele ngaphezu kwe-16 yetriliyoni zeedola kuncedo lwezemali lulonke kumaziko emali amakhulu kunye namaqumrhu e-United States nakwilizwe lonkeโฆ ubuntu bakho bomntu wonke. "
Uqoqosho lunyathela amanzi ukususela ngoko (ngokukodwa xa kuthelekiswa ne-stock market). Ukukhula kwesambuku semveliso yangaphakathi ngonyaka akugqithanga 3% kuwo nawuphi na unyaka ukususela kwintlekele yezemali, nanjengoko inqanaba lemarike yemasheya kathathu, kwandisa umsantsa wokungalingani welizwe. Akukho nanye kwezi bekufanele ukuba yothusa, kuba uninzi lwemali egqithileyo yaya ngqo kwiibhanki ezinkulu, abatyali zimali abazizityebi, kunye nabaqikeleli. Baye bayisebenzisela ukutyala imali kwi-stock and bond markets, kodwa kungekhona kwizinto ezinokubaluleka kubo bonke abantu baseMelika ngaphandle kodonga olukhulu lobutyebi.
Umbuzo ngulo: Kutheni ukungalingani kunye nenkqubo yezoqoqosho eneziphene ziqiniswa ngokufanayo? Njengesiqalo, abo banako ukutyala imali kwimarike yemasheya exhaswe yimigaqo-nkqubo yeFed bandise ubutyebi babo ngokukhawuleza. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abo baxhomekeke kuqoqosho ukubazinzisa ngemivuzo nangeminye imivuzo baye bacutheka. Uninzi lwabantu alukho, ngokuqinisekileyo, lutyalwe kwimarike yemasheya, okanye ngokwenene nantoni na. Abanakukwazi ukuba njalo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula oko phantse 80% Uluntu luphila umvuzo wokuhlawula.
Isiphumo esishiyekileyo: i sibi Ukwanda kwengxaki yasemva kwezemali ekulinganeni kobutyebi - ngaphezulu kokungalingani kwengeniso okwakukho kwihlabathi liphela kodwa kuyinyani ngakumbi eUnited States. Abasebenzi abakwi-1% ephezulu abangathembekanga kwimivuzo ukonyusa ubutyebi babo baphumelele ngokumangalisayo. Bona, emva koko, ngoku bangabanikazi ngaphezu kwesigamu kubo bonke ubutyebi belizwe obutyalwe kwizitokhwe nakwiingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo, ngoko ke ukunyuka kwemarike yemasheya kuyabanceda ngokungafaniyo. Kwakhona kutheni i-Federal Reserve inkxaso imigaqo-nkqubo kwiibhanki zaseWall Street yongeze kuphela ubutyebi obugqithisileyo babo bambalwa kakhulu.
IiRamifications zokungalingani
Uluhlu lwezinto ezingalunganga ezibangelwa kukungalingani okunjalo lude ngokwenene. Njengesiqalo, ekuphela kwento uninzi lwabantu baseMelika abanayo inxalenye enkulu kune-1% yintaba yamatyala.
I-90% esezantsi ngabanini abanethamsanqa malunga nekota yesithathu yetyala lekhaya lelizwe. Iimali mboleko, iimali-mboleko zemoto, iimali-mboleko zabafundi, kunye namatyala ekhadi letyala aqokeleleka ku irekhodi-phezulu $ 13.5 yetriliyoni.
Kwaye oko kukuqalisa nje ukuhla kwithambeka elimtyibilizi. Njengoko Ukungalingani.org Iingxelo, ubutyebi kunye nokungalingani kwemivuzo kunempembelelo "yonke into ukusuka kwixesha elilindelekileyo ukuya ekubhubheni kweentsana kunye nokutyeba." Ukungalingani okuphezulu kwezoqoqosho kunye nempilo enkenenkene, umzekelo, ukuhamba ngesandla kunye, okanye ukubeka enye indlela, ukungalingani kubeka emngciphekweni impilo yonke yelizwe. Ngokweziphumo zemfundo, ukungalingani kwengeniso, ngeyona ndlela yokwenyani, kwenza abantu baseMelika bagule. Njengesifundo esinye Yibeke, โIziseko zezoqoqosho ezigulayo nezihlwempuzekileyo zikhokelela ekubeni abantu bagule okanye bahlwempuzeke okanye bangalungelelananga kwimizimba okanye iingqondo.โ
Emva koko kukho uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, isekwe kwi1935 njengesongezelelo se-federal kwabo banesidingo nabo baye bahlawula kwinkqubo ngerhafu kwimivuzo yabo. Namhlanje, bonke abasebenzi banikela nge-6.2% yemivuzo yabo yonyaka kwaye abaqeshi bahlawula enye i-6.2% (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-cap. $132,900) kwinkqubo yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo. Abo benza okungaphezulu koko, ngokukodwa oosozigidi kunye noosozigidi bezigidi, akufuneki bahlawule idime engaphezulu ngokulinganayo. Enyanisweni, oko kuthetha malunga 94% abasebenzi baseMelika kunye nabaqeshi babo bahlawula i-12.4% epheleleyo yemivuzo yabo yonyaka kuKhuseleko lweNtlalo, ngelixa enye i-6% ihlawula iqhezu elincinci lemivuzo yabo.
Ngokwakhe amabango akho malunga nomvuzo wakhe we-2016, umzekelo, uMongameli uTrump "unikele ngeepesenti ze-0.002 zengeniso yakhe kwi-Social Security ngo-2016." Oko kuthetha ukuba kuya kuthatha phantse 22,000 abasebenzi abongezelelekileyo abafumana umvuzo ophakathi wase-US ukwenza oko angakuhlawuleli. Kwaye okukhulu ukungalingani kwengeniso kweli lizwe, imali eninzi abo benza ngaphantsi kufuneka bafake kwinkqubo yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo ngokulinganayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, into emangalisayo $ 1.4 zezigidi ngewayengene kule nkqubo, ukuba bekungekho mvumelwano yokuhlawula ehlawulwayo ethanda abantu abazizityebi.
Ukungalingani: Ingxaki Eneempembelelo zehlabathi
IMelika ibalasele ekwenzeni oosozigidi. Inowona mxholo uphezulu kubo, xa sithetha kwihlabathi jikelele, kuma-41%. (Enye i-24% yaloo klabhu yosozigidi inokufumaneka eYurophu.) Kwaye i-1% ephezulu yabemi base-US bafumana umyinge wama-40 welizwe kwaye eyakho malunga ne38.6Ipesenti yobutyebi belizwe bubonke. Elona nani liphezulu kulo naliphi na elinye ilizwe eliphuhlileyo โkuphelaโ ngama-28%.
Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa i-US iziqhayisa ngamanqanaba ama-epic okungalingani, ikwayindlela yehlabathi. Khawucinge ngoku: ihlabathi izityebi 1% ngumnini 45% wobutyebi bubonke kule planethi. Okuchasene, 64% yabemi (nge-avareji ye-10,000 yeedola kubutyebi egameni labo) ibambe ngaphantsi kwe-2%. Kwaye ukwandisa umfanekiso wokungalingani ngakumbi, abona bazizityebi nge-10%, abo banobuncinane be-100,000 yee-asethi, banama-84% obutyebi behlabathi bubonke.
Iklabhu yeebhiliyoni kulapho ikhoyo ngokwenene, nangona kunjalo. Ngokutsho kwe-Oxfam, esona sityebi Iibhiliyoni ezingama-42 babe nobutyebi obudityanisiweyo obulingana nobo bangabona bahluphekayo ngama-50% oluntu. Qiniseka, nangona kunjalo, ukuba kule nkulungwane yefashoni kukho ukungalingani naphakathi kweebhiliyoni. Ngapha koko, i-10 yezityebi phakathi kwabo inazo $ 745 billion kubutyebi behlabathi buphelele. Abali-10 abalandelayo baphantsi koluhlu banento nje $ 451.5 billion, kwaye kutheni ungazikhathazi nje ngokubala i-10 elandelayo xa ufumana umfanekiso?
I-Oxfam nayo mva nje umbiko ukuba โinani loonobhiliyoni liphantse laphindaphindeka kabini, kunye nebhiliyoni entsha edalwe rhoqo ngeentsuku ezimbini phakathi ko-2017 no-2018. Ngoku banobutyebi obuninzi kunanini na ngaphambili ngelixa phantse isiqingatha soluntu siye sasinda ngokulambisa kubuhlwempu obugqithisileyo, siphila ngaphantsi kwe-5.50 yeedola ngosuku. โ
Iphela Njani?
Lilonke, izityebi ziya zityeba ngakumbi kwaye oko kwenzeka ngesantya sembali. Okubi nangakumbi, kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, bekukho into eyongezelelekileyo kwabo bazizityebi ngokwenene. Banokongezela kwii-asethi ebezithotyiwe ngenxa yengxaki yezemali, ngelixa uninzi loontanga babo kwelinye icala lolo donga lukhulu lobutyebi batshatyalaliswa ngokwezoqoqosho ngowokudilika kowama-2007-2008 kwaye kusafuneka. ukuchacha ngokupheleleyo.
Into esiyibonileyo ukusukela ngoko yindlela imali eqhubeka ngayo inyuka inyuka ngeebhanki kunye noqikelelo olukhulu, ngelixa ubomi bezoqoqosho babo bangekho phezulu kwikhonkco lokutya lemali ubukhulu becala buhleli bumile okanye bubi ngakumbi. Kambe ke, umphumo kukuba, ukungalingani okugqugqisileyo, ekusenokubonakala kungenakwenzeka, kwinxalenye enkulu yenkulungwane edluleyo.
Ekugqibeleni, sonke kuya kufuneka sijongane nelifu elimnyama eli kuqoqosho lonke. Abantu bokwenyani kwihlabathi lokwenyani, abo bangekho phezulu, baye bafumana ishumi leminyaka lokungazinzi okukhulu, ngelixa umsantsa wokungalingani kwesi sithuba seminyaka egqithileyo siqinisekile ukuba siya kubumba ihlabathi elimdaka ngenene elingaphambili. Ngamanye amazwi, oku akunakuphela kakuhle.
Nomi Prins, a owayesakuba ngumlawuli waseWall Street, yi TomDispatch njalo. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje Intsebenziswano: Indlela iiBhanki eziMbindi ziLawule ngayo iHlabathi (Iincwadi zeSizwe). Ukwangumbhali we Bonke ooMongameli beeBhanki: Iimanyano ezifihlakeleyo eziqhuba amandla aseMelika kunye nezinye iincwadi ezintlanu. Umbulelo okhethekileyo uya kumphandi uCraig Wilson ngomsebenzi wakhe obalaseleyo kwesi siqwenga.
Eli nqaku lavela okokuqala kwi-TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki weProjekthi yoBukhosi baseMelika, umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yoloyiso, njengenoveli, Iintsuku zokuGqibela zokuPapasha. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ithi Isizwe esingenziwanga yiMfazwe (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
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