Uphononongo lweBali loThando loNyaniso olulusizi olukhulu nguGary Shteyngart, i-Random House, ISBN 978-1-4000-6640-7
โ[Ikomkhulu] liye latshonisa eyona mincili yasezulwini yenzondelelo yonqulo, inzondelelo yothando, yeemvakalelo zamaFilisti, kumanzi abandayo okuzigwagwisa. Iye yagqiba ukubaluleka kobuqu kwixabiso lokutshintshiselana, yaye endaweni yenkululeko engenakuthintelwa engenakuthintelwa, iye yamisela inkululeko engenazimvakaleloโukurhweba ngokukhululekileyo.โ
UKarl Marx kunye noFriedrich Engels
IManifesto yamaKomanisi
Ukusuka 'kwiMidlalo yeNdlala' ukuya kwi-'Wall-E', ukusuka 'ku-Snowpiercer' ukuya 'kwiNdlela' - siphila kwixesha le-hegemonic dystopianism apho imibono yekamva elonwabisayo nelilinganayo ngakumbi ibonakala ingenakwenzeka. Njengoko uninzi lwabahlalutyi luye lwaphawula, lixesha โekulula ukucinga ngalo isiphelo sehlabathi kunokuphela kobukapitali.โ Noko ke, nangona isenokuba iyadimaza, intelekelelo yenkcubeko yanamhlanje inikela imikhondo eluncedo. malunga nokuba ikamva, ukungabikho kogqabhuko-dubulo lobungxowankulu be-neoliberal, lingakhangeleka njani.
Ibekwe kwisiXeko saseNew York kungekudala, inoveli kaGary Shteyngart ethi Super Sad True Love Story ngomnye umsebenzi onjalo. I-Shteyngart's United States iphulukene nolawulo lwayo ngo-1945, kwaye ikwindlela yokwehla ngokukhawuleza. Izimbangi zezoqoqosho, ezikhokelwa yi-bullish China, zidlula i-US. Idola ilahlekelwe sisimo sayo njengemali yogcino lwamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye ngoku ixhomekeke kwiYuan. Ngeli xesha i-China kunye ne-European Union zisongela 'ukuqhawula umtshato' kuqoqosho olugulayo lwaseMelika. Ukuphinda-phinda kuqikelelo lwayo longenelelo lomkhosi ongalunganga, ubukhosi baseMelika obugulayo buhlasela iVenezuela - kuphela ukudibana neDien Bien Phu yayo eCiudad Bolivar. Enomsindo kwaye engahlawulwanga, amagqala ephulo laseVenezuela azulazula kwizitrato ze-NYC ebandakanyeka kungquzulwano olunobundlobongela kunye noMkhosi weSizwe. Kwaye, kuphuhliso oluya kuhlekisa abo bakholelwa ukuba ukungafani phakathi kweRiphabhlikhi kunye namaqela eDemokhrasi kudlalwa kakhulu yi-media punditry, amaqela amabini ngoku alawula i-America eqhekezayo kunye 'njengeQela leBipartisan'.
Ngaphandle kokusithwa kwelanga yinyanga kwezoqoqosho eMelika, urhwebo lwangoku lwawo onke amanqanaba obomi bomntu luqhuba ngokukhawuleza kwi-dystopia ye-Shteyngart. Besebenzisa ii-โรคppรคrรคtsโ zabo (ii-smart phones/tablets) abalinganiswa be-Shteyngart banokufumana ngoko nangoko kwaye benze inkitha yedatha emalunga nezihlobo, usapho, kunye nabantu obaqhelileyo kuquka amanqaku obuntu, amanqanaba e-cholesterol, kunye 'nemigangatho ye-fuckability'. Ngaphandle, โiipali zokuthenga ngetyalaโ zijinga kwizibane zesitrato nakwiipali zemfonomfono, zibonisa amanqaku amatyala abantu abadlulayo. Akukho thethathethwano loluntu lugqityiweyo ngaphandle kokuba umsitho usasazwe ngqo ngabathathi-nxaxheba abathi babize abaxhasi benkampani ngethemba lokunyusa ukubonakala komjelo wabo. Ngelixa imigangatho eyongezelelekileyo ikhona, uluntu lucandekile phakathi kwe-HNWIs (abantu abanexabiso eliphezulu) kunye ne-LNWIs (abantu abanexabiso eliphantsi.) Ngemithunzi ye-Infinite Jest kaDavid Foster Wallace, apho iminyaka inabaxhasi bamashishini, iNgilani ngoku yaziwa njenge. I-HSBC-London, kunye nomxhasi othandwayo waseMelika kuMbindi Mpuma ubizwe ngokutsha ngokuba 'yiSecurity-State Israel'.
Kweli hlabathi litsha linesibindi, lasemzini kwaye liqhelekile, uShteyngart ubonisa inkqubela phambili kaLenny Abramov (umgangatho wokungafezeki phakathi kwama-300s). ULenny ngamashumi amane ento yaseMelika yobuzali baseRussia esebenzela icandelo leeNkonzo zePost-Human zeStaatling-Wapachung Corporation - ukunqwala kwi-Weyland-Yutani Corporation ekhohlakeleyo yeRidley Scott's Alien. Icandelo leeNkonzo zePost-Human lizixakekise kwiinzame zokuzuza ukungafi kwezo HNWIs zizityebi ngokwaneleyo ukuba zihlawulele oko. Ngokungafaniyo nabathengi bakhe abazizityebi, uLenny unomvuzo ophakathi, akathandeki (abahlobo bakhe bamchaza njengofana nenkawu ye-rhesus) kwaye uhlazekile ngabazali bakhe abahluphekileyo abavela kwamanye amazwe.
ULenny naye uphelelwe lithemba eluthandweni. Eyona nto ithandwayo nguLenny yi-Eunice Park (i-fuckability ranking high 800s). U-Eunice ungumntu waseKorea waseMelika onomtsalane kakhulu, ozithembileyo kwaye akanamvakalelo ekuqaleni kweminyaka yakhe yamashumi amabini. Ubudlelwane babo bubonisa indlela izikhewu zesizukulwana ezigxininiswa ngayo lutshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe - uLenny uyathanda ukufunda iincwadi eziphathekayo kwaye unesigama esinentloni esilinganiselweyo sokuthetha itekisi. Ngelixa u-Eunice, ojongo lwakhe lungafane luphambuke ku-รคppรคrรคt yakhe, ukhumbuza uLenny ongenafashoni ukuba zeziphi izishunqulelo zesicatshulwa ezifana ne-JBF (Ukubhuqa nje Ngawe) kunye ne-TIMATOV's (Cinga Ndiza kuGabha Ngokusekuhleni). Ukubonakalisa loo mahluko, inoveli itshintshana phakathi kwezinto ezibhalwe nguLenny kwidayari yakhe yomzimba kunye neencoko zewebhu zika-Eunice kwi-GlobalTeens, inethiwekhi yoluntu du jour, nabahlobo bakhe kunye nosapho.
Kuya kuba lula ukujonga umzobo kaShteyngart wemithombo yeendaba zentlalo kunye netekhnoloji ye-smartphone kwi-'Super Sad True Love Story' njengenye into engaphaya kwesityholo sothando seziphumo ezibi kwimithombo yeendaba zentlalo kunye nobuchwepheshe obuphambili kumthambo kaNicholas Carr's The Shallows. Nangona kunjalo, itolikwa ngcono njengoqhanqalazo oluchasene nokuvalwa kwenkululeko yobuchwephesha obunokubakho phantsi kweneoliberal capitalism kunye neziphumo ezibi zokuthengisa kubudlelwane bethu bomntu. Xa uphuhliso lweglasi yeglasi kaGoogle yabhengezwa ngokusemthethweni ngo-2012 uninzi lwamajelo eendaba asabela ngokufa okumangalisayo. Inqaku elikwi-tech-bible Wired libethe ithoni yonyamezelo olubi endaweni yolonwabo oluphefumlayo umntu anokulindela kulo kota. Umbhali uvumile ukuba ngelixa i-Glass inokuthi iphucule ubomi kwimiba ethile, iya kuba negalelo ekwehleni kobuso nokujongana nentlalontle, inciphise ngakumbi amandla ethu okunikela ingqalelo, kwaye isibeke kubuchule bokuthengisa obungalawulekiyo.
Iimveliso ezitsha zibonakala ziwa esibhakabhakeni - zenziwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye akukho galelo livela kubathengi malunga nokuba imveliso entsha yenziwe njani. Sishiywe nje ukuba senze eyona nto ingcono kuyo nayiphi na into ehlanjwayo kwindlela yetekhnoloji. Iziphumo eziyingozi zeteknoloji entsha zithathwa njengenxalenye kunye nenxalenye yokuqhubela phambili kwezoqoqosho endaweni yesiphumo sobume bentlalo noqoqosho apho ukuqhubela phambili kwenziwa. Umzekelo, kuqhelekile ukuqatshelwa ukuba i-intanethi ityhala abasebenzisi ukuba batsibe ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwiphepha ukuya kwiphepha ngaloo ndlela behlisa amandla ethu okufunda ixesha elide. Oku kuhlala kubonwa njengokuzuza itekhnoloji ngokwayo kunokuba, njengoko injalo, iqhinga lokuthengisa elilungelelanisiweyo lokubonisa abasebenzisi kumthamo omkhulu wentengiso ye-intanethi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Isimo sengqondo esiqinisekileyo, esingawuhoyiyo umxholo apho itekhnoloji ikhula, ngokulula imithunzi ibe yi-conservatism yothando ejonga itekhnoloji yale mihla njengonobangela, ngokwawo, weengxaki zethu. Le conservatism yothando iphela kwingcinga ye-primitivism kwaye ivuselela ukubonakaliswa kobuntu njengohlobo lomhlaza emhlabeni osasazwa ngamacandelo athile entshukumo yokusingqongileyo.
Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki kwihlabathi likaLenny, njengakwilizwe lethu, ayisiyiyo itekhnoloji nganye kodwa ukungabikho kwegalelo ledemokhrasi ekwenzeni izigqibo kwezoqoqosho. Ngelixa ngokwentando yesininzi, amazwe asentshona ahambele phambili aye avala eyona mibuzo ibalulekileyo (izigqibo malunga notyalo-mali, imveliso, kunye nolwabiwo) kulawulo oludumileyo. Ngenxa yoko, uluntu luziswe ngokhetho olucacileyo lokusebenzisa itekhnoloji entsha eyilelwe ukubhalisa abemi kwiiprojekthi zoqokelelo lwemali kunye nokucupha ngobuninzi okanye ukuyeka ngokupheleleyo inkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe. Ngokungamangalisiyo phantse sonke sikhetha ukhetho lokuqala. Nangona kunjalo, kukho inketho yesithathu - uqoqosho lwedemokhrasi apho ukuthathwa kwezigqibo kwezoqoqosho kwenziwa ngokubambisana. Ngelishwa, olo khetho lwesithathu, okwangoku, alukho etafileni.
Abathandi banamhlanje
Kwibhari yaseStaten Island esela nabahlobo bakhe abasenyongweni uLenny onxilileyo ubuzwa ngentombi yakhe entsha. Ngexesha lempendulo yakhe esasazwa bukhoma uthi:
โumhle, kwaye ndingoyena mntu wamashumi amane kule bar. Kodwa yintoni na! Ke ngoku! Kuthekani ukuba ngenye imini uye wandivumela ukuba ndiphuze elinye lamabala akhe kwakhona? Unesigidi. Kodwa zonke zithetha into ethile kum. Ngaba asiyondlela abantu ababethanda ngayo le?โ
Kakade ke, uLenny usenokufuna ukuqwalasela isizathu sokuba athandane nebhinqa elikhohlakele ngokuphawulekayo nelingenamdla kangako ngaphandle kokuthenga. Njengamadoda amaninzi phambi kwakhe uLenny ubonakala ekholelwa ukuba unokuthoba uloyiko lwakhe lokuguga kunye neqabane eliselula. Ukanti isikhalo sikaLenny sikwachaphazela i-arithmetic eyandayo yokuthandana kwangoku. Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo udume kakubi wokwenza lula ukuthandana kwangoku yi-app ye-smartphone, iTinder. I-Tinder ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba babonise nto ngaphandle kwefoto yabo kunye nomgca okanye ezimbini zombhalo (ngokuchaseneyo neendawo zokuthandana ezifana ne-okcupid apho iiprofayili ezineenkcukacha ezingakumbi zinokwakhiwa). Abasebenzisi baswayipha ekunene ukubonisa umdla kwiprofayile abayijongileyo kwaye bashiye ukuba abanamdla. Ngokunikwa ulwazi olunqongopheleyo olunikiweyo, abasebenzisi bayakhuthazwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuba benze isigqibo somdla ngokusekelwe ngokungqongqo kwinkangeleko yomzimba. Kulo mxholo ithuba lokuphuhlisa umtsalane ekuhambeni kwexesha liyancipha kakhulu. Ngokusebenzisa i-app, ulwakhiwo loluhlu olukhohlakeleyo luya kubonakala-umsebenzisi uyaziswa, ngeqondo lomdla awufumeneyo, apho abekwa khona ngokomyalelo wokugqogqa. Akusiyo inyathelo elikhulu ukusuka kule ukuya kuLenny Abramov ngokukhawuleza wakwazi ukulinganisa indlela i-fuckable, okanye hayi, abafazi abakwibhari asela kuyo bamfumana.
Kwiveki engaphambi kokuba ndifunde inoveli ka-Shteyngart ndazifumana ndibukele uxwebhu lukaLouis Theroux lweBBC 'Ukukhangela Uthando' apho uTheroux endwendwele iarhente yomtshato yaseBangkok elungiselela ukuba abafazi baseThai badibane namadoda aseNtshona - elandelwa ngumtshato ongxamisekileyo. I-documentary ayikuthandi ukubukela. Ukungoneliseki kombukeli kukuba, kumphezulu, ngenxa yokubona umfanekiso ohlekisayo โwokwenyaniโ wothando. Kucace gca ukuba sibona intengiselwano enoburhalarhume - ulutsha kunye nobuhle burhweba ngokhuseleko, imali kunye nencwadana yokundwendwela entsha. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa ndibukele i-documentary ndiye ndazifumana ndizibuza ukuba ngaba asiziva singonwabanga na kuba uthando lwethu lokwenyani lubandakanya uqikelelo oluxabisa kakhulu, ukuthengiswa, kunye norhwebo lwe-asethi kunokuba sithanda ukucinga. Ndikhumbule umhlobo wam esithi uziva enexhala ngentombi yakhe entsha ngenxa yokuba 'inezinto ezininzi anokukhetha kuzo' - okuthetha ukuba uziva enomtsalane kwamanye amadoda ngenxa 'yengobozi yeempawu' awayekwazi ukuzizisa kumadoda. imarike. Ndiphinde ndakhunjuzwa ngomboniso okwinoveli kaKurt Vonnegut apho ibhinqa libhekisa kwintombazana ehlwempuzekileyo ikhukuliswa ezinyaweni yindoda esisityebi- omnye umlinganiswa uthi: โubuphila phi ntombazana? Andiqondi ukuba uya kuyibona loo nto kwiimuvi kule mihla. Izityebi zitshata nezityebi.โ
Umbono wobudlelwane bothando njengento engaphezulu kunotshintshiselwano lwentengiso oluthiwe thaca kwinoveli ka-Shteyngart yinto efana nembono yehlabathi ephelelwa lithemba umntu adibana nayo kumsebenzi wenoveli yaseFransi uMichel Houllebecq. Kwimisebenzi efana ne-Elementary Particles kunye ne-Possibility ye-IslandHoullebecq ibonisa ihlabathi apho kungekho nto kodwa ikhangeleka njengento, kwaye ibonise njengomthetho wentsimbi yebhayoloji (njengokudakumba ugxotha naluphi na ubungqina obuphikisana nokuqiniseka okupheleleyo kohlalutyo lwakhe olubi). Kwinoveli yakhe yamva nje, uSoumission, uHoullebecq ucinga ngeFransi ekufutshane nekamva apho u-Mohamed Ben Abbes, wobuzwe abangamaSilamsi obungeyonyani, wonyulwa njengomongameli. Umongameli omtsha ngokukhawuleza uwachitha amalungelo abasetyhini kwaye aqalise isithembu. Uninzi lwalulindele ukuba le noveli ibe siscreed ngokuchasene neSilamsi, esekwe kumagqabaza kaHoullebecq angaphambili anobutshaba. Nangona kunjalo, umlingiswa wakhe ophakathi ukhululekile ngokubonakalayo malunga nemeko entsha yemicimbi. Kubonakala ngathi uHouellebecq ujonga iziko lolawulo lobuthixo njengento ekhethwayo kunengqiqo ekhohlakeleyo ye-neoliberalism. Awukwazi ukucinga ngekamva elingcono, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo ukwesaba ngoku, ubalekela kwi-simulacrum yexesha elidlulileyo. U-Houellebecq, njengabagxeki bothando betekhnoloji, akakwazi nje ukucinga enye indlela yobudlelwane bothando obuphantsi kwemigaqo yentengiso kwaye ke ufumana intuthuzelo kubufundamentali bezenkolo. Kuzo zombini ezi meko ingxaki ikukujonga amalungiselelo akhoyo njengemiba engunaphakade yendalo yoluntu kunokuba ixhomekeke ngokwembali. Ngokusisiseko, ingxaki kunye noHoullebecq kunye nabagxeki bothando betekhnoloji yanamhlanje kukuba bobabini abanayo ithiyori yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko.
Inkunzi eyenziwe yinyama
Umphathi oyindoda kaLenny uJoshie ('akazange abe nguJosh') ukwiminyaka yakhe yamashumi asixhenxe kodwa ukhangeleka emncinci kunamashumi amane ento uLenny. Ubukhulu bakhe bumvumela ukuba afumane itekhnoloji yokuhlehlisa iminyaka yeCandelo leeNkonzo zoLuntu. UJoshie uyazilolonga yonke imihla kwaye, njengoEunice, uthe phithi kukutya kwakhe โ kwaye akavumelani nokukaLenny. Ukuya kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo bonke abalinganiswa abaphambili baxhalabele ngokunzulu ngenkangeleko yabo. Imizamo yabo yokuguqula inkangeleko yabo ibonakala ingagqitywanga ngumnqweno wabo, kodwa kunokuba ibonakaliswe njengomsebenzi wabo kuluntu - umtsalane womzimba kweli hlabathi awuxatyiswa kakhulu kwaye ngokwawo, kodwa njengoluhlobo lwentlalo yoluntu.
Inkalo yokwenza iinzame zabalinganiswa ukuphucula inkangeleko yabo yomzimba ukhumbula umsebenzi kaJoanna Elfving-Hwang. 'Kwi-Cosmetic Surgery kunye nokuQinisekisa iMoral Self in South Korean Popular Makeover Culture' uxoxa ngokulungiswa kotyando lweplastiki eMzantsi Korea (enelona nani liphezulu leenkqubo zotyando lokuthambisa ngonyaka ngomntu ngamnye). Ngokwandayo, ukwenza utyando kuya kujongwa njengesenzo sokuziphatha; umzamo wokujonga ngcono kungekuphela nje wena kodwa nakwabanye - kunye nendlela yokwenza indlela yomntu kwindawo yokusebenza yanamhlanje. Njengoko ebonisa olu tshintsho, uphawula ukuba nangona kwixesha elidlulileyo abafazi baseKorea bebezama ukuyifihla into yokuba baye benziwa utyando, kuxhaphakile ngoku ukuba abafazi babonise ubuso babo obuboshiweyo ukubonisa ubutyebi kunye nokuzinikela kwabo kunyango. ubuhle obufanelekileyo. Ngokuphathelele umboniso wokwenyani waseKorea othi, โNdivumele Ndingene,โ apho abo bakhuphisanayo abangenamtsalane baguqulwa ngotyando lweplastiki, uElfving-Hwang uthi:
โKwistudiyo, abagqatswa bazibaliselayo bagxininisa ukuba abalolize, kodwa abakwazi ukusebenza eluntwini โnjengabanye abantuโ ngenxa yenkangeleko yabo enokuba sikhubekisa. Abangeneleli bayakuxela oko
โNdinqwenela ukuphila njengabanye abantu,โ โndingabi mhle, ndifane nje ndibe yinto eqhelekileyoโ ( Ephe. 3, Isizini 1 );
โXa kuthelekiswa nabantu abaqhelekileyo, ubuso bam bukhuluโ ( Ep. 13, Ixesha lesi-2 )
'Kubekanye nje, ndingathanda ukuphila njengomntu' (Isiqendu 13, Ixesha lesi-2)โฆ kungekudala singaba nemeko apho izigulane zidibana rhoqo nogqirha wotyando ukuze zisebenze ngokwaneleyo kuluntu, kunokuba zifune ukwenzeka. utyando ukuze lube yinto engaqhelekanga.'
U-Elfving-Hwang ubeka izizathu ezithile zolu phuhliso ngaphakathi kwe-Neo-Confucianism yenkcubeko yaseKorea yangoku kodwa kubonakala kunengqiqo ukucinga ukuba siya kubona utshintsho olunjalo kwiimo zengqondo malunga nokwandiswa komzimba kunye nokuziqhelanisa kwenye indawo kumashumi eminyaka ezayo. Ngokuqinisekileyo u-Shteyngart ubonakala eqikelela into enokuthelekiswa.
IPanopticon eqhutywa ngamabanjwa
UShteyngart ucaphule i-Orwell's 1984 njengenkuthazo yenoveli yakhe. Nangona ihlabathi elicingelwayo lika-Shteyngart lingelolawulo lobuzwilakhe olukhohlakeleyo lomsebenzi ka-Orwell, kufana nowe-1984, ihlabathi apho ummi ehlala egadiwe. Ngokuchaseneyo ne-Orwell's Airstrip One, kwisiXeko saseNew York saseShteyngart okuninzi kakhulu kokubek'esweni kunye nokugwetywa kwabemi kwenziwa ngabantu abaqhelekileyo ngokwabo. Umzekelo, ngelixa umlinganiselo wetyala kaLenny unokuba yimveliso yearhente yokukala - isikhundla sakhe malunga nobuntu bakhe kunye nomtsalane ngokwesondo yindalo kunye nabantu bexesha lakhe. Lilizwe elinombono we-panoptic, kodwa elinye apho abavalelweyo basebenzisana namabanjwa abo ukuya kwinqanaba elingaqhelekanga. Kwintshayelelo yakhe yomsebenzi kaMichel Foucault uGary Gutting uthi:
'Kwixesha langaphambili, ukusetyenziswa kwegunya kwakubonakala kakhulu (ubukho bomkhosi ezidolophini, ukubulawa kwabantu), ngelixa abo babezizinto zolwazi bahlala bengaziwa. Kodwa kule mihla ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokuqhelekileyo akubonakali, kodwa kulawula izinto zako ngokuzenza zibonakale kakhulu.โ
Ukuba oku kuyinyani malunga nathi kuyinyani ngakumbi malunga noLenny Abramov. Uva umgwebo kawonke wonke njengenkqubo ethe rhoqo, ngokungathi useluxolweni olwathabatha ubomi bakhe bonke. Kwabakwa-LNWI, abasoloko behlazekile ngenxa yokusilela kwabo, sinokuthi sisohlwayo esingayekiyo. Ebonisa inqanaba apho nowamkelwa emva kwexesha uLenny alungelelaniswe kuye, kunye nomdibanisi kunye nolawulo loluleko apho afakwe khona, ulindele ukubuyiswa kovavanyo olungapheliyo xa inethiwekhi yeselula ivaliwe okwethutyana ngenxa ukuphazamiseka kwabantu.
Kwaye mhlawumbi, ekugqibeleni, le yeyona nto yethu inkulu yokuthatha. Nokuba siyawacaphukela na amalungiselelo angoku akukho ukuma ngaphandle kweneoliberalism. Sonke singuLenny Abramov. Ukuba asifuni ukuzifumana sikwihlabathi elifana nelo lizotywe ngempumelelo nguGary Shteyngart kwibali loThando lwenene elilusizi kufuneka siwuthathele phezulu umsebenzi, lowo uLenny awungqina engalingani, wokucinga, emva koko sakhe ikamva. obuphi ubuchwephesha kunye nobona budlelwane bethu bobuqu obungathotyelwanga kwinkqubo eyonakalisayo neyoqoqosho lwakudala.
U-Alex Doherty ungumseki weProjekthi eNtsha yaKhohlo kunye nomfundi ophumeleleyo kwiSebe leZifundo zeMfazwe kwiKholeji yaseKing yaseLondon. Ubhalele iZ Magazine kunye ne-Open Democracy phakathi kwezinye iimpapasho. Ungamlandela ku-twitter @alexdoherty7
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