Intshona nayo inejihadi
Abafel' ukholo, amaqhawe ethu
Umdlali weqonga uWill Smith akakho mntu ufana nomntu ozibuleleyo. Ngobuso bakhe obufanayo, ebesoloko edlala indima ehlekisayo. Njengomntu wokugqibela emhlabeni NdingumLilo, usoloko ecaphukile, enesimo sengqondo esihlekisayo. Ukanti, ejikelezwe liqela leevampires ezingasebenzi kakuhle ekupheleni kwaloo filimu, uSmith uqhoboshela isiqhushumbisi esifubeni sakhe aze aziphose kutshaba kugqabhuko-dubulo lokugqibela lokubingelela lobuqhawe.
Yima okwesibini: ngokuqinisekileyo yayingeyiyo ibhombu yokuzibulala. UWill Smith wayengacengcelezi ii-suras ezivela kwiKoran. Wayengadlali kwenye yeebhanti zelanga eziphumayo ezazinxitywa yikamikaze yaseJapan xa isenza imisebenzi yokuzibulala. Wayengadlali umntu onenzondelelo yempambano ngonqulo okanye ongoobaxiweyo kwezobupolitika. UWill Smith wayeliqhawe lefilimu. Ke unokuba ngumqhushumbisi ozibulalayo njani? Ngapha koko, ungomnye wethu, akunjalo?
Njengoko kusenzeka, sinazo neziqhushumbisi zethu zokuzibulala. โThinaโ singamazwe anamandla, aphuhlileyo, lawo anenkxalabo egqithisileyo ngenkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nobomi bomntu ngamnye. โThinaโ sibumba ichwebakazi eliziphethe kakuhle eliquka iUnited States, iYurophu, iIsrael, iJapan yanamhlanje, yaye ngamaxesha athile iRashiya. Nokuba kumabali okwenyani emfazwe okanye ii-vignettes ezikhuthazayo ezenziwe kwiintsomi nakwimuvi, ibali lethu lizele ngamagorha azinikela ngenxa yelizwe labo, idemokhrasi, okanye iqela labazalwana babo. Kuyavunywa ukuba, la madoda ebengalindelanga iintombi ezinyulu ezingama-72 eparadesi kwaye akazange enze zirekhodi bhanyabhanya ngemizuzu yawo yokugqibela, kodwa amaqhawe ethu afuna ukuzibulala ngokubanzi afumene ukudunyiswa nokwamkelwa okuninzi njengabafeli-nkolo โbaboโ.
Umsebenzi wezifundiswa kwiziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala mkhulu kwaye uyakhula. Uninzi lwezi zifundo zijolise ekubeni kutheni abanye abantu benza izinto ezimbi kangaka, ngamanye amaxesha ngokuchasene nabantu basekhaya, kodwa ikakhulu ngokuchasene nathi. Ngokutsho kwembono edumileyo, abafeli-nkolo abangamaShia okanye abaTamil okanye abangamaChechen banesimo sengqondo esahluke ngokupheleleyo kubomi nokufa.
Ukuba, nangona kunjalo, sinesithethe sethu esityebileyo sokuqhushumbisa abantu ngokuzibulala- kunye notyekelo lwethu olulishwa lokubulala abantu kumaphulo ethu omkhosi - zinokwahluka njani ezi zimo zengqondo?
Kwimfazwe yokuqala yaseMelika nxamnye neSilamsi, yayisithi saqalisa ukusetyenziswa kweziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala. Inene, oomatiloshe baseMelika ababhubhileyo kwesi sehlo babephakathi komkhosi wokuqala wase-US olahlekileyo.
Kwakungomhla wesi-4 kuSeptemba 1804. Ilizwe laseMelika lalisemfazweni namaphangi aseBarbary ngakunxweme lwaseMntla Afrika. Umkhosi wamanzi wase-US wawunqwenela ukungena kukhuselo lotshaba. UCommodore Edward Preble, owayekhokela iSithathu seMeditera Squadron, wakhetha iqhinga elingaqhelekanga: ukuthumela i-booby-banjiwe.USS Intrepid kwichweba laseTripoli, elinye lamazwe aseBarbary kubukumkani baseOttoman, ukuvuthela iinqanawa ezininzi zotshaba kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Oomatiloshe base-US bapakishe i-10,000 leeponti zerhuluwa kwisikhephe kunye namaqokobhe ali-150.
Xa uLieutenant Richard Sommers, owayephethe isikhephe, wayethetha neqela lakhe ngobusuku bangaphambi kothumo, umqhubi wenqanawa wabhala amazwi akhe athi: โโAkukho mntu ufanele amkhaphe, ongakhange afike kwisigqibo sokuziqhumisa, kunokuba abanjwe. ; yaye loo nto yayiluzimiselo lwakhe ngokuzeleyo!' Imivuyo emithathu yaba kuphela kwempendulo. Iqela elikhaliphileyo laphakama, njengendoda engatshatanga, ngesigqibo sokunikela ngobomi balo, kwakamsinya nje ukuba lizinikele kwiintshaba zalo: ngelixa ngalinye liphuma, lacela ubabalo, ukuba livunyelwe ukusebenzisa umdlalo! (1).
Ukunikela ubomi babo
Abasebenzi besikhephe emva koko babakhokela Intrepid kwi bay ebusuku. Ukuze bangabanjwa kwaye baphulukane nerhuluwa exabiseke kangako kutshaba, bakhetha ukuziqhumisa ngesikhephe. Ugqabhuko-dubulo alwenzanga monakalo mncinane โ ubukhulu becala, inqanawe yaseTripolitan iye yawa โ kodwa abasebenzi babulawa kanye njengokuba amadoda amabini alima inqanawe efumbe phezulu ngeziqhushumbisi ukuya elwandle. USS Cole kwiGulf of Aden phantse iminyaka engama-200 kamva.
Ngaphandle kokungaphumeleli kwemishini, u-Preble wafumana indumiso enkulu ngezicwangciso zakhe. Umphathi womkhosi waselwandle waseBritani wathi: โAmadoda ambalwa akhaliphileyo aye enziwa amadini, kodwa ayengenakuba nesizathu esilunge ngakumbi. Upopu ngelo xesha wahlabela mgama esithi: โUmphathi waseMerika, enomkhosi omncinane nangexeshana elifutshane, uye wenza okungakumbi kwinjongo yobuKristu kunokuba ezona zizwe zinamandla zeNgqobhoko ziye zakwenza kangangeminyaka!โ
U-Preble wakhetha iqhinga lakhe kuba imikhosi yakhe yaseMelika yayinamandla. Yayilinge likaHail Mary ukulinganisa ibala lokudlala. Ubukroti bamadoda akhe kunye nendlela abasabela ngayo abaxhasi bakhe inokuguqulelwa ngokulula ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, xa โabanenzondelelo yempambanoโ abalwa ngokuchasene nobunzima obufanayo becela ukuzincama ngenxa yesizathu sobuSilamsi baze bazuze ukudunyiswa ubuncinane kwezinye zeenkokeli zabo zonqulo.
Umbhiyozo wesiqhelo
Ukuvuthela kwe Intrepid yayingeyiyo kuphela isenzo sokuzibulala kwimbali yomkhosi wase-US. Sihlala sibhiyozela ukuzinikela ngenkalipho kwamajoni athe anikezela ngobomi bawo esazi ukuze asindise iyunithi yawo okanye afezekise umsebenzi omkhulu womkhosi. Sikhumbula ukuzinikela kwabakhuseli be-Alamo, ababenokuthi, emva kwayo yonke loo nto, bachwechwe ukuze bazisindise kwaye balwe ngenye imini. Izibongo zeMfazwe yombango zizityebi ngolwimi lokubingelela. Kumbongo kaFibhi Cary lungele ukususela ngowe-1861, umatiloshe omnyama, โakukho mphefumlo wobukhoboka wayenawo,โ uvolontiya ukuze afe ukuze atyhale isikhephe ukuya kwindawo ekhuselekileyo.
Imibingelelo yobuqhawe yenkulungwane yama-20, ngokuqinisekileyo, ikhunjulwa kwifilimu. Namhlanje, unokuthenga iividiyo ezininzi ezinikezelwe "kwimishini yokuzibulala" yamajoni aseMelika.
Iifilimu zethu zobuxoki zemfazwe yehlabathi yesibini - okanye, ezolonwabo ngexesha lemfazwe - zazidla ngokubonisa amajoni akhaliphileyo ajongene nokufa okuthile. Kwi Tigers esiphaphazelayo (1942), ngokomzekelo, umqhubi wenqwelo-moya uWoody Jason ulindele i<em>kamikaze yaseJapan ngeminyaka eliqela ngokubhabhisa inqwelo-moya ebhulorhoni ukuze athintele uloliwe othwala impahla ukuba angafikeleli kutshaba. Kwi Bataan(1943), uRobert Taylor ukhokela iqela lamadoda ali-13 kwinto abayaziyo ukuba iya kuba lukhuselo lokuzibulala kwisikhundla esibalulekileyo ngokuchasene namaJapan. Nge-sangfroid ephawulekayo, amajoni aqhubeka nomlo njengoko ethatyathwa nganye nganye de kube kushiyeke uTaylor kuphela. Ifilimu iphela kunye naye ephethe umpu womatshini ngokuchasene namaza eJapan ezayo.
Inkcubeko yethu yamagorha iyaqhubeka nokubhiyozela ubugorha bala manani amakhulu kunobomi bemfazwe yehlabathi yesibini ngokuthatha amabali obomi bokwenyani kwaye bawaguqulele ekubeni abezizolonwabo zohlobo lwaseHollywood. Kuthotho lwakhe "lwamabali emfazwe" kwiFox News, umzekelo, u-Oliver North ubalisa isiqendu kuhlaselo lweDoolittle, uthumo lokuvolontiya lokuqhubhisa iTokyo kungekudala emva kwePearl Harbour. Kuba abaqhushumbisi babengenawo amafutha aneleyo okubuyela kwiziseko zabo, abaqhubi beenqwelomoya abangama-80 bazibophelele kwinto ababeyilindele ukuba ibe ngumsebenzi wokuzibulala. Uninzi lwabo lwasinda, ngokungummangaliso, kodwa lwalulungiselelwe idini lokugqibela-kwaye yindlela abahlawuliswa ngayo namhlanje. โLa ngamadoda abuyisele ukuzithemba kwisizwe esigungqisayo aza atshintsha ikhondo lemfazwe yehlabathi yesibini,โ inika ingxelo entle kakhulu incwadi yokwazisa ngesi siganeko. ITokyo yayinethemba elifanayo kubaqhubi bayo be<em>kamikaze kwiminyaka embalwa kamva.
IMelika ayizange, ngokuqinisekileyo, iphuphe ngemishini yokuzibulala. Benza umthambo ocebileyo kwisithethe sasentshona. EBhayibhileni, uSamson wazincama ngokuwisa itempile kubunkokeli bamaFilisti, ebulala abantu abaninzi ngokufa kwakhe kunokuba wenzayo ebudeni bobomi bakhe. AmaSpartan, eThermopylae, ajongana namaPersi, esazi ukuba iinzame ezigwetyiweyo zaziya kulibazisa umkhosi ohlaselayo ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukunika ama-Athene ixesha lokulungisa ukhuselo lwamaGrike. Ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo kwiphondo laseRoma lakwaYuda, amaZealot angamaYuda namaSicarians (โamadoda ezinkempeโ) aqalisa iphulo lokuzibulala, ubukhulu becala nxamnye namaYuda aphakathi, ukuze axhokonxe imvukelo nxamnye nolawulo lwamaRoma.
Kamva, iphulo lokuzibulala laba nendima ebalulekileyo kwimbali yaseYurophu. "Iincwadi ezibhalwe emva kwexesha le-9/11 zidla ngokubeka iziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala kuphela kwimeko yembali yaseMpuma kwaye zibathintele kubavukeli abangaqhelekanga ngokuchasene nesimanje," ubhala uNiccolo Caldararo kwisincoko esimalunga neziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala.2). "Uphononongo lwasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kweyama-20 luya kunika uluhlu lwemizekelo yabaqhushumbisi beziqhushumbisi nababulali kumbindi weYurophu." Aba baquka abathandi bezizwe ngezizwe abahlukahlukeneyo baseYurophu, abavukeli baseRashiya, kunye nabanye ababeqhelisela ubunqolobi ngaphambili.
Ngenxa yobuninzi bemishini yokuzibulala kwisithethe sasentshona, kufuneka kube nzima ukuphikisa ukuba iqhinga lilodwa kumaSilamsi okanye kwii-fundamentalists. Nangona kunjalo abanye abaphengululi bayakonwabela ukwakha umnombo othintelayo wemishini enjalo edibanisa ihlelo le-Assassin (eyayilandela i-sultan enkulu uSaladin eLevant ngenkulungwane ye-12) ukuya kuma-Muslim azibulalayo kwiiPhilippines (kuqala ngokuchasene neSpanish kwaye emva koko, ekuqaleni. Inkulungwane yama-20, ngokuchasene namaMelika). Bawuthatha lo mlibo ukuya kutsho kumaphulo okuzibulala amva nje e-Hizbullah, iHamas, i-al-Qaida, kunye nabavukeli bamaSilamsi kwiphondo laseRussia laseChechnya. IiTiger zaseTamil zaseSri Lanka, ezisebenzise iziqhushumbisi ezizibulalayo ngendlela engafanelekanga, ziqhelekile kuphela zangaphandle ezingengowamaSilamsi zibandakanyiweyo kolu ngcelele.
Ukudibanisa abahlaseli bethu ngokuzibulala kunye nezabo, nangona kunjalo, zizizathu ezisemva kwemishini. Imiba emithathu ebalulekileyo eqhelekileyo ibalasele. Okokuqala, uhlaselo lokuzibulala, kuquka neziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala, โsisixhobo sababuthathaka,โ esilungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa ibala lokudlala. Okwesibini, zihlala zisetyenziswa ngokuchasene namandla ahleliyo. Kwaye okwesithathu, zixabiso eliphantsi kwaye zihlala zisebenza ngokukhohlakeleyo.
Siqhele ukudibanisa imisebenzi yokuzibulala kunye nabanqolobi. Kodwa amazwe kunye nemikhosi yabo, xa bebaninzi, baya kuqalisa imisebenzi enjalo ngokuchasene neentshaba zabo, njengoko uPreble wenzayo ngokuchasene neTripoli okanye ukuzamazama kwamaJapan ngasekupheleni kwemfazwe yehlabathi yesibini. Ukwenza ukusilela kwetekhnoloji, urhulumente waseIran wathumela amaza amatsha-ntliziyo aselula, amanye engaxhobanga kwaye amanye kuxelwa ukuba aneminyaka elithoba ubudala, ngokuchasene nomkhosi wase-Iraq owawuxhaswa ngelo xesha kwimfazwe yase-Iran-Iraq ngeminyaka yoo-1980.
'Izilo zaseFrankenstein'
Abadlali abangengabo karhulumente bathanda ngakumbi ukusungula imisebenzi yokuzibulala ngokuchasene nemikhosi ehleliyo. Susa umkhosi ohleliyo, njengoko uRobert Pape exoxa kwincwadi yakhe eyothusayo malunga neziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala, Ukufela ukuphumelela (Random House, 2006), kunye nemishini yokuzibulala iyanyamalala. Ayisiyonto ilula ke ngoko, ukugqiba kwelokuba thina, abahlali (i-US, iRussia, i-Israel), ngezenzo zethu, sidlale indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni eyona mishini yokuzibulala esiyifumana ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye engaqondakaliyo e-Iraq, Afghanistan, Chechnya, Lebanon, nakwezinye iindawo.
Ibhombu yokuzibulala yanamhlanje yaqala ukuvela eLebhanon ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1980, impendulo kuhlaselo lukaSirayeli kunye nokuhlala elizweni. โIbhombu elizibulalayo lamaShiite,โ ubhala uMike Davis kwincwadi yakhe ngembali yebhombu yemoto,Inqwelo kaBuda, โubukhulu becala yayisisilo saseFrankenstein [somphathiswa wezokhuselo wakwaSirayeli] uAriel Sharon owadalwa ngabomโ (3). Ayisiyiyo kuphela imigaqo-nkqubo ye-US kunye ne-Israel yokuthatha iimeko eziye zazala ezi mishini, kodwa i-United States yade yaqeqesha abanye abenzi bobubi. I-US ixhase ngemali inkonzo yezobuntlola yasePakistan ukuze iqhube isikolo soqeqesho lovukelo-mbuso esaqhuba amaSilamsi angama-35,000 angaphandle ukuba alwe neeSoviet e-Afghanistan ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Imfazwe kaCharlie Wilson, Incwadi kunye nomboniso bhanyabhanya obhiyozele uncedo lwase-US kwi-mujihadeen, ingaba nesihloko esithi: Iziqhushumbisi ezizibulalayo esizaziyo kunye nenkxaso-mali.
Ekugqibeleni, inkqubo "iyasebenza". Abaqhushumbisi abazibulalayo babulala amaxesha angama-12 ngaphezulu kwabantu ngesiganeko ngasinye kunobugrogrisi obuqhelekileyo, ingcali yezokhuseleko lwesizwe uMohammed Hafez ubonisa. Umkhosi wase-US uhlala upapasha "ukuchaneka" kwezixhobo zawo zasemoyeni, iibhombu zawo "ezikrelekrele" kunye nemijukujelwa. Kodwa enyanisweni, iziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala zezona ziqhushumbisi โzikrelekreleโ kuba zinokungena kwithagethi yazo ngendlela ekungekho mjukujelwa unako-ukusuka kufutshane- kwaye ke wenze izilungiso zomzuzu wokugqibela ukuze zichaneke. Ukongeza, ngokuziqhumisa kwi-smithereens, abaqhushumbisi abazibulalayo abanako ukunika naluphi na ulwazi malunga nombutho wabo okanye iindlela zabo emva kwesenzo, ngaloo ndlela begcina ukhuseleko lweqela. Awunakukwazi ukuphikisana nempumelelo, nangona inokuba inegazi. Kuphela kuxa iqhinga ngokwalo lingasebenzi okanye lingasebenzi kakuhle, liye libuyele ngasemva, njengoko kubonakala kunjalo namhlanje phakathi kwamaqela asePalestina axhobileyo.
Iinjongo zomntu ngamnye zokuba ngumqhushumbisi ozibulalayo okanye umhlaseli, xa zifundisiswa, zingqineke zahluka ngendlela emangalisayo. Sithanda ukubuchaza ubugorha kumajoni ethu xa, ngokuchaseneyo nezinto ezingathandekiyo, ezincama ngenxa yethu, ngelixa thina sithatha inzondelelo yempambano yamehlo anjengeglasi kwabo basihlaselayo. Kodwa uphononongo olusondeleyo lwabaqhushumbisi abazibulalayo lucebisa ukuba ngokuqhelekileyo abaphambani, okanye - enye ingcaciso edumileyo - besenza nje intlupheko enzulu okanye ukuphelelwa lithemba kwezoqoqosho (nangona kunjalo, njengakwimeko yomhlaseli osele yedwa waseMumbai ozibulele obekwe ityala eIndiya kutshanje, oku kubonakala ngathi yinkuthazo). UAnat Berko ubhala athi: "Akukhona nje ukuba abanazo iingxaki zoqoqosho, kodwa uninzi lwabaziqhushumbisi abazibulalayo nabo abanalo ukuphazamiseka ngokweemvakalelo okubenza bangakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kokwenyani kunye nokucinga," kubhala uAnat Berko kuhlalutyo lwakhe ngononophelo lwesihloko. Indlela Esa eParadesi (Iincwadi zePotomac, ngo-2009). Ngaphandle kweengcebiso ezivela kwi-Iraqi kunye namagosa ase-US ukuba iziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala e-Iraq ziye zanyanzeliswa ukuba zithathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yazo, abaphengululi abakawabhalanga amatyala anjalo.
Ukuziphatha komkhosi wehlabathi
Mhlawumbi, nangona kunjalo, oku kubonisa ukuqonda okuncinci kokunyanzeliswa. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, amajoni ethu agxininiswe kwinkcubeko yokuncama ubugorha njengoko kunjalo ngokuzibulala kweHamas. I-indoctrination ayisoloko isebenza: amajoni amaninzi ase-US aya kwi-AWOL okanye ajoyine umbutho woxolo njengokuba abanye abaqhushumbisi abazibulalayo benikezela ngomzuzu wokugqibela. Kodwa iindlela zokuqeqesha ezisisiseko zokubethelela ithuku lokubulala, ukulungela ukulandela imiyalelo, nokukulungela ukuncama ubomi bukabani yinxalenye yemilinganiselo yomphumi-mkhosi kuyo yonke indawo.
Ukuzibulala, ngoko, bubuchule basemkhosini obusetyenziswa yimikhosi xa boyisiwe kwaye busetyenziswa namaqela abagrogrisi, ngakumbi kumazwe ahlaselweyo, ukuphumeza iinjongo ezithile. Abo bavolontiya kwimishini enjalo, nokuba kuse-Iraq namhlanje okanye kwibhodi Intrepid ngo-1804, badla ngokubeka injongo enkulu - inkululeko, ukuzilawula kwesizwe, ukusinda ngokobuhlanga okanye ngokwenkolo - ngaphezu kobomi babo.
Kodwa khawume: ngokuqinisekileyo andilinganisi amajoni ahamba ngokuzibulala ngokuchasene namanye amajoni nabanqolobi abaqhumisa abantu kwindawo kawonke-wonke. Ngokwenene, ezi ziindidi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Kwaye kuninzi okwenzekileyo kwimbali yemfazwe yanamhlanje - apho abemi baye banda ukuba ngamaxhoba omlo-ukwenza lo mahluko ungacaci.
Umfanekiso oqhelekileyo womqhushumbisi ozibulalayo wanamhlanje ngumfana okanye ibhinqa eliselula, elidla ngokutsalwa ngama-Arabhu, elenza isibhengezo sevidiyo sokholo, libhinqe kwivest yeziqhushumbisi eziphakamileyo, lize liziqhumisele kwindawo exineneyo yepizzeria, ibhasi, indawo yentengiso, imosque. okanye icawa. Kodwa kufuneka sandise lo mfanekiso. Abaqweqwedisi be-11 Septemba bajolise kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, kubandakanywa nethagethi yomkhosi, iPentagon. Umqhubi welori ka-Hizbullah ozibulalayo watshabalalisa i-US Marine barracks e-Beirut nge-23 ka-Okthobha ngo-1983, wabulala amajoni angama-241 ase-US. Thenmozhi Rajaratnam, ibhinqa laseTamil elizibuleleyo, labulala inkulumbuso yaseIndiya uRajiv Gandhi ngo-1991.
Iziqhushumbisi ezizibulalayo, ngamanye amazwi, zijolise kuluntu, ukufakwa komkhosi, iindawo ezingezizo ezomkhosi ezibalulekileyo, kunye neenkokeli zopolitiko. Kuhlaselo lokuzibulala, i-Hizbullah, i-Tamil Tiger kunye ne-Chechen iziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala ziye zagxila ngokubanzi kwiithagethi zomkhosi kunye namapolisa: i-88%, i-71%, kunye ne-61% yexesha, ngokulandelanayo. I-Hamas, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ijolise kakhulu kubahlali (i-74% yexesha). Ngamanye amaxesha, ekuphenduleni uluvo loluntu, iintshukumo ezinjalo ziya kutshintsha ukugxila - kunye neethagethi. Emva kohlaselo luka-1996 lwabulala abantu abangama-91 kwaye lwadala ingxaki enkulu yemifanekiso, iTamil Tigers yaqala ngabom ukukhetha umkhosi, amapolisa kunye nojoliso lukarhulumente ngohlaselo lwabo lokuzibulala. โAsilandeli abantwana ePizza Hut,โ enye inkokeli yeTiger ixelele umphandi uMia Bloom, ebhekisa kuhlaselo lweHamas kwindawo ephuma eSbarro eYerusalem eyabulala abantu abali-15 ngo-2001.
Abemi kumgca wokudubula
Siye samiselwa ukuba sicinge ngabaqhushumbisi abazibulalayo njengokujolisa abantu kwaye ke bazibeka ngaphaya kweendibano ezimiselweyo zemfazwe. Njengoko kusenzeka, nangona kunjalo, uhlobo lwemfazwe lutshintshile kwixesha lethu. Ngenkulungwane yama-20, imikhosi yaqalisa ukujolisa abantu njengendawo yokutshabalalisa intando yabemi, yaza ke ngoko yathoba ubunkokeli belizwe lotshaba. Izenzo zenkohlakalo zaseJapan eTshayina ngeminyaka yee-1930s, imfazwe yomoya yamaNazi nxamnye neBritani kwimfazwe yehlabathi yesibini, ukuqhushumbiswa komlilo okumanyeneyo kwizixeko zaseJamani nezaseJapan, uhlaselo lwenyukliya nxamnye neHiroshima neNagasaki, ibhombu yase-US kwikhaphethi eKhambodiya naseLaos, kunye nokubulawa okujoliswe kuko. Inkqubo yasePhoenix ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam, ukutshatyalaliswa kweRashiya e-Afghanistan naseChechnya, ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi ngexesha lemfazwe yase-Iraq: konke oku kwenze umbono wokungquzulana kwemikhosi eqhelekileyo kwindawo ekude kubomi basekuhlaleni yaba lilifa elingaqhelekanga lexesha elidlulileyo.
Uhlaselo lwabanqolobi olujoliswe kubemi, ngakumbi ngomhla we-11 kuSeptemba, lubangele umbhali-mbali wasemkhosini uCaleb Carr ukuba asixhase isibhengezo solawulo sikaBush semfazwe echasene nobugrogrisi. "Imfazwe inokuphendulwa kuphela ngemfazwe," wabhala kweyona nto ithengiswa kakhuluIzifundo Zobugrogrisi (4). "Kwaye kunyanzelekile ukuba siyile isitayile semfazwe esicingela ngakumbi, esinesigqibo, kwaye sinobuntu ngakumbi kunayo nayiphi na into eyenziwa ngabanqolobi." Le ndlela yokulwa, ithatha isigqibo, kunye neyobuntu, eneneni, ibandakanya ukuqhushumbiswa kwebhombu emoyeni, imikhosi eKhethekileyo eyongeziweyo (ukuze, ngokuyinxenye, iqhube ukubulala okujoliswe kuko kwihlabathi jikelele), kwaye kutshanje, ukusetyenziswa okuxhaphakileyo kokungaphathwanga. iidrones zasemoyeni njengePredator kunye neReaper, zombini kwi-arsenal yaseMelika kunye ne-24/7 isetyenziswa namhlanje ngaphezulu kwemida yesizwe sasePakistan. UCarr wabhala: โAmarhamncwa anokuba yimpendulo yomkhosi wale mihla kumntu ozibuleleyo.
Ingxabano kaCarr ityhila. Njengoko umkhosi wase-US kunye ne-Washington ibona, ukusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kwe-Predator okanye i-Reaper drones, exhobile njengoko injalo ngemijukujelwa yesihogo somlilo, kukukhetha iinkokeli zabanqolobi; ngamanye amazwi, umfanekiso wesipili wento eyenziwe ngulo mqhushumbisi weTamil Tiger ozibuleleyo (onyule inkulumbuso yaseIndiya) wenza ngandlelโ ithile ngeendleko ezisebenzayo. NgokukaCarr, isicwangciso esinjalo kunye neenqwelomoya zethu zerobhothi licebo elisebenzayo nelisemthethweni lomkhosi. Enyanisweni, nangona kunjalo, uhlaselo olunjalo lwe-drone rhoqo lukhokelela kwingozi enkulu yabemi, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba "umonakalo owenziweyo". Ngokutsho komphandi uDaniel Byman, iidrones zibulala abantu abali-10 kubo bonke abarhanelwa ukuba bahlasele. Njengoko uTom Engelhardt weTomDispatch.com ebhala, โEPakistan, imfazwe yababulali ngoomatshini ibonakala ixhokonxa ubugrogrisi (kunye nobunqolobi), kunye nomsindo nentiyo phakathi kwabantu abangengabo abo basisiseko. Kuyinxalenye yokudodobala okukhulu kwelizwe.โ Ke, i-dichotomy phakathi "kwemfazwe yobulungisa", okanye imfazwe nje yalo naluphi na uhlobo, kunye nokujoliswa ngokungekho sikweni, okukhohlakeleyo kwabantu abahlaseli ngabanqolobi kudala kufiphaza, ngenxa yokwenzakala okuqhubekayo kwabantu ngoku okubangelwa yimfazwe yesiqhelo kunye imikhosi ekujoliswe kuyo emxinwa yemibutho emininzi yabanqolobi.
Sinabaqhushumbisi bethu abazibulalayo - sibabiza ngokuba ngamaqhawe. Sinenkcubeko yethu yokufundisa - sikubiza ngokuba luqeqesho olusisiseko. Sibabulala abantu โ siwubiza ngokuba ngumonakalo owenzelwa isibambiso.
Ngaba oku, ke, kukulungelelana kokuziphatha okucaphukisa kangaka abo babambelele kwimigaqo? Akunjalongo noko. Ndiye ndazoba olu thelekiso ukuze ndingazithetheleli izenzo zabaqhushumbisi abazibulalayo, kodwa ndibonise uhanahaniso lwemifanekiso yethu emnyama namhlophe yemizamo yethu ebekekileyo kunye nezenzo zabo ezikhohlakeleyo, zeenjongo zethu ezifanelekileyo kunye neziphelo zabo ezicekisekayo. Thina - abemi beziqithi ekucingelwa ukuba zikhanyiselwe imfazwe - siye safundiswa ukuba sijonge ibhombu yeathom yaseHiroshima njengento ekujoliswe kuyo ngokusemthethweni emkhosini kunye ne-11 kaSeptemba njengolwaphulo-mthetho olubi eluntwini. Siqeqeshelwe ukubona izenzo ezinjengohlaselo lwase-Tripoli njengobugorha baseMelika kunye USS Cole ukuhlasela njengoburheletyo bomgangatho. Iivesti eziqhumayo ziluphawu lokugabadela; Imijukujelwa yePredator, yovakalelo oluphezulu.
Ixesha lokuvula amehlo ethu
Bekuya kuba ngcono kakhulu ukuba besingavula amehlo ethu xa kufikelelwa kwihlabathi lethu size sijonge eyona nto siyenzayo. Ewe, โbonaโ maxa wambi banamahlelo awoyikisayo okubingelela nokufela ukholo, kodwa nathi sinawo. Kwaye ngubani onokuthi ukuphelisa umsebenzi akunakulunga kangako kunokukhulula ilizwe kwidemokhrasi? UWill Smith, kwi NdingumLilo, wayekulungele ukuzincama ukuze aphelise umsebenzi wokuba ziivampire. Kuya kufuneka siqonde ukuba amajoni ethu kumazwe esikuwo ngoku asenokubonakala engoyiki kwaye engaqondakali kunezo zizidalwa zikhohlakeleyo, zenzululwazi. Kwaye ubukho bamajoni ethu ahlalayo ngamanye amaxesha bukhuthaza okufanayo, uWill Smith-njengezenzo zokuphelelwa lithemba kwaye, ndiyayithetha, inkalipho.
Inyani yile: ukuba besinokuphelisa imigaqo-nkqubo yethu yemisebenzi, besiya kuhamba umgama omde ekupheliseni โaboโ abaqhushumbisi abazibulalayo. Kodwa siya kuliphelisa nini yaye njani ihlelo lethu lokufela ukholo?
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela