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Ngobukhulu irali eHouston kule mpelaveki iphelileyo, Inkulumbuso yase-Indiya uNarendra Modi uxelele ibala lezemidlalo elizele ngabaxhasi ukuba i-India ivalelise "kwigatya lomgaqo-siseko elinika ukuzimela kwingingqi ye-Himalayan yaseKashmir. "Inqaku le-370 libahluthe uphuhliso abantu baseJammu naseKashmir naseLadakh," utshilo uModi kwisihlwele. โAbagrogrisi nabacalulayo babeyisebenzisa kakubi le meko. Ngoku, abantu balapho banamalungelo alinganayo.โ Isihlwele sasabela ngentswahla yezandla.
Intetha kaModi malunga "namalungelo alinganayo" yayiyahluke kakhulu kwiingxelo ezivela eKashmir ezichazayo. amawaka okuvalelwa, iimeko zokungcungcuthekiswa kwaye ukufa, kunye nokucinywa konxibelelwano okuye kwaqhawula iKashmir kwihlabathi liphela. Ukongezwa ngokwenyani kulo mmandla kudala kukhuphiswa ngawo kuye kwabenza nzima ngakumbi ubudlelwane phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan. Ikwaphakamisile imbono yokuvukela urhulumente waseIndiya ngokuchasene nabantu baseKashmiris.
Kwabo ezi ngxwabangxwaba zidityanisiweyo kubo zibonakala ngathi yenye into eyenzeka kwindawo eneengxaki zehlabathi, le meko inikela isilumkiso: Eli xesha lahlukile.
Ukuba kuqhambuka imfazwe eKashmir, kuya kuba buhlungu ngakumbi ukuba uye wathintelwa.
Isigqibo sikaModi ngeKashmir, evuyiswa kakhulu eHouston, siya kuvala umnyango kuwo nawuphi na umbono onethemba lesisombululo soxolo kule ngxabano ithatha ixesha elide. Kukho iingxabano sele iqalile kwintsimi eneengxaki, naphantsi kokhuseleko oluvaliweyo. Xa imiqathango ekhoyo ngoku yentshukumo nonxibelelwano ekugqibeleni ishenxisiwe, ngokuqinisekileyo ugonyamelo luya kwanda.
Nangona kunjalo ukunyuka kweza nokuhlolwa kwamazwe ngamazwe. Kwinkomfa yabezindaba ngoLwesine kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, iSekela likaNobhala weSebe lezaMazwe kuMzantsi nakuMbindi weAsiya u-Alice Wells uthe "i-United States ixhalabile kukuvalelwa okuxhaphakileyo, kubandakanya nezo zezopolitiko kunye neenkokeli zoshishino, kunye nezithintelo. kubahlali baseJammu naseKashmir. U-Wells wongeze ukuba iimeko kufuneka zenziwe kummandla okhokelela "kuphuculo lobudlelwane phakathi kwamagunya amabini enyukliya," ebhekisela eIndiya nasePakistan.
La mazwe mabini alwe iimfazwe ezininzi kwiKashmir kwixa elidlulileyo. Ingxwabangxwaba yakutshanje, nangona kunjalo, ifikelele kwinqanaba elingazange libonwe kwiminyaka. Ethetha kwindibano yeBhunga lamaLungelo oLuntu eZizwe eziManyeneyo eGeneva, umphathiswa wezangaphandle wasePakistan lumkisa ngoSeptemba 10 ukuba la mazwe mabini asemngciphekweni "wemfazwe ngengozi" eKashmir.
Ukuba loo mfazwe ithe yenzeka, kuya kuba buhlungu ngakumbi ukuba iye yaphetshwa.
Ungquzulwano kwi I-Kashmir, kwingcambu yayo, malunga nevoti yokuzikhethela kwendawo engazange yenzeke. Ngo-1948, kungekudala emva koKwahlulwa kwelizwekazi laseIndiya kwizizwe zaseIndiya nasePakistan, i-UN yacela ukuba kubanjwe i-plebiscite eKashmir eya kuvumela abantu basekuhlaleni ukuba benze isigqibo ngekamva labo lezopolitiko: nokuba bafuna ukuhlala neIndiya, bajoyine. Pakistan, okanye ube sisizwe esizimeleyo.
Ivoti ayizange yenzeke, nangona abaninzi baseKashmiris beqhubeka beyifuna. Endaweni yoko, ukulandela a unyulo lukarhulumente olugqwethekileyo ngo-1987, kwaqhambuka umbutho oxhobileyo owawujolise ekuzilawuleni ngokuchasene norhulumente waseIndiya. Loo ntshukumo yahlangatyezwa yingcinezelo eqatha. Amashumi amawaka ngoku abulewe eKashmir, kwaye zonke izizukulwana zikhule phantsi kokuhlala.
"Eyona nto ilungileyo kukuba ivoti ye-plebiscite kufuneka yenzeke eKashmir phantsi kwenkxaso ye-UN," utshilo u-Altaf Wani, usihlalo we-Kashmir Institute of International Relations, iqela labaphembeleli elikhuthaza ukubamba uvoto. "Abantu baseKashmir kufuneka bakwazi ukuvota kwaye benze isigqibo ngekamva labo, kunye nokwenzeka kweevoti zengingqi ezithathela ingqalelo imbono yabantu abancinci eKashmir. Kodwa ukusilela ukuba ne-plebiscite konke konke kungenxa yokuba sijongene nale ngxaki namhlanje. โ
โKwaye ngelishwa,โ wongeze watsho uWani, โivoti yasimahla iye yaba yinto enokwenzeka kule meko, ngoku njengoko i-India ithathe inyathelo eligqithileyo lokucima ngokupheleleyo ukuzimela kweKashmiri.
Intetho kaModi yamva nje eHouston kunye nokusabela okukrakra ekubhangiseni ulongamo lweKashmiri kwenze ukuba ithemba lokuqubisana ngogonyamelo kunye neKashmiris ngokwabo okanye abalandeli babo basePakistani ngakumbi.
Nangona ukuqina ye-Modi kunye ne-India's approach, kusekho indlela yokushenxa kwingqimba yangoku. Uxwebhu lwesikhokelo lwamva nje olukhutshwe luthungelwano lwezifundiswa ezigxile eKashmir lubeke inani amanyathelo okunciphisa ungquzulwano kuzo zombini ixesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide. Phakathi koku kukhulula amawaka amabanjwa ezopolitiko avalelweyo ngoku, esusa umkhosi kwindawo yasePakistani kunye neyaseIndiya eKashmir, evumela inkululeko yokuhamba ngaphaya komda owahlula le mimandla mibini kunye nokudala unobhala okhethekileyo wokuphanda ukuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu.
Umongo wephepha ubiza ulamlo lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kungekhona nje ukuphela kokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo oluntu, kodwa kunye nesisombululo esijongene nezizathu zezopolitiko zongquzulwano oluqhubekayo. "Oku kuzinziswa ngokufanelekileyo kufuneka kulamlwe ngokwesakhelo samalungelo abo bonke abantu baseKashmiri ukumisela ikamva labo kwezopolitiko," utshilo.
Ingxabano entliziyweni yayo iyaqhubeka ijikeleza kwikamva lezopolitiko laseKashmiris ngokwabo: umba wokuvotela ukuzimela kwabo. Izindululo ezahlukeneyo ziye zandlalwa kwixesha elidlulileyo malunga nokuba ingasebenza njani na ivoti. IKashmir yahlulwe ngokwemimandla emininzi, kubandakanya iNtlambo yeKashmir uninzi lwamaSilamsi kunye neJammu, namhlanje uninzi lwamaHindu. Ivoti yeplebiscite eyanika abantu basekuhlaleni ithuba lokufuna ukuzimela okanye ukujoyina elinye lamazwe amabini angabamelwane iya kuthintela nasiphi na isisombululo sokunyanzeliswa kwabambalwa. Iza kunika zombini i-Indiya kunye nePakistan inxaxheba kwisiphumo sokugqibela kwaye isuse eyona nto icaphukisayo kubudlelwane babo beminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe.
Isisombululo sokugqibela apho iiKashmiris zinelungelo lenkululeko yokuhamba, ukuzilawula, kunye nokususa umkhosi kummandla wabo kuya kwanela ukunqanda ungquzulwano olubonakala lungenakuthintelwa.
Umnqweno wevoti yokuzimela uye wakhula eKashmir ephethwe yiPakistan, apho abanye abantu basekuhlaleni bayasola urhulumente wasePakistan "ngokungcolisa" injongo yabo yelizwe ngokuyidibanisa namaqela amaSilamsi aneengcwangu. โSasingabalweli benkululeko, benziwe ngabantu baseKashmiri. Kodwa ke iPakistan yatyhala amaqela afana neLashkar-e-Taiba kwintshukumo yethu. Abantu baqalisa ukubhidanisa umzabalazo wethu wenkululeko nomnqweno wobugrogrisi,โ kutshanje watsho omnye owayesakuba ngumlo.
Ukongeza kwivoti yokuzikhethela, kwiminyaka edlulileyo izindululo ziye zaphakanyiswa ukuze kuthotywe ungquzulwano, kubandakanywa nokuphunyezwa. umda othambileyos kunye nerejimeni yorhwebo simahla phakathi kwamacala ase-India nasePakistan aseKashmir.
Isisombululo sokugqibela apho iiKashmiris zinelungelo lenkululeko yokuhamba, ukuzilawula, kunye nokususa umkhosi kummandla wabo kuya kwanela ukunqanda ungquzulwano olubonakala lungenakuthintelwa.
I-Indiya nePakistan Basondele ekuthethathethwaneni ngesisombululo samazwe amabini kungquzulwano lwaseKashmir bebodwa. Ekuqaleni koo-2000, ingqungquthela yabanjwa kwisixeko sase-India sase-Agra phakathi kweenkokeli zase-India kunye ne-Pakistani. Iinjongo zale ngqungquthela yeentsuku ezimbini ibikukusombulula iingxabano ezishiyekileyo ngemimandla phakathi kwala mazwe mabini.
Amanyathelo amane aphambili okusombulula ungquzulwano aye abekwa, kubandakanywa ukugxothwa komkhosi, inkululeko yokuhamba kwabantu baseKashmiri kulo lonke ilizwe. Umgca woLawulo phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan, kunye nokuphela kwenkxaso yasePakistan yamajoni axhobileyo. Isivumelwano sikwabandakanya nelungelo lokuzilawula kweKashmiris. Iintetho ekugqibeleni yawa ngenxa yeyantlukwano yangaphakathi phakathi kweenkokeli zaseIndiya nezaseKashmiri - kanye njengokuba izinto zazinjalo ingxelo ecaleni lokuya kumsitho wokutyikitya.
Ukuza kuthi ga kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, bekukho iingcebiso zokuba iIndiya kunye nePakistan banokuphinda bazame kwaye bazisombulule ngoxolo iiyantlukwano zabo malunga neKashmir bebodwa. Ngokuwohloka kobudlelwane ngoku, nangona kunjalo, oko kubonakala kungenakwenzeka.
Inkulumbuso yasePakistan u-Imran Khan, owayenayo ecetyiswe ngaphambili ukuba ukunyulwa kwakhona kuka-Modi kuya kwenza i-Indiya iqabane elilungileyo loxolo, uzifumene sele evalelwe yinkokeli yaseIndiya isibhengezo ngesiquphe. UKhan, ekuphenduleni, utshintshe kakhulu umyalezo wakhe. Ngoku uthi iPakistan ikulungele "ukulwa kude kube sekupheleni" malunga nommandla ophikisanayo. Kwiphephandaba leNew York Times, yena ebonakalayo UModi njengoko ephefumlelwe ngokwembono yobuNazi baseJamani. Uluntu lwasePakistan lukwalungiselelwe ungquzulwano olunokubakho. NgoLwesihlanu wokugqibela ka-Agasti, izixeko ezikhulu zasePakistan wema kangangesiqingatha seyure kumanyano kunye neKashmiris ehlala phantsi kokhuseleko kunye nonxibelelwano oluvaliweyo.
Zonke izibonakaliso zibonisa ukuba iqonga limiselwe into embi eKashmir.
Iimpawu ezivela eIndiya ziye zaxhalabisa ngakumbi. Amagosa aseIndiya avakalise esidlangalaleni ukuba awasazimiselanga kuthobela umthetho โungaqali ukusebenzisaโ umgaqo-nkqubo wezixhobo zenyukliya kuyo nayiphi na impixano yexesha elizayo. Bakwabonakala bekulungele ukuya emfazweni kunye neKashmiris ngokwabo. Uqhankqalazo lukarhulumente luye lwasusa iintloko kuluntu lwaseKashmiri, lwaphosa amawaka eenkcuba-buchopho, abalwela amalungelo oluntu, kunye nabezopolitiko basekhaya kwiindawo zokuvalelwa. Izigidi zabantu abaqhelekileyo ziphila phantsi kweemeko zokungqingwa. Kwilizwe langaphandle, ukunxibelelana nabo bangaphakathi eKashmir phantse kube yinto engenakwenzeka. Ubomi apho buye bakhubazekile ngokufanelekileyo, ngezityholo zoku ukungcungcuthekiswa nolunye uhlobo lokuxhatshazwa ezenzeka emathunzini.
Nje ukuba izithintelo zisusiwe, uqhanqalazo olukhulu lunokwenzeka. Ngexesha loqhanqalazo oludlulileyo, imikhosi yaseIndiya ibonisile ukuthandabuza okuncinci ukudubula kwizihlwele zabaqhankqalazi. UMkomishinala oPhakamileyo weZizwe eziManyeneyo wamaLungelo oLuntu uMichelle Bachelet kutshanje ukhuphe a mazwi ebonakalisa inkxalabo malunga nokuwohloka ngokukhawuleza kwemeko yamalungelo oluntu kulo mmandla. Zonke izibonakaliso zibonisa ukuba iqonga limiselwe into embi eKashmir.
KwiKashmiris, i isilivere enye kwizenzo zikaModi ibe kukudityaniswa kwamazwe ngamazwe ngokungeyonjongo yongquzulwano. Emva kweminyaka yokungahoywa, iKashmir ikumaphepha aphambili amaphephandaba kwihlabathi liphela. Kukwakho nempendulo ekhulayo evela kwabezopolitiko baseMelika. Kwiveki ephelileyo, iisenenja ezine zikhuphe ileta evakalisa iinkxalabo ezinzulu "Ngengxaki yoluntu" eKashmir. Onethemba lokuba ngumongameli wedemokhrasi uSen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., kutshanje bayibiza le meko โnjengeyamkelekangaโ kwaye bavakalisa inkxaso โyesigqibo soxolo esixhaswa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo esihlonela intando yabantu baseKashmiri.โ
Ukuba imeko yaseKashmir ithathe inguqu enzima kulandela izigqibo eziqatha ezenziwe ngurhulumente weModi, iphinde yabuyisela kwingqwalasela yehlabathi ukungxamiseka kokusombulula le ngxabano kudala ibandakanya amagunya amabini enyukliya. Intetho kaModi eHouston evuthela ixilongo ngokubhangiswa kokuzimela kweKashmiri njengeyona nto iphambili kulawulo lwakhe ibonakalisa ukuba, lungekho uxinzelelo lwamazwe ngamazwe, imeko inokuthi ibe mandundu ibe yingxabano eyingozi ngakumbi. UKhan, inkulumbuso yasePakistan, lumkisa Kwi-UN "yokubulawa kwabantu" eKashmir ebanjwe eIndiya ukuba, ngokunokwenzeka, uqhanqalazo luqala emva kokuba izithintelo zangoku zisusiwe.
"I-Indiya ngoku ikwimo enzima kakhulu, kodwa ngoku iphinda ithathe la manyathelo ngokuchasene neKashmiris kujongwe luluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe," utshilo uMona Bhan, unjingalwazi onxulumene ne-anthropology kwiYunivesithi yaseDePauw. "Kufuneka sigxile ekunqandeni ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu okwenzekayo ngoku, kodwa kwakhona kufuneka sibone owona mba mkhulu ukhoyo: ukubuyisela amalungelo ezopolitiko, kubandakanya nelungelo lokuzikhethela iKashmiris, enqatshelwe amashumi eminyaka."
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