Ifoto: Izixhobo zoomatshini bobuchwepheshe obuphezulu obuvela kwi-MCC
'Umsebenzi omnye, ivoti enye:'
US Steelworkers ukuba Experiment
ngobunini beFactory,
Isimbo seMondragon
NguCarl Davidson
I-SolidarityEconomy.net
Oct. 27, 2009-I-United Steel Workers Union, iNyunyana enkulu yabasebenzi baseMntla Melika, yazisa intsebenziswano entsha kunye neyona ntsebenziswano inkulu yehlabathi yabasebenzi, iMondragon International, esekelwe kwingingqi yaseBasque yaseSpain.
Iindaba zesibhengezo zisasazeke ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke uluntu lwamatshantliziyo obulungisa kwihlabathi, amajoni emibutho yabasebenzi, idemokhrasi yezoqoqosho kunye nabaququzeleli bobusoshiyali, oosomashishini abaluhlaza kunye nabasebenzi bentsebenziswano bazo zonke iintlobo. Ngaphezulu kweqaqobana laphakamisa amashiya, kodwa impendulo eyothusayo yayisithi, "Kakhulu! Singanceda njani?" Umbono osemva kwesi sivumelwano kukudala amathuba emisebenzi, kodwa unenguqu entsha. Ekubeni iinzame zikarhulumente zazithintelwa kukunyoluka kwabaqikeleli bezemali kwaye oongxowankulu babucala babenomdla ngakumbi kubasebenzi abaphantsi kwexabiso eliphantsi, imibutho yabasebenzi iya kuthabathela ezandleni zayo imicimbi, ifumane amaqabane azimiseleyo, ize idale imisebenzi ngokwazo, kodwa kumashishini azinzileyo angabasebenzi.
"Sibona isivumelwano sanamhlanje njengenyathelo lokuqala lembali ekwenzeni i-union co-ops imodeli yoshishino esebenzayo enokudala imisebenzi emihle, ukuxhobisa abasebenzi, kunye nokuxhasa uluntu e-United States naseCanada," kusho uMongameli we-USW International uLeo W. Gerard. "Kumaxesha amaninzi siye sabona iWall Street ivala iinkampani ngokuchitha imali kunye nempahla yazo kwaye ivalela uluntu ngokuchitha imisebenzi kunye nokuvala imizila. Sifuna imodeli entsha yeshishini etyala imali kubasebenzi kwaye ityale eluntwini."
"Lo ngumbono omangalisayo," utshilo uRick Kimbrough, umsebenzi wentsimbi odla umhlala-phantsi wase-Aliquippa, ePa, kunye negqala leminyaka engama-37 likaJones kunye neLaughlin Steel. Ukususela oko bavala isixhobo sethu sokusila, bendisoloko ndicinga ukuba, ‘kutheni singafanele sibe ngabanini bethu?’ Ukuba senjenjalo, bebengayi kubaleka.” I-J&L's Aliquippa Works yayikhe yaba yenye yezona zinkulu zentsimbi emhlabeni, kodwa ngoku ivaliwe kwaye yachithwa ubukhulu becala. Uninzi lwemveliso yafudukela eBrazil.
Intsebenziswano ye-USW kunye neMondragon yayiyi-stroke enesibindi. Ngelixa kunqabile igama lasekhaya e-US kwaye kuncinci okwaziwayo kumajelo eendaba, iMondragon Cooperative Corporation (MCC) ibe ngunozala wezimvo ezintsha ngedemokhrasi yezoqoqosho kunye noshishino lwentlalo kwihlabathi iminyaka engama-50. Yaqalwa ngo-1956 ngabasebenzi abahlanu kwivenkile encinci eyenza izitovu zeparafini, i-MCC namhlanje inabasebenzi abangabanini-basebenzi abangaphezu kwe-100,000 kumashishini angama-260 kumazwe angama-40. Iintengiso zonyaka zixhonywe ngaphezulu kwe-16 yeebhiliyoni zee-Euro ngoluhlu olubanzi lweemveliso-izixhobo zoomatshini bobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, iibhasi zeemoto, izixhobo zasekhaya kunye nothotho lweevenkile ezinkulu. I-MCC ikwagcina iibhanki zayo, iiklinikhi zempilo, inkqubo yentlalontle, izikolo kunye nabafundi abangama-4000 kwiYunivesithi yaseMondragon– zonke ziingqokelela zabasebenzi.
Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, kubekho iinzame ezimbalwa zokusebenzisa imodeli kunye neendlela ze-MCC kwiiprojekthi zase-United States. Phantse zonke zikwinqanaba elincinci-iindawo zokubhaka ezininzi kwi-Bay Area, ezinye iivenkile zeencwadi, kwaye kutsha nje, indawo yokuhlamba impahla kunye neshishini lephaneli yelanga eCleveland. E-Chicago, i-Austin Polytechnical Academy, isikolo esitsha samabanga aphakamileyo kwindawo yokuhlala ephantsi, yaphefumlelwa, ngokuyinxenye, nguMondragon, kunye neqela labafundi bayo kutshanje bathathe inxaxheba kukhenketho lokufunda lwe-MCC kwingingqi yaseBasque.
Kodwa inyathelo le-USW, kunye nefuthe elinokubakho emva kwalo, libeka umbono weMondragon kumhlaba obanzi. Ikhonkco elidityanisiweyo lamashishini angabasebenzi anokukhuthaza uhlengahlengiso oluluhlaza kuqoqosho lwase-US, umzekelo, aluyi kuba namandla anamandla ngokwawo. Inokuba nefuthe elibi, elinokuthi likhuthaze amanye amalinge karhulumente kunye nabucala ukuba bancedise kwaye bakhuphisane nayo.
I-USW iqhuba ngokuqaphela. "Sizibophezele apha," watsho uRob Witherell ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe lwakutsha nje kwiiofisi zeSebe lakhe lokuQuquzelela kwikomkhulu lase-USW Pittsburgh. "Kodwa ngenxa yeso sizathu, sifuna ukuqiniseka ukuba siyayilungisa, nokuba oko kuthetha ukuqala ngokucothayo nangomlinganiselo omncinci."
Oku kuthetha ntoni okwangoku, u-Witerell wachaza ukuba i-USW ikhangele amashishini amancinci asebenzayo kumacandelo afanelekileyo apho abanini bangoku banomdla wokufumana imali. Le manyano ikwakhangela amaziko emali egxile kutyalo-mali olunemveliso, efana neebhanki zentsebenziswano kunye neemanyano zamatyala.
“Inokuba nzima,” uqhubeke watsho u-Witerell. "Akufuneki uhlawule imali yokuthenga kuphela, kodwa kufuneka ukhangele indlela yokuboleka abasebenzi imali yokuthenga, ukuze bakwazi ukuyibuyisela ngexabiso elifanelekileyo ngexesha lexesha, kwaye baphile ngokufanelekileyo. ."
Imodeli engundoqo yeMondragon yaphuhliswa ngeminyaka yoo-1950 ngumfundisi wamaRoma Katolika, uBawo uJose Maria Arizmendi. Iqala ngesikolo, imanyano yamatyala kunye nevenkile-zonke ezizezabasebenzi ababenesabelo esilinganayo kunye nevoti. Inhlanganisela emithathu-enye ivumela intsebenziswano ukuba ithembele kwimithombo yayo yezemali kunye noqeqesho. Abanini-basebenzi abanakugxothwa. Kwiindibano eziqhelekileyo, baqesha kwaye bagxothe abaphathi babo, kunye nokubeka imigaqo-nkqubo jikelele kunye nolwalathiso lwefemu. Abasebenzi ngokwabo bathatha isigqibo malunga nengeniso esasazwayo phakathi koyena msebenzi uphantsi kunye noyena mphathi uhlawulwa kakhulu, okwangoku i-avareji malunga ne-4.5 ukuya komnye. (Xa kuthelekiswa nangaphezulu kwe-400 ukuya kwelinye e-U.S.) Njengoko abasebenzi-abanikazi beqokelela izibonelelo, banokukhuthaza ukusekwa kwama-coops amatsha, ngokungathanga ngqo ngebhanki yabo kunye ngokuthe ngqo ngeefemu zabo, kwaye bawangenise kumacandelo onke olawulo lwe-MCC. Le yindlela abakhule ngayo ukusuka kwivenkile encinci ukuya kutsho kumashishini angama-260 kule minyaka ingama-50 idlulileyo. Ekugqibeleni, ukuba umnini-msebenzi uthabatha umhlala-phantsi, ‘unako ukukhupha imali,’ kodwa isabelo asinakuthengiswa. Ifumaneka kuphela ukuba ithengwe ngumnini-msebenzi omtsha kuloo fem.
Le ngongoma yokugqibela ibalulekileyo yaphuhliswa ngu-Arizmendi ngexesha lofundo olunzulu lwethiyori yezentlalo yamaKatolika kunye neencwadi zikaKarl Marx kunye nentsebenziswano yamaNgesi uRobert Owen. Ukukwazi komqeshwa ukuthengisa isabelo sakhe nakubani na kwakusisiphene kwindlela ka-Owen, u-Arizmendi wagqiba, ekubeni oko kwenza abantu bangaphandle bathenge amashishini aphumelele ngakumbi, baguqule abasebenzi babo babuyele emsebenzini, ngelixa belambisa ezinye ii-coups ezingaphumelelanga. yezibonelelo. Ngendlela entsha ka-Arizmendi, ngamane kuphela kumakhulu aliqela amashishini e-MCC asileleyo kwisiqingatha senkulungwane oko kwaqala iMondragon.
Umahluko phakathi kwe-coops yabasebenzi-i-Mondragon-style, kunye ne-ESOPs, okanye i-Employee Stock Ownership Programme ezixhaphake kakhulu e-US, zinento yokwenza nokwakhiwa kwezomthetho kunye nolawulo. Kwi-ESOP, inxalenye yeenkampani zesitokhwe, ukusuka kwi-bloc encinci ukuya kwi-100 yepesenti, iphethwe ngabasebenzi kodwa igcinwe kwi-trust. Ixabiso layo liyaguquguquka kunye nemarike yemasheya kwaye abasebenzi banokufumana izabelo njengoko behlawulwa, bathenge isitokhwe esingaphezulu, okanye "imali ephumayo" xa bethatha umhlalaphantsi. Ukuba benza "imali," bahlawula irhafu kwisixa sokuvala, ngaphandle kokuba bayiqengqele kwi-IRA. Ngokubanzi, ii-ESOPs zizixhobo zemali kwaye azikhokeli ngokuzenzekelayo kulawulo lwabasebenzi kwindawo yokusebenza okanye indima ekuqulunqeni izicwangciso zenkunzi yefemu. Abaphathi baqeshwe yibhodi yabalawuli benkampani, nabo, baqhagamshelwe kwi-trust.
"Sinamava amaninzi nge-ESOPs," watsho uGerard, "kodwa siye safumanisa ukuba akuthathi ixesha elide kwiintlobo zaseWall Street ukutyhalela abasebenzi ecaleni kwaye bathathe ulawulo. Sibona imodeli yentsebenziswano yeMondragon kunye 'nomsebenzi omnye, omnye. uvotele ubunini njengendlela yokuxhobisa abasebenzi kwakhona kwaye wenze ishishini liphendule kwiSitrato esikhulu endaweni yeWall Street." I-USW, nangona kunjalo, iya kugxininisa ubuncinane ukuguqulwa kwemodeli yeMondragon: abasebenzi-abanikazi baya kuququzelelwa kwiimanyano zabasebenzi, kwaye baya kusayina izivumelwano zokubambisana kunye neqela lolawulo. Oku kumisela imeko eyodwa apho abasebenzi abamanyeneyo bafikelela kwisivumelwano nabo njengendibano yabasebenzi kunye neqela lolawulo abaliqeshileyo.
Oku akuyongxaki enkulu njengoko kunokuvakala. "'Eli ayilozulu kwaye asizizo iingelosi' libinzana eliqhelekileyo eliviwe ngabatyeleli beMondragon," utshilo uMichael Peck, umthunywa weMCC kuMntla Merika. Ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo seshishini ngalinye le-MCC 'yikomiti yentlalontle' yabasebenzi, ejonge kwiinkxalabo zabo ezibanzi zentlalo. Kodwa, iphinde yadlala indima yokusombulula iingxabano zemihla ngemihla kunye neqela lolawulo, ngaloo ndlela lisebenza njenge-facto union. Umzabalazo weklasi ngokuqinisekileyo uyaqhubeka, nakwimo elungisiweyo kwintsebenziswano yabasebenzi.
Kukho nezinye iimpawu ezizodwa kwi-MCC ezinokusebenza okanye zingasebenzi ekuphindaphindeni kwayo e-U.S. UBawo Arizmendi waphuhlisa isicwangciso sakhe njengendlela yokusinda esekelwe kuluntu emva kokutshatyalaliswa kweMfazwe yamakhaya yaseSpain kunye neMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi. Wayevalelwe phantsi koFranco. Ummandla waseBasque, iziko lokuchasana ne-anti-Franco, kwakungekho nje ukutshabalalisa kwezoqoqosho, kodwa kwakhona wahlwaywa ngurhulumente waseFranco ngokunqatshelwa izibonelelo. I-MCC yavela ngokuzimela.
Ngaphantsi komthetho waseSpain, ngenxa yokuba abanikazi babasebenzi be-MCC abangomsebenzi wobugcisa, kodwa bafumana umvuzo wabo kwisabelo senzuzo, ababandakanywa kuninzi lwenethi yokhuseleko lwentlalontle yelizwe malunga nabasebenzi. I-MCC yaphendula ngokuququzelela kunye nokuxhasa ngemali ookopolotyeni bayo 'yesibini isidanga'-iikliniki zokhathalelo lwempilo, izicwangciso zomhlalaphantsi, izikolo kunye nezinye iinkonzo zentlalontle, zonke zinentsebenziswano kunye neendibano zabo zabasebenzi. Ubuninzi bolu luhlu oluhlanganisiweyo lwenqanaba lesibini lunokungabikho e-US Apha, kunokwenza ingqiqo kumashishini angabasebenzi ukuba enze intsebenziswano yasekhaya okanye yengingqi kunye namalungiselelo abathathi-nxaxheba kunye norhulumente wesiphaluka, imibutho yamatyala, iikholeji zoluntu kunye nezikolo eziphakamileyo zobugcisa, kunye nezinye ii-arhente ezingenzi nzuzo.
Yintoni kwintsebenziswano yeMondragon? UJosu Ugarte, uMongameli weMondragron Internacional ubhengeze wathi: “Le nto siyibhengezayo namhlanje imele imbali yokuqala-idibanisa eyona manyano yabasebenzi bamashishini inkulu ehlabathini kunye neyona manyano yemveliso enenkqubela phambili necinga phambili ukuze sisebenzisane ukuze sidityaniselwe ulwazi lwethu. kunye nemibono encomekayo inokuguqula iindlela zokwenziwa kwemveliso kuMntla Melika.Siziva siphefumlelwe ukuba sithathe eli nyathelo ngokusekwe kwiseti yethu efanayo yexabiso kunye ne-Steelworkers abaye bangqina amaxesha ngamaxesha ukuba ikamva lelabo badibanisa umbono kunye nexabiso ebantwini kwaye babeke konke. ezintathu kuqala."
Kunye neenqobo zayo ezisisiseko kunye nesakhiwo sobunini esisodwa, i-MCC iselishishini elivelisa iimpahla kunye nokubonelela ngeenkonzo kwiimarike, ezimiliselwe eSpain kodwa zifikelela kwihlabathi liphela. Ifuna ukuzigcina kwaye ikhule, nangona ingaqhutywa kukunyanzeliswa okufanayo 'kokwandisa okanye ukufa' kweenkampani zemveli okanye iifemu zabucala. Ukongeza abanini-basebenzi abangakumbi kunika umsebenzi ngamnye isilayi esincinci sepayi enkulu. Akukho bhetshi isusiweyo yabagcini bamasheya abangavelisiyo abafumana inzuzo enkulu, okanye ukurhweba isitokhwe sabo ngentelekelelo njengoko sinyuka okanye sisihla.
Iifemu ze-MCC zisakhuphisana nabakhuphisana nabo bemveli kubathengi kwindawo yentengiso, kwaye ke zisoloko zifuna ukhuphiswano. Amashishini e-MCC, umzekelo, aziwa kakhulu ngeemveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Kodwa xa oku kudityaniswe nenyani yokulawula, ukuba banamaleko ambalwa kakhulu olawulo kumvuzo, iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu zibetha kwiimarike ngexabiso eliphantsi. Oku kubeka i-MCC kwinqanaba eliphambili loqoqosho lwaseSpain.
I-MCC ikwajonge ezinye iingenelo, ezifana nodibaniso oluthe tyaba kunye nokukhusela imithombo yobonelelo olukhuphisanayo. Yiyo loo nto ithe ngononophelo isanda kumazwe angaphandle, ithenga iifemu ezinikezela ngeenkonzo okanye amanye amashishini ancomekayo, kwaye ifuna ukuyilungisa kwakhona ibe yintsebenziswano ye-MCC. Noko ke, ngokufuthi, baba neengxaki, apho imithetho yelinye ilizwe iphatha ookopolotyeni ngezinto ezingalunganga.
Akunjalo e-US, apho nangona ii-coops zemizi-mveliso zingaqhelekanga, kukho izithintelo ezimbalwa ezingeyomfuneko ekubunjweni kwazo. "Njengoko sijonge iifemu zokuthenga," utshilo u-Witerell, "i-MCC ayinamdla nje wokuthenga iinkampani kunye nokuba nabasebenzi njengabasebenzi. Yi-rep ye-MCC ehlala igxininisa ukuba sinokuguqukela ngokulula kangakanani ukuba ngabanini babasebenzi."
Inyathelo leMondragon ayisiyoprojekthi yokuqala yokuyila yabasebenzi beSsimbi abafuna amahlakani abanzi. Ngokukhuthazwa nguMongameli wamazwe ngamazwe uLeo Gerard, elandela iimfazwe zesitrato ezichasene ne-WTO e-Seattle kwi-1990, i-USW yanceda ukufumana i-Blue-Green Alliance kunye ne-Sierra Club kunye nabanye abasingqongileyo. Isebenze ngokusondeleyo kunye noVan Jones kunye ne 'Green for All's jobs initiatives kwaye imanyano idlala indima enkulu kwiinkomfa eziqhubekayo zonyaka 'zeMisebenzi eMihle, iMisebenzi eluhlaza'. Ngoku kutshanje, i-USW yaba nxaxheba enkulu kwiveki yeziganeko ezininzi ezenza imeko echasayo kwiziganeko ze-G20 ePittsburgh.
KuGerard kunye ne-USW, ezi manyano ziyizinto ezisebenzayo kunye nokuphila. UGerard ubonisa ukuba i-40,000 yezixhobo zokuvelisa e-US zivaliwe ukususela ekuqaleni kweengxaki zezoqoqosho ze-2007, zikhupha abantu abazizigidi ezi-2 emsebenzini. Impendulo yakhe luhlaziyo lwezakhiwo kuqoqosho oluhambisana ‘noguquko lwemizi-mveliso eluhlaza’ kunye nokuxhasa ngemali irhafu yemali eqikelelwayo yokudluliselwa kwemali eyinkunzi, eyaziwa ngokuba ‘yiRhafu yeTobin.’
"Abantu baseMelika abahamba ngeendlela zomoya eziluhlaza kunye neeseli zelanga-ziya kunceda uqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo," utshilo uGerard kwinqaku lePhulo lekamva laseMelika. "Njengoko i-Wall Street debacle eyatyhalela eli lizwe kwi-Great Recession kunyaka ophelileyo yabonisa, i-United States ayikwazi ukuxhomekeka ekurhwebeni kwiimveliso zezemali ezifihlakeleyo ukuxhasa uqoqosho lwayo. Ukuze iphile, iMelika kufuneka ikwazi ukuvelisa iimveliso zexabiso elingaphakathi elinokuthi libekho kurhwetywa apha nakwamanye amazwe." Uhlala eqaphela ukuba kukho iitoni ezingama-200 zentsimbi kunye neendawo ezihambayo ezingama-8000 kwi-injini yomoya nganye enkulu-ingqikelelo engazange ilahleke kubantu abangaphangeliyo nabangasebenziyo ngokwaneleyo abasebenzi bemveliso abayivayo.
Inqaku elifanayo alilahlekanga kumashishini amancinci naphakathi afuna ii-odolo ezivela kwiinzame ezintsha. Apha kulapho oosomashishini abaluhlaza banokwenza umanyano kunye noomasibambisane abangabasebenzi, iimanyano zabasebenzi, abameli bemisebenzi yemivuzo ephilayo kunye nentshukumo yobulungisa yehlabathi. Umbuzo ongundoqo ngowokuba ingaba intando yezopolitiko nobuchule bombutho bunokudityaniswa ukuze konke kwenzeke ngendlela ephucula amandla kunye nokuphila kwabasebenzi.
Apha kulapho ibhola ibuyela enkundleni yabaququzeleli basekhohlo kunye nabalweli boqoqosho lobumbano. Ukunika uncedo kweli nyathelo litsha kubandakanya uphando oluninzi malunga nobume bamashishini asekuhlaleni kunye neemeko, kunye nobudlelwane bokwakha, ukuvelisa upapasho, kunye nokwenza igalelo lomsebenzi wokufundisa phakathi kwabo bonke abachaphazelekayo. Akuxinana, kwaye kuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe.
[UCarl Davidson ubhalela iBeaver County Blue kunye neSolidarityEconomy.Net. Ulilungu lebhodi yesizwe yeSolidarity Economy Network kunye nosihlalo wesizwe weeKomiti zeNxulumano lweDemokhrasi kunye neSocialism. Ukuba uyalithanda eli nqaku, sebenzisa iqhosha le-PayPal http://solidarityeconomy.net ]
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