Umthombo: FAIR
The Washington PostUkupapashwa kwe "Afghanistan Papers" (12/9/19) utyhile phezu kwamaphepha e-2,000 yamanqaku angashicilelwanga udliwano-ndlebe kunye namagosa ase-US abandakanyekayo kwiMfazwe yase-Afghanistan, kwiprojekthi ekhokelwa yi-Ofisi yoMhloli oKhethekileyo we-Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) ukuphanda inkunkuma kunye nobuqhetseba. Abanye bathi "Amaphepha ePentagon yesiZukulwana sethuโ emva kwe isikhundla iphumelele ukufikelela kuloo maxwebhu phantsi koMthetho weNkululeko yoLwazi kwidabi lomthetho leminyaka emithathu, i isikhundlaIsibhengezo safumanisa ukuba
Amagosa aphezulu ase-US asilela ukuthetha inyani malunga nemfazwe yase-Afghanistan kulo lonke ixesha le-18 leminyaka yephulo, esenza izibhengezo ezinobuqhetseba abazi ukuba bubuxoki kwaye bafihla ubungqina obungathandabuzekiyo ukuba imfazwe ayinakuphumelela.
Iphepha lapapashwa amagqabantshintshi ngemfazwe ngamagosa ase-US awayecinga ukuba "iingxelo zabo aziyi kubhengezwa esidlangalaleni":
"Yonke inqaku ledatha yatshintshwa ukuze ibonise owona mfanekiso ubalaseleyo," U-Bob Crowley, ikholoneli yoMkhosi owayesebenza njengomcebisi omkhulu we-counterinsurgency kubaphathi basemkhosini base-US ngo-2013 nango-2014, uxelele udliwanondlebe norhulumente. โUvavanyo, umzekelo, aluthembekanga kwaphela kodwa lwayibethelela loo nto yonke into ebesiyenza ibilungile saze saba yi-ice cream cone ezikhothayo.โ
Ngelixa ukwamkelwa okucacileyo kwenkohliso kwicala lamagosa ase-US abandakanyeka kwiimfazwe kuhlala kuxabiswa, umbuzo omnye awufane uxoxwe phakathi Iingxelo kunye neengcinga ezidumisa i "Afghanistan Papers" yile nto ithethwa yile scoop malunga Washington Post.
ukuba isikhundla ngoku ipapasha umbandela obonisa ukuba amagosa aseUnited States โebelandela iingongoma zokuthetha ezifanayo kangangeminyaka eli-18,โ egxininisa indlela โenza inkqubela,โ โingakumbiโ xa imfazwe โihamba kakubi,โ akufanele na eli phepha liyivume loo nto. sele i-cheerleading lo mgca ofanayo kuyo yonke loo minyaka ye-18? Ngaba ayinalo uxanduva lokujonga ukuba isebenze njani njengeyona ndlela iphambili kula magosa ukusasaza ezi "ndawo zokuthetha" spin ukhuselo ngendlela oyifunayo?
I-FAIR ilandelele isikhundlaUkugubungela iMfazwe yase-Afghanistan kwasekuqaleni, xa iphepha-kunye namanye amajelo eendaba eshishini-lalilandela ngenkuthalo "isikhokelo" solawulo lukaBush malunga nendlela yokugubungela imfazwe. Ngo-2001, uphando lwe-FAIR (11/2/01) ye isikhundlaAmaphepha e-op-ed kwiiveki ezintathu emva kohlaselo lwe-11 kaSeptemba afumanisa ukuba
Iikholamu ezifuna okanye ezithatha impendulo yomkhosi kuhlaselo zanikwa indawo enkulu, ngelixa izimvo ezikhuthaza iindlela zomthetho wezozakuzo kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe njengenye indlela yomkhosi ziphantse zangabikho.
Kwiminyaka esibhozo kamva, FAIR (3/1/09) yafumanisa ukuba i isikhundlaI-cheerleading coverage ayizange itshintshe kakhulu ukusuka ku-2001, njenge-7 ngaphandle kwe-9 isikhundla I-op-eds kunye ne-4 ku-5 abahleli baxhasa uhlobo oluthile lokunyuka komkhosi ukususela kumhla u-Barack Obama wonyulwa njengomongameli (11/4/08) ukuya ngo-Matshi 1, 2009, njengoko i-US yayixoxa "ngokuhlaselwa" kwemikhosi eyongezelelweyo e-Afghanistan. ekupheleni kwaloo nyaka.
Olunye uphononongo (Yongezelelweyo!, 11/1/09) kwiinyanga ezilishumi zokuqala ze isikhundlaIikholamu zezimvo ngaloo nyaka zafumanisa ukuba
Iikholamu ezixhasa imfazwe zanda ngaphezu kwe-10 ukuya ku-1: Kwi-67 isikhundla Iikholamu kumgaqo-nkqubo wezomkhosi wase-US e-Afghanistan, abangama-61 baxhasa imfazwe eqhubekayo, ngelixa nje abathandathu bavakalisa izimvo ezichasene nemfazwe. Kwiikholamu ezixhasa imfazwe, i-31 yayiyeyokunyuka kwaye i-30 yayizesinye isicwangciso.
The isikhundla Unikezelo olu khuselo lwecala nangona kwakukho iivoti ezininzi ngelo xesha ezazibonisa uninzi loluntu lwase-US lwaluchasa imfazwe, kuba babekholelwa ukuba iMfazwe yase-Afghan "ayifanelanga ukulwa."
The isikhundla Kananjalo unembali yokuququzelela ngokusesikweni spin emfazweni. Nini WikiLeaks ithumele amashumi amawaka amaxwebhu obuntlola ahlukanisiweyo anxulumene neMfazwe yase-Afghanistan, FAIR (7/30/10) yafumanisa ukuba i isikhundla mhlawumbi wabachitha njengabangabalulekanga njengamaPhepha ePentagon (7/27/10), okanye ngokungekho ngqiqweni ukusonteka ukuvuza njengeendaba ezilungileyo zomzamo wemfazwe wase-US (7/27/10) ngenxa yokuba "ukukhululwa kunokunyanzela uMongameli Obama ukuba achaze ngamandla ngakumbi ukubaluleka kwemfazwe," kwaye ngenxa yokuba "baxhasa isigqibo sika-Obama ngoDisemba sokugalela imikhosi kunye nemali kwimizamo yemfazwe engazange ifumane ingqwalasela eyaneleyo okanye izixhobo ezivela kulawulo lukaBush. โ
The isikhundla kananjalo bangcwatywa iinzame zababembi ngempempe nezinye iintatheli ebezisebenzela ukubhentsisa ubuxoki obusemthethweni kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe e-Afghanistan. Xa i-whistleblower yomkhosi wase-US u-Chelsea Manning wagwetywa iminyaka engama-35 entolongweni ngenxa yokwabelana ngamaxwebhu obuntlola. okokuqala kuvezwa yintoni "i-Afghanistan Amaphepha" ngoku aqinisekisayo, i isikhundla, kunye nezinye iindawo zenkampani, ubukhulu becala azihoyanga amatyala kaManning kunye nesohlwayo (FAIR.org, 12/4/12, 6/18/14, 1/18/17, 4/1/19). I ENew York Times, kwityala layo, inike uManning isithuba se-op-ed (6/14/19) ukucacisa ukuba kutheni ebeke esichengeni inkululeko yakhe ukuze aveze imiba erekhodiweyo ngumkhosi wase-US kodwa wayishiya ingachazwanga, kuquka namakhulu ohlaselo lomkhosi waseMelika kubemi base-Afghan. I isikhundla, ngenxalenye yalo, ifumene indawo yokupapasha rhoqo i-op-eds yi-Brookings Institution kaMichael O'Hanlon (umzekelo, 11/16/09, 6/26/10, 6/3/11, 2/10/13, 7/12/13) ethetha ngeenjongo ezifanayo nezikhulu zase-US zokuthetha ukuba isikhundla"AmaPhepha e-Afghanistan" ngoku abhentsiswe njengobuxoki (FAIR.org, 1/3/14).
Ngapha koko, esona sizathu siphambili sokuba kutheni amaPhepha e-Afghanistan kungafuneki ukuba abone ubuqhetseba kumagosa ase-US kukuba-njengoko uMichael Parenti watshoyo. Ubuso be-Impiriyalizim-Xa amagosa ase-US ehlala ebonelela ngezizathu ezintsha kunye nezahlukeneyo zokuhlaselwa, luphawu lokuba abanyanisekanga, abanakukwazi.
The isikhundla (12/9/19) iyakuvuma oku xa ichaza ukuba i-US "ifezekise kakhulu into ebizimisele ukuyenza," kunye namagosa e-Al Qaeda kunye neTaliban "efile, ebanjwe okanye efihliwe," kodwa "aphambuka kwindlela engenanto yokwenza ne-Al Qaeda okanye 9/11.โ Oku kuhambelana nokufunyaniswa kwe-FAIR (Yongezelelweyo!, 7/11) ukuba amajelo eendaba ayengawuhoyanga umbuzo wokuba kupheliswe iMfazwe yase-Afghanistan emva kwenjongo ecacileyo yokuhlaselaโukubamba okanye ukubulala inkokeli yeqela elenza uhlaselo lwe-11 kaSeptembaโyafezwa ngokufa kuka-Osama bin Laden.
Akufanele kusimangalise ukuba isikhundlaIimpepha ze-Afghanistan ziye zayityhila ngokungazi isikhundla njengeqabane elithobelayo ekusasazeni amagosa ase-US ubuxoki; Imithombo yeendaba yenkampani ixhomekeke kwimithombo esemthethweni yomxholo wasimahla kunye "nokucofa" ukuxhasa ubuntatheli babo, obuhlala busasaza ukunganyaniseki kodwa okufanelekileyo ngamanqaku okuthetha ngale mithombo efanayo ukugcina "ukufikelela" kolu lwazi, oluthembekileyo okanye hayi (Yongezelelweyo!, 5/02; ENew York Times, 4/20/08; FAIR.org, 12/12/19).
Umzobi wezoPolitiko kunye nentatheli uTed Rall wachaza, kwi-akhawunti (Iindoda eziqhelekileyo, 12/11/19) yokujongelwa phantsi ngamashishini amashishini afana ne isikhundla:
โAmaphepha aseAfghanistanโ ngu ubuxoki obuqaqambileyo ngokushiya. Ewe, iinkokheli zethu zomkhosi kunye nabahlali zisixokise ngeAfghanistan. Kodwa ngekhe basasaze i-BS yabo yokubulala-amawakawaka amajoni ase-US kunye namashumi amawaka abantu base-Afghan babulawa, iitriliyoni zeerandi zimoshwe-Ngaphandle kwemibutho yeendaba efana ne Washington Post, eyayisebenza njengeengcali ezingathandabuzekiyo zestenographer zikarhulumente.
Iivenkile zokucinezela njenge isikhundla kwaye ENew York Times yayingezozidenge nje ezisetyenziselwa ukusasaza ipropaganda yemfazwe. Baye bavavanya ngenkuthalo abantu ababesazi ukuba ngekhe siye e-Afghanistan kwaye bazame ukuxelela abavoti baseMelika inyani.
Olu budlelwane bunenzuzo phakathi kwemfuno yemithombo yeendaba edibeneyo efana ne isikhundla "ukufikelela" kwimithombo esemthethweni yase-US, kunye namagosa ase-US adinga amajelo eendaba eenkampani ukuze asasaze into abayithandayo kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US ukuze baphathe uluvo loluntu, ecacisa ukuba i-Afghanistan Papers iveza ntoni na. isikhundlaEyakhe indima ekukhohliseni uluntu lwase-US. Kungenxa yoko le nto isikhundlaukhuseleko kunye ibhodi yokuhlela Ungatsho ukuba ulawulo lweTrump akufuneki "lishiye ilizwe ngokukhawuleza" (nangona sele iyiminyaka eyi-18), kwaye ijikeleze "imfazwe yanaphakade" yase-US e-Afghanistan (FAIR.org, 1/31/19, 9/11/19), nanjengoko iphepha liphanda igosa lixoka ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi kuxhomekeke.
Ewe kunjalo, esi sisizathu sokuba kungenzeki ngokwenkqubo kwiivenkile ezishishineyo njengazo isikhundla ukuthatha ithuba lokuphakamisa imibuzo ebambekayo kunye nexhokonxayo malunga nokuba ubuqhetseba yinto engaguqukiyo neyimfuneko kumgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US, kwaye ayipheleli nje ekuhlaselweni komkhosi okukwanti kwamazwe "amanzi" afana neVietnam neAfghanistan, ngaphandle kwamaPhepha aseAfghanistan abonelela ngokugqibeleleyo. ithuba lokwenza njalo. Ukungathethi nto malunga nokucela umngeni kwimbono yehlabathi ebiza iimfazwe "ezinokuphumelela", apho uqikelelo lokunyuka kwamanani (utshaba) lokufa kwabantu luchazwa kakuhle njenge "rosy."
Kukho imbali ende yemithombo yeendaba yase-US encedisa amagosa ekwenzeni iindlela zokuziphatha zokuhlasela-ukusuka kwiingxelo ezingeyonyani zokuhlaselwa kweVietnam yaseNyakatho kwiinqanawa ezitshabalalisayo zaseMelika kwiGulf of Tonkin (FAIR.org, 8/5/17), ukudibanisa amaqela amaSilamsi ahlukeneyo afana neTaliban kunye ne-Al Qaeda, okanye amabango ukuba owayesakuba nguzwilakhe owayexhaswa ngu-US Saddam Hussein wayeneWMDs kunye nenjongo yokuzisebenzisa ngokuchasene ne-US (IsiCwangciso soPhakamiso, 6/11/14; FAIR.org, 3/19/07).
Ababukeli baqaphela ukuba amaPhepha e-Afghanistan "aqinisekisa kuphela into esele siyayazi" (Isilwanyana samhla ngemihla, 12/14/19), okanye โinto eyothusayo malunga ne isikhundla amabaliโฆ yindlela awothusa ngayoโ (Atlantic, 12/9/19); nkqu i Washington Post (12/12/19) usikhumbuza ukuba kuphela abantu "abangazange banikele ingqalelo" kwiMfazwe yase-Afghan "bamangaliswa" yinto efunyenwe kwii-Afghanistan Papers.
Mhlawumbi endaweni yokulandela izicelo zeFOIA zokuqinisekisa okucacileyo, i isikhundla inokuthi nje izibuze yona ephikisanayo ngeMfazwe yase-Afghan kwaye iyeke ukusebenza njengomlomo okhohlisayo kurhulumente wase-US. Kodwa ukwenza oko kuya kufuna ukujongana nobuxoki bokuba yonke le nto ibizwa ngokuba "yiMfazwe yobugrogrisi" inakho ukuthembeka kokuziphatha, xa i-US iyimfazwe. ilizwe eliphambili labanqolobi elandela imigaqo-nkqubo yobukhosi evuselela intiyo nxamnye ne-US ukuba ukukhonza iimfuno zenkampani (FAIR.org, 3/13/19, 11/22/19).
Ngaphandle koko, umthambo onje ngamaPhepha ase-Afghanistan uvela ngakumbi njengenqaku elithi "nceda ucinge" kwiijaji zasePulitzer kunomzamo onyanisekileyo wokusebenzisa ukukhanya kophando lobuntatheli ukuthetha inyaniso emandleni kunye nokunqanda ukutshatyalaliswa okuqhubekayo, kwexesha elide lesizukulwana. uhlanga lwasemzini.
UJoshua Cho ngumbhali ozinze eVirginia.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela