Sele kusaziwa ukuba uMzantsi Afrika lelona lizwe lingalinganiyo ehlabathini[i]. Kuphela yi-41% yabantu abakubudala bokusebenza abasebenzayo, ngelixa isiqingatha sabantu abasebenzayo berhola ngaphantsi kwe-R2 500 ngenyanga.[ii]. Okubi nangakumbi, ukungalingani kuyanda ngemivuzo njengesabelo somvuzo wesizwe sihla ukusuka kuma-50% ngo-1994 ukuya kuma-45% ngowama-2009; ngelixa inzuzo njengesabelo somvuzo wesizwe inyuke ukusuka kwi-40% ukuya kwi-45%[iii]. Ngokwenyani oku kuthetha ukuba ngelixa iqaqobana liphila kakuhle - kwaye linezindlu ezitofotofo, amadama okuqubha, amashishini, utyalo-mali, kunye nezikhundla ezinqabileyo kurhulumente - uninzi lwabantu luhlala kumatyotyombe okanye kwizindlu ezincinci ezibethwa ngumoya, zirhangqwe bubumdaka, nomzabalazo. yonke imihla ukufumana iziseko zobomi njengokutya namanzi. Kwangokunjalo, ngelixa abaphathi, abaphathi bakarhulumente, kunye nabezopolitiko - bobabini abamnyama nabamhlophe - bejikeleza benxibe iisuti ezintle zokukhonkotha; uninzi lwabantu kulindeleke ukuba luqubude, lwenze njengoko kuxeliwe, kwaye luginye ikratshi labo.
Nangona kulindeleke ukuba kuthotyelwe, nangona kunjalo, uqhanqalazo kwiindawo zabasebenzi luyasasazeka. Abantu bakruqukile kukungaqeshwa, ukuba nezindlu ezingekho mgangathweni, ukuthotywa isidima nokucinywa kwamanzi nombane. Enyanisweni, umntu ngamnye uMzantsi Afrika unelona zinga liphezulu loqhanqalazo ehlabathini[iv]. Kukulo mxholo wokukhula kwezenzo ezithe ngqo zoluntu, nokuba zisengalungelelaniswanga ubukhulu becala, apho urhulumente uye wakubona kuyimfuneko, ubuncinci kwinqanaba lokuthetha, ukubhengeza iinjongo zakhe zokukhokela umlo ochasene nentswela-ngqesho kunye nokunciphisa ukungalingani. Ukwenza oko kutyhilwe isakhelo esitsha sezoqoqosho, Indlela eNtsha yokuHluma (NGP), ekupheleni kuka-2010 ngenjongo ebhengeziweyo yokudala imisebenzi ezizigidi ezi-5 ngo-2020.[v].
Phakathi kwamagosa karhulumente athile kunye nabezopolitiko, kuqukwa phakathi kwamahlakani e-ANC – uMbutho wamaKomanisi oMzantsi Afrika (SACP) – i-NGP ibonakaliswe njengotshintsho olukhulu. Enyanisweni, ibonakaliswe njengekhadi lephondo likarhulumente eliya kubeka ilizwe endleleni eya kukulingana okukhulu kunye nomsebenzi ogcweleyo kwixesha elide.[vi]. Nkqu noSekela Nobhala Jikelele we-SACP uye wancoma i-NGP njengekhefu kwi-neo-liberalism kunye "nesiseko sentengiso"[vii], utshintsho oluqinisekileyo ukusuka kwi Umgaqo-nkqubo woHlumo, iNgqesho kunye noKwabiwa ngokutsha (Izixhobo). Ngelishwa, njengoko kuya kuxoxwa kwisiqingatha sokuqala sephepha kumbono we-anarchist, onke la mabango anqwenela ukucinga okanye ukugqwetha okucacileyo. Neo-liberalism - ngendlela yemfazwe yodidi evela phezulu - iyaphila kwaye ilungile eMzantsi Afrika. Ngolo hlobo, kuya kuxoxwa ukuba i-NGP yakhela phezu kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yangaphambili ekhokelwa yi-ANC ehlasele abasebenzi kunye nabahluphekileyo; ngelixa uqhubela phambili iimfuno zodidi olulawulayo kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhula kweqela elimnyama ngaphakathi.
I-anarchist critique ebonelelwa kweli phepha, nangona kunjalo, ayisosigxeko sokuqala se-NGP. Abanye abantu abashiyekileyo abahlukeneyo kunye nemibutho, esebenzisa umxube we-Marx kunye neKeynes, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo baye bagxeka i-NGP (yintoni eyenza eli phepha lahluke nangona sisikhokelo se-anarchist, esikhokelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo). Ngenxa yenkqubo-sikhokelo yethiyori, iingcebiso ezithe zaphuma kwezi zigxeko zidlulileyo zibize indima enkulu kurhulumente kuqoqosho. Umzekelo, iNkongolo yeMibutho yaBasebenzi yaseMzantsi Afrika (i-Cosatu) imemelele ukuba urhulumente afake kuzwelonke amashishini abalulekileyo kwaye azimanya ngokuqinileyo nabasebenzi ukuze kulungiswe ukungalingani kunye nentswela-ngqesho. Kwisiqingatha sesibini seli phepha, kuya kuxoxwa ukuba ezinye iindlela ezicetyiswayo ezinjalo ziphosakele kumbono weklasi. Oku kubangelwa yinyani yokuba nangona kumenywa ukuba kubekho uqoqosho ‘oluxubeneyo’, iindlela ezizezinye ezicetywa nguCosatu ziye zasilela ukukhawulelana neengcambu ezingunobangela wentswela-ngqesho nokungalingani: ulawulo lwemigangatho, ubungxowankulu kunye noongxowankulu. Lumente Iinkqubo.
Ngaba i-NGP imele nantoni na entsha?
Ngelixa i-NGP inokuthi eyona njongo iphambili kukunciphisa intswela-ngqesho nokulwa ukungalingani, ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo, kucacile ukuba ubukhulu becala kukuqhubekeka kweniyo-liberalism. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngelixa urhulumente okhokelwa yi-ANC uye waba nobuchule ekuthinteleni uninzi lolwimi olunxulunyaniswa neo-liberalism - njengoshishino lwabucala - isakhelo se-neo-liberal se-NGP kwinqanaba loqoqosho olukhulu sicacile. Ngenxa yoko, i-NGP imisela ukuba urhulumente uya kukhokelwa “ngumgaqo-nkqubo wemali ongqongqo ngakumbi oxhaswa ngamanyathelo oqoqosho olukhulu ukuqulatha uxinzelelo lokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokukhuthaza ukhuphiswano”[viii]. Oku, kude nokumela ikhefu, kuphindaphinda izinto eziphambili zeGear kwinqanaba le-macro-economic. Ngoko ke, oku kuguqulela kwimeko apho ngokwenyani, kunye nekamva elibonakalayo, inkcitho karhulumente iya kuncitshiswa. Ngelixa ukukhula koqoqosho kubonwa njenge-4% ngonyaka kwi-NGP, kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kuphezulu kancinci, inkcitho karhulumente iza konyuka nge-2% kuphela ngonyaka.[ix]. Ngokuvuma kwakhe, ke ngoko, konke urhulumente anenjongo yokukwenza kukusebenzisa oovimba bakhe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ujolise kwinkcitho yakhe kutyalo-mali oluya kuzisa ukukhula koqoqosho - kwaye ngokwentetho yakhe, imisebenzi emitsha ehamba kunye. Kunokuba ikhuphe iinkonzo kubantu abahluphekayo, ke ngoko, eyona njongo ye-NGP kukuvumela uqoqosho longxowankulu olusebenzayo kwaye ifuna ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo ezinzima ukuze kwenziwe oko.[X]. Ke ngoko, ngokoqoqosho olukhulu i-NGP ayisiyondlela intsha okanye ikhefu elisisiseko kwiGear.
Asikho kwinqanaba lomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali othintelayo kuphela apho i-NGP iyasilela ukwaphula imigaqo engundoqo ye-Gear. Njengabanduleli bayo – iGear kunye nePhulo lokuHluma okuKhawulezileyo noKwabelwana ngalo loMzantsi Afrika (i-Asgisa) – i-NGP ibona uqoqosho olujolise kumazwe angaphandle, ukwanda kokhuphiswano, utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo kumazwe angaphandle, ukwanda kwemveliso, ukunqandwa kwemivuzo, ukucuthwa kweendleko zamashishini kunye nohlumo loqoqosho njengoku. undoqo wokudala imisebenzi[xi]. Oku ubukhulu becala yikopi yekhabhoni yezinto eziphambili zeGear. Enyanisweni, i-NGP ikhuthaza uluvo lokuba imivuzo kufuneka ibekelwe bucala kwaye izivumelwano zemveliso ziphunyezwe ngokubanzi. Kambe ke, izivumelwano zemveliso zenza ukonyuswa kwemivuzo kuxhomekeke ekwandeni kwemveliso; banciphisa amandla abasebenzi okulawula isantya somsebenzi; kwaye ikhokelele ekuxhatshazweni okukhulu kwabasebenzi[xii]. I-NGP, ke ngoko, iqulethe izinto zakudala ze-neo-liberal kunye nemilinganiselo yokuchasana nokusebenza. Icacisa kakuhle kwintshayelelo yayo indlela abasebenzi kunye namahlwempu eMzantsi Afrika abathe babandezeleka ngayo, kodwa ithi ke ibize ukuxhatshazwa okukhulu kwabasebenzi kunye namahlwempu njengenyathelo lokoyisa ngokumangalisayo oku kubandezeleka.
Ngelixa i-NGP ikhala kakhulu malunga neenjongo zayo ezibhengeziweyo zokudala imisebenzi kunye nokunciphisa ukungalingani, okushiyiweyo koxwebhu lwe-NGP, ngeendlela ezininzi, kuxela ngakumbi. Ubume beneo-liberal eMzantsi Afrika asiyonto intsha; ibekwe ngokucwangcisiweyo kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Imiba yeniyo-liberalism yaqala yanyanzeliswa ngobundlobongela nguP.W. Ulawulo lukaBotha ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Kwakungoo-1980 apho iphulo lokurhweba kunye nokuthengisa iinkonzo zabucala kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente laqala laqala – ngelo xesha abona baxhamli baphambili yayingabantu abamhlophe ababenxulumene norhulumente wocalucalulo. Ngokunjalo, kwakungeli xesha apho umgaqo-nkqubo wolwakhiwo lwezindlu kwiilokishi zeneo-liberal waqala waphunyezwa kwaye iithaveni zikamasipala kunye neeholo zoluntu zabucala. Oku kwenziwa kwimeko yomkhosi omkhulu wabasebenzi abantsundu kwaye kwakujoliswe ekukhuthazeni intembeko kwingcinga yepropathi yabucala phakathi kwabahlali basezilokishini zabantsundu ukuze kuliwe nalo mkhosi. Xa kudityaniswa noku, injongo yokuqhubela phambili ukukhula kodidi losomashishini abamnyama – ngokuthengisa iithaveni zikamasipala ezilokishini kunye nokukhuthaza ishishini leeteksi zabucala. Urhulumente ubenethemba lokuba xa enokukhuthaza ukukhula kosomashishini abantsundu, unokuzilungelelanisa nolawulo kunye nobungxowankulu kunye nezikhwelo ezicacileyo zobusoshiyali.[xiii].
Xa i-ANC ingena kulawulo lombuso ngo-1994, yaqhubeka kwaye yenze nzulu neo-liberalism. Ngokwemvelo, amagosa aphezulu e-ANC akwenza oku ngeenjongo zawo (okuninzi kuya kuxoxwa ngezantsi). Phantsi kolawulo lwe-ANC, ngoko ke, imirhumo yorhwebo yacuthwa; ukukhululwa kwezemali kuqinisiwe; ukuba bhetyebhetye kwezabasebenzi kukhuthaziwe, ukwenziwa kwamashishini abucala kwandisiwe, kunye noshishino lwamaqumrhu karhulumente lwakhawulezisa lwaza lwandiswa. Kwiinyanga zokuqala zolawulo lwe-ANC, umgaqo-nkqubo we-neo-liberal wezindlu ka-PW Botha waphinda wavuselelwa ngumphathiswa omtsha wezindlu kunye ne-SACP enzima, uJoe Slovo.[xiv]. Ngenene, i-ANC yasebenzisa iziqinisekiso zayo ‘zenkululeko’ ukutyhalela phambili kumanyathelo e-neo-liberal awathi urhulumente wocalu-calulo, ngenxa yenkcaso yabantu, awuzange ube nako.
Phantse kumashumi amabini eminyaka, urhulumente okhokelwa yi-ANC yakhela phezu kwale migaqo-nkqubo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba uqoqosho nobomi bentlalo buye batshintshwa kakhulu yiniyo-liberalism. Iziphumo zale migaqo-nkqubo zibe buhlungu kakhulu kubasebenzi nakubantu abahluphekayo. Ukususela ngowe-1994, abantu abazizigidi ezili-10 baye bacinywa amanzi okanye umbane; Abantu abazizigidi ezi-5 bakhutshiwe kumakhaya abo; izigidi zabantu ziphulukene nemisebenzi ngenxa yempembelelo yokuthengiswa kwamashishini abucala okanye ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwabasebenzi; kwaye ukusilela kwezindlu kuye kwanda kakhulu[xv]. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona abantu babenethemba elikhulu kuluntu lwasemva kocalucalulo, kwaye benombono woluntu olulinganayo ngakumbi, ukuqhubeka kokuzinziswa kweniyo-liberalism kukhokelele kwiimeko ezimandundu kubasebenzi abantsundu (abathe ngenxa yocalucalulo babesele benento encinane kakhulu) , ngoxa abebala, amaIndiya nabamhlophe nabo baye batshona kubuhlwempu. Ngokunjalo, ubuni beniyo-liberalism bukwabonakalisile, ngabasetyhini ngokungafanelekanga abathwele uxanduva lohlengahlengiso kunye noshishino lwabucala.[xvi]. Ke ngeli lixa abantu abantsundu, bephuma kurhulumente, baye bazimanya nabamhlophe kudidi olulawulayo ngokuwa kocalucalulo, kuncinci okutshintshileyo kuninzi lwabantu: abasebenzi abamnyama banokuthi baphumelele ivoti, kodwa ngaphaya koko kutshintshile. kwaye abantu phakathi kwabasebenzi baye batshona nzulu kubuhlwempu. Inyani yeyokuba i-NGP iyasilela ukujongana noku ngokukuko kwaye ayinxulumanisi intlupheko eyendeleyo kwiniyo-liberalism. I-NGP, ke ngoko, ayilokhefu kwiniyo-liberalism, njengoko ibango yi-SACP, kodwa ithatha uhlengahlengiso lweniyo-liberal loqoqosho lwaseMzantsi Afrika kunye noluntu njengento enikiweyo.
Kutheni le nto iSACP ijonga iNGP njengekhefu kwiniyo-liberalism?
Mhlawumbi eyona mpazamo ingundoqo eyenziwa yi-SACP, xa ijonga i-NGP njengekhefu ne-Gear, kukuba baye babona naluphi na uhlobo longenelelo lukarhulumente kuqoqosho njengenguquko kwi-neo-liberalism. Ngenxa yoko, i-SACP ibona i-NGP njengekhefu kwi-neo-liberalism ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba urhulumente uye wazenza zacaca iinjongo zakhe zokuqhubeka notyalo-mali lwakhe kwiziseko ezingundoqo, nokusebenzisa amaqumrhu karhulumente ukuzama ukuvuselela ukukhula, njengoko kwachazwa okokuqala e-Asgisa.[xvii]. Nangona kunjalo, ubuninzi beziseko ezingundoqo urhulumente ajonge ukutyala imali kuzo zijolise ekukhuthazeni ukusebenza kakuhle koqoqosho longxowankulu. Oku kujikeleza ikakhulu ekuphuculweni kweziseko ezingundoqo ezinxulumene nothutho lwempahla kunye nokwandisa unikezelo lwamandla ngokutyala imali kubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza kunye namandla enyukliya.[xviii]. Abona baxhamli baphambili koku, ngokuqinisekileyo, iya kuba ngamaqumrhu. Njengoko kubonisiwe ngoo-anarchist boMzantsi Afrika, ungenelelo lombuso, kunye nokwandiswa nokugcinwa kweziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo, kukodwa akubonisi ukukhululeka kwiniyo-liberalism.[xix].
Ingqiqo ephosakeleyo ye-SACP, nangona kunjalo, imele nje into eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabaninzi abasekhohlo. Kusoloko kukho impazamo yokucinga ukuba iniyo-liberalism ilingana nokuncitshiswa kwamandla ombuso, kwaye phantsi kweniyo-liberalism urhulumente uyarhoxa kuqoqosho. Ayikho enye into eyogqitha inyaniso. Neo-liberalism yavela njengempendulo yamazwe ekuwohlokeni koqoqosho lwehlabathi - kuquka noMzantsi Afrika - okwaqala ukuqhambuka ngeminyaka yoo-1970.[xx]. Ngokubhekiselele koku, i-neo-liberalism imele imfazwe yodidi ukusuka phezulu ukubuyisela amazinga okukhula kunye nokunyusa ingeniso kumanqanaba angaphambi ko-1970. Neo-liberalism, ke ngoko, ibandakanya urhulumente ukulwa nabasebenzi kunye nabahluphekayo ngokukhuthaza ushishino lwabucala, ukuba bhetyebhetye kwabasebenzi, uthintelo lwemivuzo kunye nokucuthwa kweenkonzo kubasebenzi. Ngelixa oku kusenziwa kubasebenzi nabahluphekileyo, njengenxalenye yeniyo-liberalism urhulumente ukwangenelela ukuze kuxhamle abo balawulayo ngokuthi phakathi kwezinye izinto bakhuphe ibheyile, ukucuthwa kwerhafu kwizityebi, kuvulwe amathuba amatsha otyalo-mali kumaqumrhu, ukunikezelwa kwemisebenzi, ukubonelela. imali ephantsi kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso kumashishini athile angundoqo. Ngaphaya koko, i-neoliberalism ikhuthaza a Melele urhulumente onokugcina “indawo yokudlala” kwicandelo labucala kwaye anyanzelise ngokusebenzayo nangokusebenzayo amalungelo epropathi yabucala. Kungoko phantsi kweniyo-liberalism amazwe nawo ayandisile imisebenzi yawo yengcinezelo, efana nobupolisa kunye nendibano yobuntlola, ukuzama ukubethelela uqhanqalazo oluhlala lukhapha uhlaselo lwabasebenzi kunye namahlwempu.[xxi]. Injongo yawo onke la manyathelo, ke ngoko, ayikokunciphisa amandla karhulumente, kodwa kukusebenzisa amandla karhulumente ukunyusa ingeniso nobutyebi bamaqela alawulayo, ngeli lixa ikwaqinisekisa ukuzinza kwayo ngokunciphisa iindleko zokubonelela ngeenkonzo kurhulumente. ihlwempu[xxii]. Ngokwenene, amagosa karhulumente, ukuze akhusele izikhundla zawo kudidi olulawulayo, anqwenela uqoqosho oluluqilima – kwaye kwimeko yangoku atyhala i-niyo-liberalism ukuzama ukuqinisekisa oku. Koku, izilangazelelo zabo zidibana nenye inxalenye yodidi olulawulayo, ongxowankulu.
EMzantsi Afrika, ke ngoko, ngelixa uhlasela abasebenzi kunye nabahluphekileyo, urhulumente weniyo-liberal waseMzantsi Afrika uthe gqolo uzama ukunceda amaqumrhu ekubuyiseleni nasekukhuliseni ukukhula. Oku kuye kwabandakanya urhulumente esebenzisa ubutyebi bakhe ukubonelela ngeenkonzo kumaqumrhu ngexabiso elingaphantsi kwaye, xa kuyimfuneko, uye wakhupha ibheyile kwiinkampani.[xxiii]. Ngoko ke, amazwe - nokuba aseMzantsi Afrika okanye kumazwe ngamazwe - ayaqhubeka ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho (eMzantsi Afrika inkcitho karhulumente isengaphezulu kwe-30% ye-GDP.[xxiv]). Nangona amanye amazwe (kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ayingawo onke) enokuyivala inkcitho yawo, into abayichithayo nayo ijolise ekuncedeni abo balawulayo. Ngokunjalo, i-neo-liberalism, eMzantsi Afrika nakwihlabathi jikelele, ibandakanye urhulumente esebenzisa amandla akhe amakhulu kunye nemithombo yobutyebi ukutshintsha ulungelelwaniso lwemikhosi ngokuqhubekayo ukuya kudidi olulawulayo. Njengoko iniyo-liberalism yimfazwe yodidi evela phezulu, into yokuba urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika uzimisele ukuchitha imali kwiiprojekthi eziya kuvuselela ukukhula zize ekugqibeleni zixhamle abo balawulayo, ngoko ke, asikokwaphula neo-liberalism; kunokuba yinxalenye ephambili kuyo.
I-SACP ikwaqhwabele izandla into yokuba i-NGP iphakamisa ukuba urhulumente makangenelele ukwandisa ukuxhotyiswa kwabantsundu kwezoqoqosho (BEE). Enyanisweni, nangona kunjalo, oku kukuqhubekeka nje kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yangaphambili kwaye inika okuncinci kakhulu kubasebenzi abamnyama. I-NGP ikubeka kucace ukuba ungenelelo olucetywayo lujolise ekuxhamleni amashishini aphantsi kolawulo lwabantsundu. Ukukhuthaza i-BEE, ke ngoko, i-NGP indulula ukuba urhulumente andise ukuthenga kwakhe, ngokweemveliso kunye neenkonzo (eziza kubandakanya ukuthengiselwa ngaphandle), koosomashishini abamnyama.[xxv]. Ukongeza koku, yenza izindululo zokusekwa kwe-arhente enye yenkxaso-mali ukunceda amashishini aphakathi namancinane ukuba afumane ukufikelela lula kwityala.[xxvi]. Kwakhona oku akuyonto intsha. U-Asgisa wayikhuthaza ngamandla iBEE, kwaye wayibophelela – phakathi kwezinye izinto – ukukhuthazwa kwamashishini aphakathi namancinane.[xxvii]. Ngokunjalo, xa i-ANC ithatha amagunya ombuso, kwimeko apho iniyo-liberalism yayinobugocigoci kumazwe ngamazwe, yazama ukusebenzisa iniyo-liberalism ukukhuthaza ukuvela kweqela elimnyama. Oku kwenziwa ngokuthengiselwa abantu babucala kunye nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo zangaphandle. Nangona iBEE ngokwayo ingakumeli umgaqo-nkqubo weneo-liberal; neo-liberalism ke ngoko yasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokukhuthaza iBEE. I-ANC iphinde yasebenzisa urhulumente ngqo ukuqhubela phambili uphuhliso lwabantu abamnyama ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi karhulumente ehlawulwa kakuhle kumalungu aphezulu kunye nokuboleka imali kumashishini kuxhomekeke kwisikhalazo seBEE. Enyanisweni, i-ajenda ye-ANC yobuzwe ibisoloko ikukuzama ukukhuthaza ukuphuhla kodidi oluphezulu lwabantu abamnyama nabamnyama ‘abakumgangatho ophakathi’. Kuninzi lwembali yayo, iinkokeli ze-ANC bezinombono wokwenza oko ngokubeka amashishini abalulekileyo kuzwelonke phantsi kwesikhokelo songxowankulu.[xxviii]; ngeminyaka yoo-1990, nangona kunjalo, ushishino lwabucala, izikimu zolingano, imali karhulumente kunye nonikezelo lwangaphandle lwabonwa njengento engundoqo.[xxix]. Nangona kunjalo, njengenxalenye yokuzinikela kwayo ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwabantu abamnyama abaphezulu, ukuba nokwenzeka kwamagosa karhulumente agxile kwi-ANC (ayinxalenye ecacileyo yodidi olulawulayo) ukwenza amashishini aphambili kuzwelonke kwixa elizayo ukuze aqhubele phambili ukuxhasa aba baphezulu akufanelekanga. zikhutshelwe ngaphandle ngokupheleleyo, nangona i-ANC izibophelele ngoku kwiniyo-liberalism.
Ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwaba bantu bantsundu, abasebenzi kunye namahlwempu, uninzi lwabo olumnyama, nangona kunjalo, baye baxhatshazwa kwaye baya kuqhubeka bexhatshazwa ngokungenalusini kwaye becinezelwa. Inene, ubutyebi bodidi oluphezulu eMzantsi Afrika – abamhlophe nabantsundu – buxhomekeke ekuxhatshazweni kwabasebenzi kunye nengcinezelo eqhubekayo yabasebenzi abamnyama. Ngoko ke, isindululo se-NGP sokuqhubela phambili ukukhula kwabantu abamnyama abakumgangatho ophezulu kunye noosomashishini, ngokwembono yodidi, sibonelela kancinci kakhulu kubasebenzi abantsundu kunye namahlwempu, kunye nabasebenzi bazo zonke iintlanga ngokubanzi. I-SACP, ngenxa yokuzinikela kwayo kwinkcazo-bungcali enamanqanaba amabini enguquko, iyasilela ukujongana noku – singasathethi ke ngokuyivuma ngokuphandle. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokumalunga nokukhuthazwa kwe-NGP ye-BEE, kuncinci kakhulu okutsha kuquka i-rhetoric yokuba kufuneka 'isekelwe ngokubanzi'.
Kukwalapha kulo mxholo wokuzama ukwandisa abantu abamnyama abakumgangatho ophezulu kunye ‘nabakumgangatho ophakathi’ apho isiphakamiso seNGP sokudala inkampani yemigodi karhulumente, mhlawumbi nebhanki, kufuneka sijongwe. Ezi zindululo nazo zinconyiwe yiSACP, ezibona zisisiseko ekunokuthi kwakhiwe kuso isoshiyali xa sele kugqitywe isigaba seNational Democratic ‘revolution’.[xxx]. Xa inkampani yemigodi karhulumente, yayixoxa kwi-NGP yaza yanconywa kakhulu yi-SACP, 'yasungulwa' ngoMeyi 2011, nangona kunjalo, ibandakanya ukwandisa kunye nokuthengisa ngakumbi iqumrhu elikhoyo likarhulumente, i-African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation (i-African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation) AEMFC). Eyona njongo ingundoqo ye-AEMFC kukwemba izimbiwa ezibonwa njengezobuchule bokukhula koqoqosho loMzantsi Afrika. Enyanisweni, i-AEMFC iza kubandakanyeka kakhulu emigodini yamalahle ukuze ibonelele umvelisi wamandla karhulumente u-ESKOM (obonelela ngombane ngexabiso elingaphantsi kwezona nkampani zinkulu eMzantsi Afrika) ngamalahle. Njengenxalenye yokwandisa i-AEMFC, iinkampani zabucala ezineziqinisekiso zeBEE ziya kufumana iikhontrakthi zokwakhiwa kwemigodi yamalahle.[xxxi]. Ngokunjalo, ukwanda kwenkampani yezemigodi karhulumente kuhambelana kakuhle nokuzinikela kukarhulumente kwiBEE kunye nenjongo yayo yokuqinisekisa ukukhula kongxowankulu. Kukwacacile nokuba inkampani yemigodi karhulumente ngokwayo iza kuqhutywa ngoongxowankulu kwaye mhlawumbi akuyongozi eyona manyano yabasebenzi-mgodini yatshitshiswa ngabom ekusungulweni kowona mgodi wamalahle omtsha we-AEMFC.[xxxii].
Ngokubanga ukuba iinjongo zayo kukuphelisa ukungalingani kunye nentswela-ngqesho, nangona kunjalo, i-NGP izama ukufihla iinjongo zayo zokwenyani kunye nokufihla ubume bokwenyani bombuso. Xa bephantsi koxinzelelo, okanye ukugcina imeko injalo, amazwe aya kuthi rhoqo ukuba angabakhonzi bamahlwempu nabasebenzi; ngelixa eneneni eququzelela ukuxhatshazwa kunye nengcinezelo yabo. Yiyo le nto eyakhokelela umvukeli womzabalazo uErrico Malatesta ukuba athethe ngelithi urhulumente: “awunakuzigcina ixesha elide ngaphandle kokubufihla ubume bawo benyaniso emva kokuhanahanisa ukuba luncedo ngokubanzi; ayinako ukunyanzelisa intlonelo ngobomi babantu abanelungelo ukuba ayibonakali ifuna ukuhlonelwa kobomi bomntu, ayinakunyanzelisa ukwamkelwa kwamalungelo abantu abambalwa ukuba ayizenzi ngathi ingumlondolozi wamalungelo abo bonke”[xxxiii]. Nge-NGP, kunye namanye amaxwebhu, ngoko ke urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika uhlasela abasebenzi kunye nabahluphekileyo ngelixa ubanga ukuba ungumkhuseli wabo. Ngokunjalo, enye yeenjongo zalo eziphambili kukuyeka abantu ukuba bachonge ilizwe laseMzantsi Afrika ukuba liyintoni na: sisixhobo sokuxhaphaza nengcinezelo. Ngolu hanahaniso ilizwe laseMzantsi Afrika alahlukanga kulo naliphi na elinye ilizwe kwaye, ngenxa yoko, libazi kakuhle ubugcisa bezopolitiko: ukuxoka nokukhohlisa.
Isisombululo esivela kuMarx? okanye nguKeynes lowo?
Nangona iSACP inetha indumiso kwiNGP; eminye imibutho eshiyekileyo ibigxeka kakhulu. Nangona bekumanyene ne-ANC kunye ‘nokubeka’ amagosa kurhulumente, owona mbutho mkhulu wemibutho yabasebenzi elizweni, iCongress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu), uyichaze ngokufanelekileyo iNGP njengeneo-liberal. Ukuchasa le neo-liberalism iphakamise ukuba urhulumente kufuneka adlale indima enkulu kuqoqosho kwaye ahambelane ngokuqinileyo nabasebenzi kunye namahlwempu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto iye yaxoxa into yokuba indlela entsha yohlumo kufuneka, ke ngoko, isekelwe kurhulumente ekwandiseni ingqesho yakhe ngqo yabantu, urhulumente akhuphe iinkonzo zentlalontle, urhulumente athathele ingqalelo ulwabiwo lomhlaba, urhulumente aqinisekise urhwebo olunobulungisa kunye nesitshixo sikarhulumente sokwenza ilizwe libe phantsi korhulumente. amashishini. Ikholelwa ukuba ngokwenza oku, nangokutyekela kubasebenzi, urhulumente angadlala indima ephambili ekujonganeni nasekubuyiseleni umva ukungalingani komgangatho, uhlanga nesini eMzantsi Afrika. Ngokunjalo, ithi urhulumente makangenelele ukunciphisa ezona ziphumo zibi zobukapitali[xxxiv].
Nangona ukugxeka kwayo iNGP kuvakala kakhulu, ngokweendlela ezizezinye ezicetyiswayo, uCosatu iwela kwimigibe emininzi. Nangona uCosatu unomnqweno onyanisekileyo wokubona ubomi babasebenzi nabangathathi ntweni buphucuka, awufuni kwahlukana ngokupheleleyo nobungxowankulu. Ngokunjalo, iCosatu eneneni ifuna uqoqosho oluxubeneyo kwaye ekugqibeleni iindlela zayo ezicetyiswayo zilingana nekhwelo lorhulumente wentlalontle yohlobo lwaseKeynisenian. Koku, nangona kunjalo, i-Cosatu iyasilela ukuyilungisa ngokupheleleyo inyaniso yokuba naphantsi kongxowankulu baseKeynesian, apho urhulumente unobunini bamashishini athile abalulekileyo kunye neendima kwintlalontle enkulu, intswelo-ngqesho, ukungalingani kunye nokuxhaphaza abasebenzi.[xxxv]. Phantsi kwazo zonke iintlobo zobukapitali, nokuba ziniyo-liberalism okanye uhlobo olufunwa nguCosatu, ngabasebenzi abavelisa bonke ubutyebi, kwaye ludidi olulawulayo oluthimba ubuninzi babo ngenkqubo yemivuzo neerhafu. Okubi nangakumbi, kuba phantsi kwazo zonke iintlobo zongxowankulu iimpahla ziveliselwa inzuzo, kwaye azidingi mfuneko, abasebenzi abambalwa abaqeshwayo bangcono kongxowankulu: inyusa inzuzo yabo.[xxxvi]. Yiyo loo nto ukungalingani kunye nentswela-ngqesho ziyinxalenye yazo zonke iintlobo zongxowankulu. Iindlela ezizezinye ezicetyiswe nguCosatu azikuhoyi ngokupheleleyo oku, kwaye ezinye zazo - ukuba ziphunyeziwe - zingalingana nemeko apho kuya kubakho ukucocwa kweentanda ngokuqhubekayo; kwaye unobangela osisiseko wokungalingani nentswela-ngqesho, ubungxowankulu, buya kuhlala ungalungiswa. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kunokuba ngcono ukuhlala phantsi kwe-capitalism ye-Keynesian kune-neo-liberal, kodwa phantsi kwe-Keynesianism abasebenzi basaphangwa yiklasi elawulayo kwaye ukungalingani kusekho.
Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki inkulu kuCosatu ecetyisiweyo, ngokwembono ye-anarchist, lukholo lwayo lokuba amazwe angazisa ukulingana okukhulu, ahlangabezane neemfuno zabasebenzi, kwaye abe ngakwicala labasebenzi. Onke amazwe, nokuba kukweziphi na iindidi, acinezela kwaye anobundlobongela. Ke ngoko, phantsi kwazo zonke iintetho malunga nokuba zizixhobo zabantu, amazwe abeka embindini kunye namaziko olawulo akhoyo ukuze anyanzelise imeko apho iqaqobana lilawula isininzi.[xxxvii]. Ulwakhiwo lwemigangatho yawo onke amazwe nawo ngokungenakuthintelwa lugxininisa amandla kwizandla zolawulo oluphezulu. Amazwe kunye nobukho be-elite, ke ngoko, ziyafana. Ke ngoko, urhulumente usebenzela abantu abancinci ababalaseleyo kwaye ngokwenkcazo kufuneka ibekwe kwindawo enye, kuba igcuntswana linokulawula kuphela xa amandla egxininiswe ezandleni zabo naxa izigqibo ezenziwa ngabo zihamba phantsi ngekhonkco lomyalelo. Ngokukodwa le nto ivumela abantu abambalwa abafuna ukulawula abantu (amagosa karhulumente akwizikhundla eziphezulu) kwaye baxhaphaze abantu (oongxowankulu) ukuze bafezekise iinjongo zabo.[xxxviii]. Ngoko ke, amazwe, kuqukwa norhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika, ekugqibeleni akanakuze asebenzele iimfuno zabasebenzi, okanye abe nomkhethe ngabasebenzi (njengoko iCosatu inethemba), kodwa asuke abe zizixhobo ezingundoqo zamagunya odidi olulawulayo. Njengoko u-Bakunin egxininise, urhulumente "ngoyena mntu ukhohlakeleyo, oyeyona nto igxekayo kunye neyona nto ipheleleyo yokuchasa uluntu ... ichitha umanyano lwamadoda nabasetyhini emhlabeni wonke, kwaye izisa abanye babo kumanyano kuphela ngenjongo yokutshabalalisa, beyisa kwaye bebakhonza bonke abanye”[xxxix]
Ingcinezelo kunye nokuxhaphaza abantu abaninzi kuya kwenzeka, kwaye kuya kwenzeka naphantsi kwenkqubo yepalamente. Oku kungenxa yokuba nakwinkqubo yepalamente bambalwa abantu abathatha izigqibo, bayalele abanye ukuba benze ntoni, kwaye banyanzelise le miyalelo ngorhulumente. UBakunin waphawula ukuba kungangcono ukuphila phantsi kwenkqubo yepalamente kunolawulo lobuzwilakhe olusulungekileyo, kodwa waphinda wachaza ukuba inkqubo yepalamente “yeyona ndlela iqinisekileyo yokumanyanisa phantsi kwengubo yenkululeko nobulungisa ulawulo olusisigxina lwabantu ngokuba iiklasi, nto leyo eyonakalisa inkululeko ethandwayo”[xl]. Ngenxa yoko, naphantsi kwenkqubo yepalamente, xa abantu bengayithobeli imiyalelo ephuma phezulu karhulumente okanye bengavumelani nayo, amandla karhulumente asetyenziselwa ukunyanzelisa kunye / okanye ukubohlwaya. Ngoko ke, urhulumente njengendlela esembindini yamandla odidi olulawulayo ikwabanga ukunyanzeliswa kwamandla asemthethweni phakathi kommandla ‘wawo’; kwaye iya kusebenzisa loo mandla xa ibona kuyimfuneko - kubandakanywa nabaqhankqalazi abaphakamisa imiba efana nokungabikho kwemisebenzi, ukungabikho kwezindlu, imivuzo ephantsi kunye nokungabikho kweenkonzo ezisisiseko. Amazwe, ke ngoko, achasene nenkululeko.
ISoviet Union yayingumzekelo obalaseleyo woku. Yayililizwe laseSoviet, phantsi kolawulo lobuzwilakhe lweQela lamaBolshevik, elathi ngogonyamelo latshabalalisa iphulo labasebenzi, amahlwempu namahlwempu enkululeko nobusoshiyali eRashiya. Oku kwenzeka kamsinya nje emva kweNguqu ka-Oktobha xa iimfuno zabasebenzi kunye nabalimi zaqala ukungqubana ngokuphandle nezo zabaphezulu kwiQela lamaBolshevik. Ukususela ngowe-1917, emva kokuba iiBolsheviks ziqinise ukubamba kwawo amandla ombuso, zasebenzisa urhulumente ukujongela phantsi ithemba ledemokhrasi ngqo phakathi kwelizwe. iiSoviet badale amapolisa afihlakeleyo amatsha okutyumza abavukeli, abasebenzi kunye nabalimi abafuna isoshiyali esingenammiselo; baphinda bafaka imigangatho yolawulo emkhosini; bayiphelisa ke inkululeko yokuthetha[xli]. Ngowe-1921 abo babechase iBolshevik negunya likarhulumente bada bathunyelwa nakwiinkampu zoxinaniso. Ngokunjalo, naphantsi kweLenin, urhulumente wabulala naliphi na ithemba lolawulo lwabasebenzi kuqoqosho. Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa emva kokuba amaBolsheviks athabathe igunya likarhulumente, kwapheliswa ukuzilawula kwabasebenzi, uqhankqalazo lwapheliswa ngokufanelekileyo, kwanyanzeliswa umsebenzi wokulwa, kwanyanzeliswa ulawulo lomntu omnye, uTaylorism wamkelwa, kwaye ubudlelwane bemveliso obuchaza ubungxowankulu babhiyozelwa kwaye baqiniswa.[xlii]. Inyaniso yokuba urhulumente waseSoviet wenze ukuba uninzi lweefektri, ezazithinjwe kuqala ngabasebenzi koongxowankulu, ibe negalelo koku - yanika urhulumente waseSoviet amandla amakhulu awayewasebenzise ngokuchasene nabasebenzi. Ngapha koko, urhulumente waseSoviet akazange alamkele inyathelo elizimeleyo elivela kubasebenzi kwimizi-mveliso kwaye ulawulo lukarhulumente lubonakalise ukungahambelani nolawulo lwabasebenzi, idemokhrasi ethe ngqo kunye nesoshiyali yokwenene.[xliii]. Ngenene, ubunini bombuso abuzange buguqulelwe kunxibelelwano lwepropathi nobutyebi, abuzange bukhokelele esiphelweni sobukhapitali, abuzange bubhukuqe ubudlelwane bongxowankulu bemveliso, kwaye baluphanzisa ulawulo lwabasebenzi. Ke ngoko, eyona ngqiqweni yawo onke amazwe ibonakalise ukuba yi-centralist, authoritarian kunye ne-elitist. Yile nto ke ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kwaye iqwalaselwe phambi kokubeka ukholo kwizizwe, okanye ukukholelwa ukuba zinokuzisa ubulungisa nenkululeko kwabo bacinezelekileyo.
isiphelo
I-NGP kufuneka ibonwe ukuba iyini na: ilinge likarhulumente lokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle koqoqosho, ukugcina ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nokukhulisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwabantu abamnyama. Ukwenza oku, abasebenzi kunye namahlwempu eMzantsi Afrika kufuneka baxhatshazwe ngokungenalusini. I-NGP ngokwayo ikwenza kucace oku ngeekhwelo zayo zokunqanda imivuzo kunye nezivumelwano zemveliso. Kwinqanaba lokuthetha i-NGP inokuthi ifuna ukukhuthaza ingqesho kwaye ilwe ukungalingani, kodwa ngenxa yongxowankulu bayo kunye ne-statist orientation ayikwazi ukwenza oku kwaye kunokuba sisixhobo esiphuhliswe ludidi olulawulayo ukusebenzela iimfuno zodidi olulawulayo. Enyanisweni, udidi olulawulayo – olukwimo yongxowankulu kunye namagosa karhulumente akudidi oluphezulu – alunakuze lunikezele ngengqesho kumntu wonke nokulingana. Izikhundla zabo eziphezulu eluntwini zisekelwe kuphela ekuxhatshazweni nasekucinezelweni kwabasebenzi kunye namahlwempu. Ngenxa yoko, abasebenzi kunye nabahluphekileyo abanakuthembela kwiiklasi ezilawulayo okanye kumaxwebhu abo afana ne-NGP, okanye amazwe - athi ngenxa yendalo yawo ephakathi kunye ne-hierarchical akhonze kwaye avelise abalawuli - ukuzisa ukuphela kwentswela-ngqesho, ukungalingani, ingcinezelo kunye nokuxhatshazwa.
Ngelixa abasebenzi kufuneka bazibandakanye kwimizabalazo yokulwela imisebenzi, baphelise ukuthengiswa kwamashishini abucala, bayeke ukuguquguquka kwezemisebenzi, banyuse imivuzo kwaye baphucule iimeko zokusebenza namhlanje, kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba urhulumente kunye nongxowankulu ngoonobangela bezi zinto. ububi. Ngoko ke, kufuneka siqalise ukusebenzela ukuvuselela imizabalazo ekhoyo eMzantsi Afrika ibe ngumbutho onokuthi ube ngamandla achasene norhulumente nongxowankulu, kwaye ngokwenza oko kufuneka siyiguqule kancinci kancinci imizabalazo ukusuka ekukhuseleni kwendalo ukuya ekuhlaseleni. Ngoko ke, kufuneka sisebenzise umlo wohlaziyo namhlanje ukuze siqalise ukwakha kwinguqu yentlalo. Inguqu kwezentlalo, nangona kunjalo, ayithethi ukuba urhulumente enze amashishini abe phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente, njengoko uCosatu, amanye amajoni asekhohlo kunye nabanye abantu besizwe becele oko eMzantsi Afrika. Kuthetha ukushenxisa urhulumente nobungxowankulu ngokupheleleyo – kuphela xa ezi nkqubo zicinezelayo nezixhaphazayo zingasekho apho abasebenzi namahlwempu anokuyifumana inkululeko. Ngaloo ndlela, kuphela xa abasebenzi kunye nabahluphekileyo benolawulo oluthe ngqo kuqoqosho, xa bonke ubutyebi buye bahlalisana, kwaye xa urhulumente uthatyathelwe indawo yimibutho yedemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo, ukuzilawula kunye nokuzilawula - njengemibutho yoluntu kunye neendibano zabasebenzi. /amabhunga – aya kuthi intswela-ngqesho nokungalingani kupheliswe umphelo. Ukubanga ukuba i-NGP iyahlukana ne-niyo-liberalism okanye ukubeka ithemba kurhulumente, nangona kunjalo, ayisisondezi kuluntu olunjalo okanye umzabalazo; endaweni yoko iyasiphazamisa kuyo, ayinikeli nto kwaye isikhokelela endleleni eya ndawo.
Nangona kulindeleke ukuba kuthotyelwe, nangona kunjalo, uqhanqalazo kwiindawo zabasebenzi luyasasazeka. Abantu bakruqukile kukungaqeshwa, ukuba nezindlu ezingekho mgangathweni, ukuthotywa isidima nokucinywa kwamanzi nombane. Enyanisweni, umntu ngamnye uMzantsi Afrika unelona zinga liphezulu loqhanqalazo ehlabathini[iv]. Kukulo mxholo wokukhula kwezenzo ezithe ngqo zoluntu, nokuba zisengalungelelaniswanga ubukhulu becala, apho urhulumente uye wakubona kuyimfuneko, ubuncinci kwinqanaba lokuthetha, ukubhengeza iinjongo zakhe zokukhokela umlo ochasene nentswela-ngqesho kunye nokunciphisa ukungalingani. Ukwenza oko kutyhilwe isakhelo esitsha sezoqoqosho, Indlela eNtsha yokuHluma (NGP), ekupheleni kuka-2010 ngenjongo ebhengeziweyo yokudala imisebenzi ezizigidi ezi-5 ngo-2020.[v].
Phakathi kwamagosa karhulumente athile kunye nabezopolitiko, kuqukwa phakathi kwamahlakani e-ANC – uMbutho wamaKomanisi oMzantsi Afrika (SACP) – i-NGP ibonakaliswe njengotshintsho olukhulu. Enyanisweni, ibonakaliswe njengekhadi lephondo likarhulumente eliya kubeka ilizwe endleleni eya kukulingana okukhulu kunye nomsebenzi ogcweleyo kwixesha elide.[vi]. Nkqu noSekela Nobhala Jikelele we-SACP uye wancoma i-NGP njengekhefu kwi-neo-liberalism kunye "nesiseko sentengiso"[vii], utshintsho oluqinisekileyo ukusuka kwi Umgaqo-nkqubo woHlumo, iNgqesho kunye noKwabiwa ngokutsha (Izixhobo). Ngelishwa, njengoko kuya kuxoxwa kwisiqingatha sokuqala sephepha kumbono we-anarchist, onke la mabango anqwenela ukucinga okanye ukugqwetha okucacileyo. Neo-liberalism - ngendlela yemfazwe yodidi evela phezulu - iyaphila kwaye ilungile eMzantsi Afrika. Ngolo hlobo, kuya kuxoxwa ukuba i-NGP yakhela phezu kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yangaphambili ekhokelwa yi-ANC ehlasele abasebenzi kunye nabahluphekileyo; ngelixa uqhubela phambili iimfuno zodidi olulawulayo kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhula kweqela elimnyama ngaphakathi.
I-anarchist critique ebonelelwa kweli phepha, nangona kunjalo, ayisosigxeko sokuqala se-NGP. Abanye abantu abashiyekileyo abahlukeneyo kunye nemibutho, esebenzisa umxube we-Marx kunye neKeynes, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo baye bagxeka i-NGP (yintoni eyenza eli phepha lahluke nangona sisikhokelo se-anarchist, esikhokelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo). Ngenxa yenkqubo-sikhokelo yethiyori, iingcebiso ezithe zaphuma kwezi zigxeko zidlulileyo zibize indima enkulu kurhulumente kuqoqosho. Umzekelo, iNkongolo yeMibutho yaBasebenzi yaseMzantsi Afrika (i-Cosatu) imemelele ukuba urhulumente afake kuzwelonke amashishini abalulekileyo kwaye azimanya ngokuqinileyo nabasebenzi ukuze kulungiswe ukungalingani kunye nentswela-ngqesho. Kwisiqingatha sesibini seli phepha, kuya kuxoxwa ukuba ezinye iindlela ezicetyiswayo ezinjalo ziphosakele kumbono weklasi. Oku kubangelwa yinyani yokuba nangona kumenywa ukuba kubekho uqoqosho ‘oluxubeneyo’, iindlela ezizezinye ezicetywa nguCosatu ziye zasilela ukukhawulelana neengcambu ezingunobangela wentswela-ngqesho nokungalingani: ulawulo lwemigangatho, ubungxowankulu kunye noongxowankulu. Lumente Iinkqubo.
Ngaba i-NGP imele nantoni na entsha?
Ngelixa i-NGP inokuthi eyona njongo iphambili kukunciphisa intswela-ngqesho nokulwa ukungalingani, ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo, kucacile ukuba ubukhulu becala kukuqhubekeka kweniyo-liberalism. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngelixa urhulumente okhokelwa yi-ANC uye waba nobuchule ekuthinteleni uninzi lolwimi olunxulunyaniswa neo-liberalism - njengoshishino lwabucala - isakhelo se-neo-liberal se-NGP kwinqanaba loqoqosho olukhulu sicacile. Ngenxa yoko, i-NGP imisela ukuba urhulumente uya kukhokelwa “ngumgaqo-nkqubo wemali ongqongqo ngakumbi oxhaswa ngamanyathelo oqoqosho olukhulu ukuqulatha uxinzelelo lokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokukhuthaza ukhuphiswano”[viii]. Oku, kude nokumela ikhefu, kuphindaphinda izinto eziphambili zeGear kwinqanaba le-macro-economic. Ngoko ke, oku kuguqulela kwimeko apho ngokwenyani, kunye nekamva elibonakalayo, inkcitho karhulumente iya kuncitshiswa. Ngelixa ukukhula koqoqosho kubonwa njenge-4% ngonyaka kwi-NGP, kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kuphezulu kancinci, inkcitho karhulumente iza konyuka nge-2% kuphela ngonyaka.[ix]. Ngokuvuma kwakhe, ke ngoko, konke urhulumente anenjongo yokukwenza kukusebenzisa oovimba bakhe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ujolise kwinkcitho yakhe kutyalo-mali oluya kuzisa ukukhula koqoqosho - kwaye ngokwentetho yakhe, imisebenzi emitsha ehamba kunye. Kunokuba ikhuphe iinkonzo kubantu abahluphekayo, ke ngoko, eyona njongo ye-NGP kukuvumela uqoqosho longxowankulu olusebenzayo kwaye ifuna ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo ezinzima ukuze kwenziwe oko.[X]. Ke ngoko, ngokoqoqosho olukhulu i-NGP ayisiyondlela intsha okanye ikhefu elisisiseko kwiGear.
Asikho kwinqanaba lomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali othintelayo kuphela apho i-NGP iyasilela ukwaphula imigaqo engundoqo ye-Gear. Njengabanduleli bayo – iGear kunye nePhulo lokuHluma okuKhawulezileyo noKwabelwana ngalo loMzantsi Afrika (i-Asgisa) – i-NGP ibona uqoqosho olujolise kumazwe angaphandle, ukwanda kokhuphiswano, utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo kumazwe angaphandle, ukwanda kwemveliso, ukunqandwa kwemivuzo, ukucuthwa kweendleko zamashishini kunye nohlumo loqoqosho njengoku. undoqo wokudala imisebenzi[xi]. Oku ubukhulu becala yikopi yekhabhoni yezinto eziphambili zeGear. Enyanisweni, i-NGP ikhuthaza uluvo lokuba imivuzo kufuneka ibekelwe bucala kwaye izivumelwano zemveliso ziphunyezwe ngokubanzi. Kambe ke, izivumelwano zemveliso zenza ukonyuswa kwemivuzo kuxhomekeke ekwandeni kwemveliso; banciphisa amandla abasebenzi okulawula isantya somsebenzi; kwaye ikhokelele ekuxhatshazweni okukhulu kwabasebenzi[xii]. I-NGP, ke ngoko, iqulethe izinto zakudala ze-neo-liberal kunye nemilinganiselo yokuchasana nokusebenza. Icacisa kakuhle kwintshayelelo yayo indlela abasebenzi kunye namahlwempu eMzantsi Afrika abathe babandezeleka ngayo, kodwa ithi ke ibize ukuxhatshazwa okukhulu kwabasebenzi kunye namahlwempu njengenyathelo lokoyisa ngokumangalisayo oku kubandezeleka.
Ngelixa i-NGP ikhala kakhulu malunga neenjongo zayo ezibhengeziweyo zokudala imisebenzi kunye nokunciphisa ukungalingani, okushiyiweyo koxwebhu lwe-NGP, ngeendlela ezininzi, kuxela ngakumbi. Ubume beneo-liberal eMzantsi Afrika asiyonto intsha; ibekwe ngokucwangcisiweyo kwisithuba seminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Imiba yeniyo-liberalism yaqala yanyanzeliswa ngobundlobongela nguP.W. Ulawulo lukaBotha ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Kwakungoo-1980 apho iphulo lokurhweba kunye nokuthengisa iinkonzo zabucala kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente laqala laqala – ngelo xesha abona baxhamli baphambili yayingabantu abamhlophe ababenxulumene norhulumente wocalucalulo. Ngokunjalo, kwakungeli xesha apho umgaqo-nkqubo wolwakhiwo lwezindlu kwiilokishi zeneo-liberal waqala waphunyezwa kwaye iithaveni zikamasipala kunye neeholo zoluntu zabucala. Oku kwenziwa kwimeko yomkhosi omkhulu wabasebenzi abantsundu kwaye kwakujoliswe ekukhuthazeni intembeko kwingcinga yepropathi yabucala phakathi kwabahlali basezilokishini zabantsundu ukuze kuliwe nalo mkhosi. Xa kudityaniswa noku, injongo yokuqhubela phambili ukukhula kodidi losomashishini abamnyama – ngokuthengisa iithaveni zikamasipala ezilokishini kunye nokukhuthaza ishishini leeteksi zabucala. Urhulumente ubenethemba lokuba xa enokukhuthaza ukukhula kosomashishini abantsundu, unokuzilungelelanisa nolawulo kunye nobungxowankulu kunye nezikhwelo ezicacileyo zobusoshiyali.[xiii].
Xa i-ANC ingena kulawulo lombuso ngo-1994, yaqhubeka kwaye yenze nzulu neo-liberalism. Ngokwemvelo, amagosa aphezulu e-ANC akwenza oku ngeenjongo zawo (okuninzi kuya kuxoxwa ngezantsi). Phantsi kolawulo lwe-ANC, ngoko ke, imirhumo yorhwebo yacuthwa; ukukhululwa kwezemali kuqinisiwe; ukuba bhetyebhetye kwezabasebenzi kukhuthaziwe, ukwenziwa kwamashishini abucala kwandisiwe, kunye noshishino lwamaqumrhu karhulumente lwakhawulezisa lwaza lwandiswa. Kwiinyanga zokuqala zolawulo lwe-ANC, umgaqo-nkqubo we-neo-liberal wezindlu ka-PW Botha waphinda wavuselelwa ngumphathiswa omtsha wezindlu kunye ne-SACP enzima, uJoe Slovo.[xiv]. Ngenene, i-ANC yasebenzisa iziqinisekiso zayo ‘zenkululeko’ ukutyhalela phambili kumanyathelo e-neo-liberal awathi urhulumente wocalu-calulo, ngenxa yenkcaso yabantu, awuzange ube nako.
Phantse kumashumi amabini eminyaka, urhulumente okhokelwa yi-ANC yakhela phezu kwale migaqo-nkqubo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba uqoqosho nobomi bentlalo buye batshintshwa kakhulu yiniyo-liberalism. Iziphumo zale migaqo-nkqubo zibe buhlungu kakhulu kubasebenzi nakubantu abahluphekayo. Ukususela ngowe-1994, abantu abazizigidi ezili-10 baye bacinywa amanzi okanye umbane; Abantu abazizigidi ezi-5 bakhutshiwe kumakhaya abo; izigidi zabantu ziphulukene nemisebenzi ngenxa yempembelelo yokuthengiswa kwamashishini abucala okanye ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwabasebenzi; kwaye ukusilela kwezindlu kuye kwanda kakhulu[xv]. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona abantu babenethemba elikhulu kuluntu lwasemva kocalucalulo, kwaye benombono woluntu olulinganayo ngakumbi, ukuqhubeka kokuzinziswa kweniyo-liberalism kukhokelele kwiimeko ezimandundu kubasebenzi abantsundu (abathe ngenxa yocalucalulo babesele benento encinane kakhulu) , ngoxa abebala, amaIndiya nabamhlophe nabo baye batshona kubuhlwempu. Ngokunjalo, ubuni beniyo-liberalism bukwabonakalisile, ngabasetyhini ngokungafanelekanga abathwele uxanduva lohlengahlengiso kunye noshishino lwabucala.[xvi]. Ke ngeli lixa abantu abantsundu, bephuma kurhulumente, baye bazimanya nabamhlophe kudidi olulawulayo ngokuwa kocalucalulo, kuncinci okutshintshileyo kuninzi lwabantu: abasebenzi abamnyama banokuthi baphumelele ivoti, kodwa ngaphaya koko kutshintshile. kwaye abantu phakathi kwabasebenzi baye batshona nzulu kubuhlwempu. Inyani yeyokuba i-NGP iyasilela ukujongana noku ngokukuko kwaye ayinxulumanisi intlupheko eyendeleyo kwiniyo-liberalism. I-NGP, ke ngoko, ayilokhefu kwiniyo-liberalism, njengoko ibango yi-SACP, kodwa ithatha uhlengahlengiso lweniyo-liberal loqoqosho lwaseMzantsi Afrika kunye noluntu njengento enikiweyo.
Kutheni le nto iSACP ijonga iNGP njengekhefu kwiniyo-liberalism?
Mhlawumbi eyona mpazamo ingundoqo eyenziwa yi-SACP, xa ijonga i-NGP njengekhefu ne-Gear, kukuba baye babona naluphi na uhlobo longenelelo lukarhulumente kuqoqosho njengenguquko kwi-neo-liberalism. Ngenxa yoko, i-SACP ibona i-NGP njengekhefu kwi-neo-liberalism ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba urhulumente uye wazenza zacaca iinjongo zakhe zokuqhubeka notyalo-mali lwakhe kwiziseko ezingundoqo, nokusebenzisa amaqumrhu karhulumente ukuzama ukuvuselela ukukhula, njengoko kwachazwa okokuqala e-Asgisa.[xvii]. Nangona kunjalo, ubuninzi beziseko ezingundoqo urhulumente ajonge ukutyala imali kuzo zijolise ekukhuthazeni ukusebenza kakuhle koqoqosho longxowankulu. Oku kujikeleza ikakhulu ekuphuculweni kweziseko ezingundoqo ezinxulumene nothutho lwempahla kunye nokwandisa unikezelo lwamandla ngokutyala imali kubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza kunye namandla enyukliya.[xviii]. Abona baxhamli baphambili koku, ngokuqinisekileyo, iya kuba ngamaqumrhu. Njengoko kubonisiwe ngoo-anarchist boMzantsi Afrika, ungenelelo lombuso, kunye nokwandiswa nokugcinwa kweziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo, kukodwa akubonisi ukukhululeka kwiniyo-liberalism.[xix].
Ingqiqo ephosakeleyo ye-SACP, nangona kunjalo, imele nje into eqhelekileyo phakathi kwabaninzi abasekhohlo. Kusoloko kukho impazamo yokucinga ukuba iniyo-liberalism ilingana nokuncitshiswa kwamandla ombuso, kwaye phantsi kweniyo-liberalism urhulumente uyarhoxa kuqoqosho. Ayikho enye into eyogqitha inyaniso. Neo-liberalism yavela njengempendulo yamazwe ekuwohlokeni koqoqosho lwehlabathi - kuquka noMzantsi Afrika - okwaqala ukuqhambuka ngeminyaka yoo-1970.[xx]. Ngokubhekiselele koku, i-neo-liberalism imele imfazwe yodidi ukusuka phezulu ukubuyisela amazinga okukhula kunye nokunyusa ingeniso kumanqanaba angaphambi ko-1970. Neo-liberalism, ke ngoko, ibandakanya urhulumente ukulwa nabasebenzi kunye nabahluphekayo ngokukhuthaza ushishino lwabucala, ukuba bhetyebhetye kwabasebenzi, uthintelo lwemivuzo kunye nokucuthwa kweenkonzo kubasebenzi. Ngelixa oku kusenziwa kubasebenzi nabahluphekileyo, njengenxalenye yeniyo-liberalism urhulumente ukwangenelela ukuze kuxhamle abo balawulayo ngokuthi phakathi kwezinye izinto bakhuphe ibheyile, ukucuthwa kwerhafu kwizityebi, kuvulwe amathuba amatsha otyalo-mali kumaqumrhu, ukunikezelwa kwemisebenzi, ukubonelela. imali ephantsi kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso kumashishini athile angundoqo. Ngaphaya koko, i-neoliberalism ikhuthaza a Melele urhulumente onokugcina “indawo yokudlala” kwicandelo labucala kwaye anyanzelise ngokusebenzayo nangokusebenzayo amalungelo epropathi yabucala. Kungoko phantsi kweniyo-liberalism amazwe nawo ayandisile imisebenzi yawo yengcinezelo, efana nobupolisa kunye nendibano yobuntlola, ukuzama ukubethelela uqhanqalazo oluhlala lukhapha uhlaselo lwabasebenzi kunye namahlwempu.[xxi]. Injongo yawo onke la manyathelo, ke ngoko, ayikokunciphisa amandla karhulumente, kodwa kukusebenzisa amandla karhulumente ukunyusa ingeniso nobutyebi bamaqela alawulayo, ngeli lixa ikwaqinisekisa ukuzinza kwayo ngokunciphisa iindleko zokubonelela ngeenkonzo kurhulumente. ihlwempu[xxii]. Ngokwenene, amagosa karhulumente, ukuze akhusele izikhundla zawo kudidi olulawulayo, anqwenela uqoqosho oluluqilima – kwaye kwimeko yangoku atyhala i-niyo-liberalism ukuzama ukuqinisekisa oku. Koku, izilangazelelo zabo zidibana nenye inxalenye yodidi olulawulayo, ongxowankulu.
EMzantsi Afrika, ke ngoko, ngelixa uhlasela abasebenzi kunye nabahluphekileyo, urhulumente weniyo-liberal waseMzantsi Afrika uthe gqolo uzama ukunceda amaqumrhu ekubuyiseleni nasekukhuliseni ukukhula. Oku kuye kwabandakanya urhulumente esebenzisa ubutyebi bakhe ukubonelela ngeenkonzo kumaqumrhu ngexabiso elingaphantsi kwaye, xa kuyimfuneko, uye wakhupha ibheyile kwiinkampani.[xxiii]. Ngoko ke, amazwe - nokuba aseMzantsi Afrika okanye kumazwe ngamazwe - ayaqhubeka ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho (eMzantsi Afrika inkcitho karhulumente isengaphezulu kwe-30% ye-GDP.[xxiv]). Nangona amanye amazwe (kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo ayingawo onke) enokuyivala inkcitho yawo, into abayichithayo nayo ijolise ekuncedeni abo balawulayo. Ngokunjalo, i-neo-liberalism, eMzantsi Afrika nakwihlabathi jikelele, ibandakanye urhulumente esebenzisa amandla akhe amakhulu kunye nemithombo yobutyebi ukutshintsha ulungelelwaniso lwemikhosi ngokuqhubekayo ukuya kudidi olulawulayo. Njengoko iniyo-liberalism yimfazwe yodidi evela phezulu, into yokuba urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika uzimisele ukuchitha imali kwiiprojekthi eziya kuvuselela ukukhula zize ekugqibeleni zixhamle abo balawulayo, ngoko ke, asikokwaphula neo-liberalism; kunokuba yinxalenye ephambili kuyo.
I-SACP ikwaqhwabele izandla into yokuba i-NGP iphakamisa ukuba urhulumente makangenelele ukwandisa ukuxhotyiswa kwabantsundu kwezoqoqosho (BEE). Enyanisweni, nangona kunjalo, oku kukuqhubekeka nje kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yangaphambili kwaye inika okuncinci kakhulu kubasebenzi abamnyama. I-NGP ikubeka kucace ukuba ungenelelo olucetywayo lujolise ekuxhamleni amashishini aphantsi kolawulo lwabantsundu. Ukukhuthaza i-BEE, ke ngoko, i-NGP indulula ukuba urhulumente andise ukuthenga kwakhe, ngokweemveliso kunye neenkonzo (eziza kubandakanya ukuthengiselwa ngaphandle), koosomashishini abamnyama.[xxv]. Ukongeza koku, yenza izindululo zokusekwa kwe-arhente enye yenkxaso-mali ukunceda amashishini aphakathi namancinane ukuba afumane ukufikelela lula kwityala.[xxvi]. Kwakhona oku akuyonto intsha. U-Asgisa wayikhuthaza ngamandla iBEE, kwaye wayibophelela – phakathi kwezinye izinto – ukukhuthazwa kwamashishini aphakathi namancinane.[xxvii]. Ngokunjalo, xa i-ANC ithatha amagunya ombuso, kwimeko apho iniyo-liberalism yayinobugocigoci kumazwe ngamazwe, yazama ukusebenzisa iniyo-liberalism ukukhuthaza ukuvela kweqela elimnyama. Oku kwenziwa ngokuthengiselwa abantu babucala kunye nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo zangaphandle. Nangona iBEE ngokwayo ingakumeli umgaqo-nkqubo weneo-liberal; neo-liberalism ke ngoko yasetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokukhuthaza iBEE. I-ANC iphinde yasebenzisa urhulumente ngqo ukuqhubela phambili uphuhliso lwabantu abamnyama ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi karhulumente ehlawulwa kakuhle kumalungu aphezulu kunye nokuboleka imali kumashishini kuxhomekeke kwisikhalazo seBEE. Enyanisweni, i-ajenda ye-ANC yobuzwe ibisoloko ikukuzama ukukhuthaza ukuphuhla kodidi oluphezulu lwabantu abamnyama nabamnyama ‘abakumgangatho ophakathi’. Kuninzi lwembali yayo, iinkokeli ze-ANC bezinombono wokwenza oko ngokubeka amashishini abalulekileyo kuzwelonke phantsi kwesikhokelo songxowankulu.[xxviii]; ngeminyaka yoo-1990, nangona kunjalo, ushishino lwabucala, izikimu zolingano, imali karhulumente kunye nonikezelo lwangaphandle lwabonwa njengento engundoqo.[xxix]. Nangona kunjalo, njengenxalenye yokuzinikela kwayo ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwabantu abamnyama abaphezulu, ukuba nokwenzeka kwamagosa karhulumente agxile kwi-ANC (ayinxalenye ecacileyo yodidi olulawulayo) ukwenza amashishini aphambili kuzwelonke kwixa elizayo ukuze aqhubele phambili ukuxhasa aba baphezulu akufanelekanga. zikhutshelwe ngaphandle ngokupheleleyo, nangona i-ANC izibophelele ngoku kwiniyo-liberalism.
Ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwaba bantu bantsundu, abasebenzi kunye namahlwempu, uninzi lwabo olumnyama, nangona kunjalo, baye baxhatshazwa kwaye baya kuqhubeka bexhatshazwa ngokungenalusini kwaye becinezelwa. Inene, ubutyebi bodidi oluphezulu eMzantsi Afrika – abamhlophe nabantsundu – buxhomekeke ekuxhatshazweni kwabasebenzi kunye nengcinezelo eqhubekayo yabasebenzi abamnyama. Ngoko ke, isindululo se-NGP sokuqhubela phambili ukukhula kwabantu abamnyama abakumgangatho ophezulu kunye noosomashishini, ngokwembono yodidi, sibonelela kancinci kakhulu kubasebenzi abantsundu kunye namahlwempu, kunye nabasebenzi bazo zonke iintlanga ngokubanzi. I-SACP, ngenxa yokuzinikela kwayo kwinkcazo-bungcali enamanqanaba amabini enguquko, iyasilela ukujongana noku – singasathethi ke ngokuyivuma ngokuphandle. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokumalunga nokukhuthazwa kwe-NGP ye-BEE, kuncinci kakhulu okutsha kuquka i-rhetoric yokuba kufuneka 'isekelwe ngokubanzi'.
Kukwalapha kulo mxholo wokuzama ukwandisa abantu abamnyama abakumgangatho ophezulu kunye ‘nabakumgangatho ophakathi’ apho isiphakamiso seNGP sokudala inkampani yemigodi karhulumente, mhlawumbi nebhanki, kufuneka sijongwe. Ezi zindululo nazo zinconyiwe yiSACP, ezibona zisisiseko ekunokuthi kwakhiwe kuso isoshiyali xa sele kugqitywe isigaba seNational Democratic ‘revolution’.[xxx]. Xa inkampani yemigodi karhulumente, yayixoxa kwi-NGP yaza yanconywa kakhulu yi-SACP, 'yasungulwa' ngoMeyi 2011, nangona kunjalo, ibandakanya ukwandisa kunye nokuthengisa ngakumbi iqumrhu elikhoyo likarhulumente, i-African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation (i-African Exploration Mining and Finance Corporation) AEMFC). Eyona njongo ingundoqo ye-AEMFC kukwemba izimbiwa ezibonwa njengezobuchule bokukhula koqoqosho loMzantsi Afrika. Enyanisweni, i-AEMFC iza kubandakanyeka kakhulu emigodini yamalahle ukuze ibonelele umvelisi wamandla karhulumente u-ESKOM (obonelela ngombane ngexabiso elingaphantsi kwezona nkampani zinkulu eMzantsi Afrika) ngamalahle. Njengenxalenye yokwandisa i-AEMFC, iinkampani zabucala ezineziqinisekiso zeBEE ziya kufumana iikhontrakthi zokwakhiwa kwemigodi yamalahle.[xxxi]. Ngokunjalo, ukwanda kwenkampani yezemigodi karhulumente kuhambelana kakuhle nokuzinikela kukarhulumente kwiBEE kunye nenjongo yayo yokuqinisekisa ukukhula kongxowankulu. Kukwacacile nokuba inkampani yemigodi karhulumente ngokwayo iza kuqhutywa ngoongxowankulu kwaye mhlawumbi akuyongozi eyona manyano yabasebenzi-mgodini yatshitshiswa ngabom ekusungulweni kowona mgodi wamalahle omtsha we-AEMFC.[xxxii].
Ngokubanga ukuba iinjongo zayo kukuphelisa ukungalingani kunye nentswela-ngqesho, nangona kunjalo, i-NGP izama ukufihla iinjongo zayo zokwenyani kunye nokufihla ubume bokwenyani bombuso. Xa bephantsi koxinzelelo, okanye ukugcina imeko injalo, amazwe aya kuthi rhoqo ukuba angabakhonzi bamahlwempu nabasebenzi; ngelixa eneneni eququzelela ukuxhatshazwa kunye nengcinezelo yabo. Yiyo le nto eyakhokelela umvukeli womzabalazo uErrico Malatesta ukuba athethe ngelithi urhulumente: “awunakuzigcina ixesha elide ngaphandle kokubufihla ubume bawo benyaniso emva kokuhanahanisa ukuba luncedo ngokubanzi; ayinako ukunyanzelisa intlonelo ngobomi babantu abanelungelo ukuba ayibonakali ifuna ukuhlonelwa kobomi bomntu, ayinakunyanzelisa ukwamkelwa kwamalungelo abantu abambalwa ukuba ayizenzi ngathi ingumlondolozi wamalungelo abo bonke”[xxxiii]. Nge-NGP, kunye namanye amaxwebhu, ngoko ke urhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika uhlasela abasebenzi kunye nabahluphekileyo ngelixa ubanga ukuba ungumkhuseli wabo. Ngokunjalo, enye yeenjongo zalo eziphambili kukuyeka abantu ukuba bachonge ilizwe laseMzantsi Afrika ukuba liyintoni na: sisixhobo sokuxhaphaza nengcinezelo. Ngolu hanahaniso ilizwe laseMzantsi Afrika alahlukanga kulo naliphi na elinye ilizwe kwaye, ngenxa yoko, libazi kakuhle ubugcisa bezopolitiko: ukuxoka nokukhohlisa.
Isisombululo esivela kuMarx? okanye nguKeynes lowo?
Nangona iSACP inetha indumiso kwiNGP; eminye imibutho eshiyekileyo ibigxeka kakhulu. Nangona bekumanyene ne-ANC kunye ‘nokubeka’ amagosa kurhulumente, owona mbutho mkhulu wemibutho yabasebenzi elizweni, iCongress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu), uyichaze ngokufanelekileyo iNGP njengeneo-liberal. Ukuchasa le neo-liberalism iphakamise ukuba urhulumente kufuneka adlale indima enkulu kuqoqosho kwaye ahambelane ngokuqinileyo nabasebenzi kunye namahlwempu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto iye yaxoxa into yokuba indlela entsha yohlumo kufuneka, ke ngoko, isekelwe kurhulumente ekwandiseni ingqesho yakhe ngqo yabantu, urhulumente akhuphe iinkonzo zentlalontle, urhulumente athathele ingqalelo ulwabiwo lomhlaba, urhulumente aqinisekise urhwebo olunobulungisa kunye nesitshixo sikarhulumente sokwenza ilizwe libe phantsi korhulumente. amashishini. Ikholelwa ukuba ngokwenza oku, nangokutyekela kubasebenzi, urhulumente angadlala indima ephambili ekujonganeni nasekubuyiseleni umva ukungalingani komgangatho, uhlanga nesini eMzantsi Afrika. Ngokunjalo, ithi urhulumente makangenelele ukunciphisa ezona ziphumo zibi zobukapitali[xxxiv].
Nangona ukugxeka kwayo iNGP kuvakala kakhulu, ngokweendlela ezizezinye ezicetyiswayo, uCosatu iwela kwimigibe emininzi. Nangona uCosatu unomnqweno onyanisekileyo wokubona ubomi babasebenzi nabangathathi ntweni buphucuka, awufuni kwahlukana ngokupheleleyo nobungxowankulu. Ngokunjalo, iCosatu eneneni ifuna uqoqosho oluxubeneyo kwaye ekugqibeleni iindlela zayo ezicetyiswayo zilingana nekhwelo lorhulumente wentlalontle yohlobo lwaseKeynisenian. Koku, nangona kunjalo, i-Cosatu iyasilela ukuyilungisa ngokupheleleyo inyaniso yokuba naphantsi kongxowankulu baseKeynesian, apho urhulumente unobunini bamashishini athile abalulekileyo kunye neendima kwintlalontle enkulu, intswelo-ngqesho, ukungalingani kunye nokuxhaphaza abasebenzi.[xxxv]. Phantsi kwazo zonke iintlobo zobukapitali, nokuba ziniyo-liberalism okanye uhlobo olufunwa nguCosatu, ngabasebenzi abavelisa bonke ubutyebi, kwaye ludidi olulawulayo oluthimba ubuninzi babo ngenkqubo yemivuzo neerhafu. Okubi nangakumbi, kuba phantsi kwazo zonke iintlobo zongxowankulu iimpahla ziveliselwa inzuzo, kwaye azidingi mfuneko, abasebenzi abambalwa abaqeshwayo bangcono kongxowankulu: inyusa inzuzo yabo.[xxxvi]. Yiyo loo nto ukungalingani kunye nentswela-ngqesho ziyinxalenye yazo zonke iintlobo zongxowankulu. Iindlela ezizezinye ezicetyiswe nguCosatu azikuhoyi ngokupheleleyo oku, kwaye ezinye zazo - ukuba ziphunyeziwe - zingalingana nemeko apho kuya kubakho ukucocwa kweentanda ngokuqhubekayo; kwaye unobangela osisiseko wokungalingani nentswela-ngqesho, ubungxowankulu, buya kuhlala ungalungiswa. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kunokuba ngcono ukuhlala phantsi kwe-capitalism ye-Keynesian kune-neo-liberal, kodwa phantsi kwe-Keynesianism abasebenzi basaphangwa yiklasi elawulayo kwaye ukungalingani kusekho.
Mhlawumbi eyona ngxaki inkulu kuCosatu ecetyisiweyo, ngokwembono ye-anarchist, lukholo lwayo lokuba amazwe angazisa ukulingana okukhulu, ahlangabezane neemfuno zabasebenzi, kwaye abe ngakwicala labasebenzi. Onke amazwe, nokuba kukweziphi na iindidi, acinezela kwaye anobundlobongela. Ke ngoko, phantsi kwazo zonke iintetho malunga nokuba zizixhobo zabantu, amazwe abeka embindini kunye namaziko olawulo akhoyo ukuze anyanzelise imeko apho iqaqobana lilawula isininzi.[xxxvii]. Ulwakhiwo lwemigangatho yawo onke amazwe nawo ngokungenakuthintelwa lugxininisa amandla kwizandla zolawulo oluphezulu. Amazwe kunye nobukho be-elite, ke ngoko, ziyafana. Ke ngoko, urhulumente usebenzela abantu abancinci ababalaseleyo kwaye ngokwenkcazo kufuneka ibekwe kwindawo enye, kuba igcuntswana linokulawula kuphela xa amandla egxininiswe ezandleni zabo naxa izigqibo ezenziwa ngabo zihamba phantsi ngekhonkco lomyalelo. Ngokukodwa le nto ivumela abantu abambalwa abafuna ukulawula abantu (amagosa karhulumente akwizikhundla eziphezulu) kwaye baxhaphaze abantu (oongxowankulu) ukuze bafezekise iinjongo zabo.[xxxviii]. Ngoko ke, amazwe, kuqukwa norhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika, ekugqibeleni akanakuze asebenzele iimfuno zabasebenzi, okanye abe nomkhethe ngabasebenzi (njengoko iCosatu inethemba), kodwa asuke abe zizixhobo ezingundoqo zamagunya odidi olulawulayo. Njengoko u-Bakunin egxininise, urhulumente "ngoyena mntu ukhohlakeleyo, oyeyona nto igxekayo kunye neyona nto ipheleleyo yokuchasa uluntu ... ichitha umanyano lwamadoda nabasetyhini emhlabeni wonke, kwaye izisa abanye babo kumanyano kuphela ngenjongo yokutshabalalisa, beyisa kwaye bebakhonza bonke abanye”[xxxix]
Ingcinezelo kunye nokuxhaphaza abantu abaninzi kuya kwenzeka, kwaye kuya kwenzeka naphantsi kwenkqubo yepalamente. Oku kungenxa yokuba nakwinkqubo yepalamente bambalwa abantu abathatha izigqibo, bayalele abanye ukuba benze ntoni, kwaye banyanzelise le miyalelo ngorhulumente. UBakunin waphawula ukuba kungangcono ukuphila phantsi kwenkqubo yepalamente kunolawulo lobuzwilakhe olusulungekileyo, kodwa waphinda wachaza ukuba inkqubo yepalamente “yeyona ndlela iqinisekileyo yokumanyanisa phantsi kwengubo yenkululeko nobulungisa ulawulo olusisigxina lwabantu ngokuba iiklasi, nto leyo eyonakalisa inkululeko ethandwayo”[xl]. Ngenxa yoko, naphantsi kwenkqubo yepalamente, xa abantu bengayithobeli imiyalelo ephuma phezulu karhulumente okanye bengavumelani nayo, amandla karhulumente asetyenziselwa ukunyanzelisa kunye / okanye ukubohlwaya. Ngoko ke, urhulumente njengendlela esembindini yamandla odidi olulawulayo ikwabanga ukunyanzeliswa kwamandla asemthethweni phakathi kommandla ‘wawo’; kwaye iya kusebenzisa loo mandla xa ibona kuyimfuneko - kubandakanywa nabaqhankqalazi abaphakamisa imiba efana nokungabikho kwemisebenzi, ukungabikho kwezindlu, imivuzo ephantsi kunye nokungabikho kweenkonzo ezisisiseko. Amazwe, ke ngoko, achasene nenkululeko.
ISoviet Union yayingumzekelo obalaseleyo woku. Yayililizwe laseSoviet, phantsi kolawulo lobuzwilakhe lweQela lamaBolshevik, elathi ngogonyamelo latshabalalisa iphulo labasebenzi, amahlwempu namahlwempu enkululeko nobusoshiyali eRashiya. Oku kwenzeka kamsinya nje emva kweNguqu ka-Oktobha xa iimfuno zabasebenzi kunye nabalimi zaqala ukungqubana ngokuphandle nezo zabaphezulu kwiQela lamaBolshevik. Ukususela ngowe-1917, emva kokuba iiBolsheviks ziqinise ukubamba kwawo amandla ombuso, zasebenzisa urhulumente ukujongela phantsi ithemba ledemokhrasi ngqo phakathi kwelizwe. iiSoviet badale amapolisa afihlakeleyo amatsha okutyumza abavukeli, abasebenzi kunye nabalimi abafuna isoshiyali esingenammiselo; baphinda bafaka imigangatho yolawulo emkhosini; bayiphelisa ke inkululeko yokuthetha[xli]. Ngowe-1921 abo babechase iBolshevik negunya likarhulumente bada bathunyelwa nakwiinkampu zoxinaniso. Ngokunjalo, naphantsi kweLenin, urhulumente wabulala naliphi na ithemba lolawulo lwabasebenzi kuqoqosho. Kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa emva kokuba amaBolsheviks athabathe igunya likarhulumente, kwapheliswa ukuzilawula kwabasebenzi, uqhankqalazo lwapheliswa ngokufanelekileyo, kwanyanzeliswa umsebenzi wokulwa, kwanyanzeliswa ulawulo lomntu omnye, uTaylorism wamkelwa, kwaye ubudlelwane bemveliso obuchaza ubungxowankulu babhiyozelwa kwaye baqiniswa.[xlii]. Inyaniso yokuba urhulumente waseSoviet wenze ukuba uninzi lweefektri, ezazithinjwe kuqala ngabasebenzi koongxowankulu, ibe negalelo koku - yanika urhulumente waseSoviet amandla amakhulu awayewasebenzise ngokuchasene nabasebenzi. Ngapha koko, urhulumente waseSoviet akazange alamkele inyathelo elizimeleyo elivela kubasebenzi kwimizi-mveliso kwaye ulawulo lukarhulumente lubonakalise ukungahambelani nolawulo lwabasebenzi, idemokhrasi ethe ngqo kunye nesoshiyali yokwenene.[xliii]. Ngenene, ubunini bombuso abuzange buguqulelwe kunxibelelwano lwepropathi nobutyebi, abuzange bukhokelele esiphelweni sobukhapitali, abuzange bubhukuqe ubudlelwane bongxowankulu bemveliso, kwaye baluphanzisa ulawulo lwabasebenzi. Ke ngoko, eyona ngqiqweni yawo onke amazwe ibonakalise ukuba yi-centralist, authoritarian kunye ne-elitist. Yile nto ke ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kwaye iqwalaselwe phambi kokubeka ukholo kwizizwe, okanye ukukholelwa ukuba zinokuzisa ubulungisa nenkululeko kwabo bacinezelekileyo.
isiphelo
I-NGP kufuneka ibonwe ukuba iyini na: ilinge likarhulumente lokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle koqoqosho, ukugcina ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nokukhulisa ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwabantu abamnyama. Ukwenza oku, abasebenzi kunye namahlwempu eMzantsi Afrika kufuneka baxhatshazwe ngokungenalusini. I-NGP ngokwayo ikwenza kucace oku ngeekhwelo zayo zokunqanda imivuzo kunye nezivumelwano zemveliso. Kwinqanaba lokuthetha i-NGP inokuthi ifuna ukukhuthaza ingqesho kwaye ilwe ukungalingani, kodwa ngenxa yongxowankulu bayo kunye ne-statist orientation ayikwazi ukwenza oku kwaye kunokuba sisixhobo esiphuhliswe ludidi olulawulayo ukusebenzela iimfuno zodidi olulawulayo. Enyanisweni, udidi olulawulayo – olukwimo yongxowankulu kunye namagosa karhulumente akudidi oluphezulu – alunakuze lunikezele ngengqesho kumntu wonke nokulingana. Izikhundla zabo eziphezulu eluntwini zisekelwe kuphela ekuxhatshazweni nasekucinezelweni kwabasebenzi kunye namahlwempu. Ngenxa yoko, abasebenzi kunye nabahluphekileyo abanakuthembela kwiiklasi ezilawulayo okanye kumaxwebhu abo afana ne-NGP, okanye amazwe - athi ngenxa yendalo yawo ephakathi kunye ne-hierarchical akhonze kwaye avelise abalawuli - ukuzisa ukuphela kwentswela-ngqesho, ukungalingani, ingcinezelo kunye nokuxhatshazwa.
Ngelixa abasebenzi kufuneka bazibandakanye kwimizabalazo yokulwela imisebenzi, baphelise ukuthengiswa kwamashishini abucala, bayeke ukuguquguquka kwezemisebenzi, banyuse imivuzo kwaye baphucule iimeko zokusebenza namhlanje, kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba urhulumente kunye nongxowankulu ngoonobangela bezi zinto. ububi. Ngoko ke, kufuneka siqalise ukusebenzela ukuvuselela imizabalazo ekhoyo eMzantsi Afrika ibe ngumbutho onokuthi ube ngamandla achasene norhulumente nongxowankulu, kwaye ngokwenza oko kufuneka siyiguqule kancinci kancinci imizabalazo ukusuka ekukhuseleni kwendalo ukuya ekuhlaseleni. Ngoko ke, kufuneka sisebenzise umlo wohlaziyo namhlanje ukuze siqalise ukwakha kwinguqu yentlalo. Inguqu kwezentlalo, nangona kunjalo, ayithethi ukuba urhulumente enze amashishini abe phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente, njengoko uCosatu, amanye amajoni asekhohlo kunye nabanye abantu besizwe becele oko eMzantsi Afrika. Kuthetha ukushenxisa urhulumente nobungxowankulu ngokupheleleyo – kuphela xa ezi nkqubo zicinezelayo nezixhaphazayo zingasekho apho abasebenzi namahlwempu anokuyifumana inkululeko. Ngaloo ndlela, kuphela xa abasebenzi kunye nabahluphekileyo benolawulo oluthe ngqo kuqoqosho, xa bonke ubutyebi buye bahlalisana, kwaye xa urhulumente uthatyathelwe indawo yimibutho yedemokhrasi ngokuthe ngqo, ukuzilawula kunye nokuzilawula - njengemibutho yoluntu kunye neendibano zabasebenzi. /amabhunga – aya kuthi intswela-ngqesho nokungalingani kupheliswe umphelo. Ukubanga ukuba i-NGP iyahlukana ne-niyo-liberalism okanye ukubeka ithemba kurhulumente, nangona kunjalo, ayisisondezi kuluntu olunjalo okanye umzabalazo; endaweni yoko iyasiphazamisa kuyo, ayinikeli nto kwaye isikhokelela endleleni eya ndawo.
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