Amangcwaba abekwe kwindawo evulekileyo ecaleni kwendlela enemingxuma emazantsi ekupheleni kweMogadishu. Nganye yayincinane, mhlawumbi iimitha enye ubude yaye igqunywe sisigqumathelo esimbhoxo somhlaba obomvu, amanzi afefelwe ngaphezulu ukuze ihlale imile. Amanye ayekhuselwe kukukhuhla, amaqunube kunye namasebe amancinane emithi yomnga, ephuma emhlabeni, yaye ejikelezwe ngamatye amancinane. Akukho namnye ophawulwe ngamagama.
Kufuphi nomntwana wayebhabha ebhabha ikhayithi encinci, eyenziwe ngeplastiki ebomvu kunye namaqhekeza eentambo ezibotshelelwe kunye. Intloko yomntwana yayiyingqukuva egobileyo njengoko wayesihla ngesitrato elandela ibhegi evuthelwe esibhakabhakeni yimpepho. Ixhego, u-Ali, obegade amangcwaba ethutyana, uthi kukho inkitha yamangcwaba kule ndawo, abekwe phantsi komnga okanye angamaqela kwezinye iindawo ezicwengileyo. Yonke imihla kwavela ngakumbi: “Ngamangcwaba abantwana bonke. Uninzi lwabantwana bayafa apha. Zininzi, kodwa andizazi ukuba ziphi na.” Uthe unobangela wokusweleka kukungondleki okanye urhudo.
Umfi uphuma kwinkampu yethutyana ye-Badbaado (IDP) engaphaya kwendlela - ingqokelela yezindlu ezithe saa kodwa ezicutheneyo ezakhiwe ngamalaphu namaqhekeza e-tarpaulin - elikhaya kwiintsapho ezingama-5,000 ezigxothiweyo. Uninzi lwabantu ababekule nkampu babalekile ukusuka emazantsi nakumbindi weSomalia, besiya eMogadishu bekhangela ukutya namanzi, ngaphambi kokuba baphelele kwenye yeenkampu ezininzi kwikomkhulu. Abafikayo banokubonwa yonke imihla, behamba kancinci kwizitrato zaseMogadishu ezaphukileyo bengamaqela, okanye behleli kumabhodlo ezakhiwo ezinamathambo eziphazanyiswe lungquzulwano.
ISomalia iphakathi kwembalela enkulu elandela ukusilela kweemvula zeDeyr (zesibini) ukusuka ngo-Okthobha ukuya kuDisemba ka-2010, kunye neemvula ezilibazisekayo nezingaphantsi kwesiqhelo zaseGu (ezona ziphambili) ukusuka kulo Epreli ukuya kuJuni. Izityalo aziphumelelanga kwaye kwalahleka amanani abalulekileyo emfuyo.
Indlala iyanwenwa
NgokweBhanki yehlabathi (1), amaxabiso okutya eSomalia aye anyuka - kunye ne-staple cereal sorghum inyuka nge-180% kunye nombona ngo-107% kunyaka odlulileyo - ngelixa iindleko zepetroli zihlala ziguquguquka njengoko ukungazinzi kuMbindi Mpuma kuqhubeka. Ulawulo olugwenxa lwezoqoqosho lwangaphambili, urhwebo lwamalahle olwandayo olubangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukukhula okukhawulezileyo nokufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini, nokungakhuseleki kwezopolitiko konke oku kuye kwayenza mandundu le ngxaki (2).
Ngenxa yoko, ukungakhuseleki kokutya kukhubaza ilizwe: malunga ne-3.7 yezigidi zabantu baseSomalia bafuna uncedo - kwaye kwi-3.2 yezigidi zabo ngumcimbi wokusindisa ubomi. Amakhulu amawaka axoshiwe kwaye iZizwe eziManyeneyo zibhengeze indlala kwimimandla emihlanu yelizwe, kwaye indlala kulindeleke ukuba isasazeke kuwo wonke amazantsi kwiinyanga ezimbini ezizayo. Baqikelelwa ku-29,000 abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu abathe basweleka.
Emi ecaleni kwekhaya lakhe lethutyana kwinkampu yaseBadbaado, u-Abdughadr, umalusi wezilwanyana osuka kwingingqi ye-Lower Shabelle, uthe wayepakishe izinto ezimbalwa - imbiza, ezinye iimpahla - wahamba iveki ukuya eMogadishu, kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, abantwana nezalamane ezisondeleyo. Bamisa iintente zabo, baza balinda. Kodwa abazi ukuba kutheni: “Zonke izilwanyana zifile, akukho nanye isilwanyana. Abantu babesifa. Akukho nto ikhulile iminyaka emithathu. " U-Abdughadr wongeze wathi: “I-Al-Shabab ayikhange isivumele ukuba sihambe. Abavumi ukukhulula nabani na. Ndithe siya kwilali elandelayo siyokutya. Emva koko safika kule ndawo. "
Kodwa u-Abdughadr ubone ukuphucuka okuncinci oko wafikayo eMogadishu. Amaziko okutya amathandathu e-Badbaado aphantse aphelelwa zizibonelelo, malunga neentsuku ezintlanu ezishiyekileyo. I-NGO yasekuhlaleni, i-Humanitarian Initiative Just Relief Aid (HIJRA), isebenzele ukwakha iziseko zogutyulo kunye nokugrumba amaqula amanzi akhuselekileyo enkampini, kodwa isiqabu esikhulu asikafiki. Ngoko u-Abdughadr ujongene nesigqibo sokuba akhangele enye inkampu ye-IDP okanye ahlale apho azi khona ukuba kukho amanzi acocekileyo. Njengoko iinzame zoncedo zamazwe ngamazwe ziqokelelana ngokucothayo, uva amabali amaninzi afanayo kwizitrato zaseMogadishu; zithathwa ngokukhawuleza ngamajelo eendaba zamazwe ngamazwe kwaye zikhazimliswe kwihlabathi jikelele.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-2.48 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi iyafuneka ukunciphisa iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo zengxaki. Kodwa ngelixa ukutya kunye namayeza zifuneka ngamandla, iSomalia ubukhulu becala ayinazo iindlela zokusasaza uncedo, ngokutsho kwabahlalutyi. Kwaye kukho uloyiko olukhulayo lweziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinxulumene nokungena okukhulu koncedo. UWilliam Reno, unjingalwazi oncedisayo kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika kwiYunivesithi yaseNorthwestern University (US), ucinga ukuba ngoxa abantu bangaphandle bengenakukwazi ukurhoxa ngokupheleleyo eSomalia, bafanele badlale indima encinane: “Nanini na xa abantu bezizwe ngezizwe bebandakanyeka, kubakho zonke iintlobo zemiphumo egqwethekileyo, ngakumbi. xa uqala ukutofa isixa esikhulu semali kwaye ngakumbi xa kusetyenziswa amaqela ahlukeneyo ee-NGOs ezihlamba imali ngeendlela ezisasazayo. Eso sisimemo sokuqhekeka. ”
Amajoni aphinda avela
UReno, onamava abanzi kulo lonke elaseAfrika, wacaphula umzekelo woMzantsi Sudan njengebali lokulumkisa: “ESouth Sudan, iSPLA [iSudan Peoples’ Liberation Army], eyayiliqela labavukeli-mbuso lamaLeninist elalikumgangatho omhle, phakathi kwinkulungwane yenkulungwane yokuqala. bangene kwiingxaki ezinkulu kakhulu ukusukela ngo-2005 kuba abasakwazi ukulawula ukuhamba kobutyebi obuvela kubantu basemzini kwakhona. Kwaye ndicinga ukuba uyabona ngophuhliso lwemikhosi yephondo - kakuhle, ukuvela kwakhona kwabo - ukuba ii-NGOs zidlala indima kule nto. Kakade abazimiselanga oku. Kodwa, inxalenye yezixhobo ezitsalwa [ngamajoni] ivela kwiiNGO nakuncedo lukarhulumente.”
NgoAgasti The New York Times ingxelo yokuba uncedo loluntu luyabiwa eSomalia (3). Umbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi uPieter Desloovere, igosa lezonxibelelwano elizinze eNairobi, uthe imibutho yoncedo ijongene nemiceli mngeni emininzi eSomalia, ubukhulu becala malunga nokhuseleko, kwaye uluntu loncedo “lusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba uncedo luya apho lufuneka khona. Ukuphucula ulungelelwaniso kunye nokuhamba kolwazi phakathi kwee-arhente, kunye nokuqhubeka nokuzama ukuphembelela ubunkokeli bamaqela achasene nemibutho yoncedo zizinto eziphambili zesicwangciso sokwandisa ukufikelela. [Abemi baseSomalia] bahamba phambili kwezi nzame. "
Iinzame zoncedo ziye zenziwa nzima ngakumbi yimeko yokhuseleko yaseSomalia. Kwiiyure zakuqala ze-6 Agasti, umkhosi wamaSilamsi i-al-Shabab (uLutsha), warhoxa kwiindawo ezinkulu zase-Mogadishu, kulandela uhlaselo oluqhubekayo nguRhulumente weTransitional Federal (TFG) kunye namajoni ase-AMISOM ase-Uganda nase-Burundi. Izikhundla ezicwangcisiweyo ze-al-Shabab - imarike ye-Bakara, ibala lebhola lebhola kunye nenkonzo yezokhuselo - zonke zawela kwimikhosi ye-TFG-AMISOM kunye nemigqaliselo yengxabano yatshintsha. Ukusukela ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, kubonakala ngathi i-al-Shabab yaqhekeka yangamaqela ahlukeneyo: umsantsa osisiseko uyavela phakathi kwamaqela ayo (eSomalia) esizwe namazwe ngamazwe (4), ukudala ukungaqiniseki ngakumbi malunga nemeko yokhuseleko jikelele kwii-arhente zoncedo.
Ukuqhuba kwizikhundla zangaphambili ze-al-Shabab kubonisa ubundlobongela obubonelwe yiMogadishu. Yonke into iyadutyulwa kwaye iqhunyiswa ngamaqhekeza. Imithi inabela kwizakhiwo ezigutyungelwe kukungunda; ukhula, i-cactus, amatyholo kunye nemithi ziye zathatha isixeko. Iindlela ziyonakalisiwe kwaye abantu bahamba bediniwe kwizitrato ezinemingxuma, besoloko bejonge ii-IED kunye nezigcayiseli.
I-Al-Shabab yavela njengomkhosi onamandla emva kokugxothwa kweManyano yeeNkundla zamaSilamsi (UIC), ekupheleni kuka-2006 (5). I-UIC yathatha ulawulo lwaseMogadishu phakathi kwaloo nyaka, izisa uzinzo kunye nokhuseleko kwiindawo zaseSomalia ezazidlakazwe lungquzulwano lweziduko, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe yazuza inkxaso yoluntu ngokubanzi.
Ngokomhlalutyi wase-Ethiopia u-Medhane Tadesse, i-UIC yazalisa isithuba esidalwe kukuchas' umthetho ngelixa isenza imali kwiminyaka engama-20 yobuSilamsi kwi-Horn ye-Afrika. Ubhala athi: “Indlela uManyano lweeNkundla zamaSilamsi olwahlanganisa ngayo amandla alo yayiyinkqubo yokwenene yezobupolitika apho udidi lwamashishini eSomalia lwangena kwisivumelwano noosopolitiki ababalaseleyo (kule meko amaSilamsi), besenza isivumelwano sokuqala sezobupolitika kumazantsi. Somaliya. Kungaxoxwa ke ngoko ukuba ibiyinkqubo yezopolitiko yasekuhlaleni, ethembekileyo, esemthethweni nebalulekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwakukho [abadlali] abajolise ekuphuhliseni iiNkundla njengesithuthi sokudala i-Emirate yamaSilamsi, equka iindawo ezinkulu ezingaphandle kweSomalia. Amaqela agabadelayo ... aqweqwedise iNkundla yeenjongo zezopolitiko ngemiphumo eyintlekele” (6).
Ezi mpazamo zenza ukuba i-UIC ingamkeleki e-Ethiopia nase-United States. Kodwa i-Eritrea, iSudan kunye ne-Egypt zazixhasa intshukumo ngezizathu ze-geopolitical. Ekupheleni kukaDisemba ka-2006, esebenza njenge-proxy ye-US, i-Ethiopia yaqalisa ugwayimbo ngokuchasene nentshukumo kwaye yakhawuleza yoyisa.
I-Al-Shabab, iphiko lolutsha le-UIC - linikwe ngaphezu kwe-200 ukubulala ngeli nqanaba kwaye likhokelwa ngu-Sheikh Aden Hashi Ayro, owathi wafumana uqeqesho kwi-explosive and insurgency amaqhinga e-Afghanistan kwi-1990s - yavela njengamandla anamandla. Impixano eyalandelayo phakathi kwe-al-Shabab kunye ne-TFG ibonisa umdlalo obanzi we-geopolitical oqhubekayo kwi-Horn of Africa. Kwaye iziphumo zayo ziviwa ngabantu baseSomalia abaqhelekileyo.
‘Asinathemba’
UFatooma, oneminyaka engama-45, wayesandula ukufika eMogadishu emva kokunyuka esuka kumazantsi eSomalia. Uhleli kumda osentshona wemarike yaseBakara nosapho lwakhe kwaye wachaza ukuba abanamali. Basebenzise oko babenako ukuthenga indlela yokukhwela ilori, behamba umgama oyi-400km ngeentsuku ezimbini ukuya kufika eMogadishu. Ngoko umyeni wakhe nabantakwabo babeye kungqiba kumbindi wesithili saseMogadishu. “Asinathemba. Kwakuyintlekele. Zonke izilwanyana zafa. Abantwana bayalamba.”
Ngabantwana baseSomalia ngabona basemngciphekweni kakhulu, njengoko amangcwaba aseBadbaado ebonisa. Bangaphezu kwama-450,000 abondlekanga - kwaye i-190,000 yaba bathwaxwa kukungondleki okumandla kwaye basengozini yendlala (7). Urhudo oluqatha luxhaphakile, kwaye ama-75% eemeko zenzeka kwabangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu. I-Unicef kunye ne-WHO balumkise ngokuqhambuka kwekholera.
Kwisibhedlele saseMogadishu eBanadir, umnyango wekliniki yabantwana wawuzaliswe zizigulane. Ngokutsho kukaGqirha Luul Mohamed, intloko yesebe labantwana, izinga lokufa kwabantwana ngoku li-10%. Uthe banethemba lokuyinciphisa iye kwi-5%.
Ipaseji yayixinene ngabafazi kunye nabantwana abamalunga nama-50. Oomama babehleli phantsi bebambe abantwana abaqhagamshelwe kwidrip. Omnye umntwana wayegabha ulwelo olumhlophe. Amehlo akhe ayejikeleza njengoko evuza esilevini. Iimpukane zaduma ngokungapheziyo. Ibhinqa elibhityileyo kuloliwe elibizwa ngokuba nguAmira, elalinxibe ityali ebomvu, lathi nca usana lwakhe oluneenyanga ezili-19 ubudala esifubeni sakhe. Ebenxibe isikipa esityheli. Amehlo akhe ayethe ntsho ngapha nangapha njengoko iimpukane zisihla ebusweni nasezingalweni zakhe. “Akaphucuki,” utshilo u-Amira. “Bamnike izitofu zokugonya kunye namayeza. Uhanjiswa sisisu esibi.”
Kwelinye igumbi uFarhir (othetha ulonwabo) wayehleli namawele akhe amabini aneeveki ezisibhozo ubudala. Isisu sewele elinye sasidumbile kwaye kunzima ukulibamba. Wakhwaza. Kwibhedi elandelayo, umama wacoca urhudo kwimilenze yamathambo osana olumi ebhafini eluhlaza, lulila. Iimbambo zakhe zazityhilekile kwaye imilenze yakhe yayingcangcazela ngenxa yokuma.
Kwikona yelinye igumbi umama oselula wema phezu kwebhedi. Umzobo womntwana omncinci wawunokubonwa phantsi kwebhedi enemigca epinki kunye nengubo eblowu eneentyatyambo. Umama ebenxibe i niqab. Amehlo ayo omile yaye engenanto njengoko wayesithi: “Yintombazana.” Wathatha inyanda, ebhijela izigqumathelo ngokuqinileyo kumntwana ofileyo, waphuma ngokukhawuleza ewadini ekhangela apho anokumngcwaba khona.
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