Lo ngumbhalo ovela kwintetho enikwe ngoLwesibini, ngoJulayi 23, kwiziko leNkqubela yaseMelika eWashington.
Xa iPatriotic Act yagqityelwayo ukugunyaziswa, ndema kumgangatho weNdlu yeeNgwevu eUnited States ndaza ndathi, โNdifuna ukunikezela isilumkiso ngale njikalanga. Xa abantu baseMelika befumanisa ukuba urhulumente wabo uwutolike njani umthetho wePatriot Act, baya kothuka kwaye bazakuba nomsindo. โ
Ngokusuka kwisikhundla sam kwiSenate Intelligence Committee, ndandiyibonile imisebenzi karhulumente eyayiqhutywa phantsi kweSambulo soMthetho wokuPatriot Act endandisazi ukuba uza kumangalisa abantu abaninzi baseMerika. Ngelo xesha, i-Senate ilawula malunga nolwazi oluhleliweyo, yandithintela ekunikezeni naziphi na iinkcukacha zento endiyibonileyo ngaphandle kokuyichaza "njengomthetho oyimfihlo" - inkcazo eyimfihlo yePatriot Act, ekhutshwe yinkundla eyimfihlo, egunyazisa iinkqubo zokucupha ngokufihlakeleyo. ; iinkqubo endicinga ukuba mna nabalingane zihamba kude ngaphaya kwenjongo yommiselo.
Ukuba oko akwanelanga ukukunika unqumamo, ke qwalasela ukuba ibingekuphela nje ubukho kunye nokuthetheleleka okusemthethweni kwezi nkqubo zigcinwe ziyimfihlo ngokupheleleyo kubantu baseMelika, amagosa aphezulu kulo lonke urhulumente ebesenza iinkcazo eluntwini malunga nophononongo lwasekhaya ukuba zazilahlekisa ngokucacileyo yaye maxa wambi zazibubuxoki nje. USenator uMark Udall kunye nam sazama ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukufumana isebe elilawulayo ukuba lithe tye eluntwini, kodwa phantsi kwemithetho yokuhlela eqatshelwe yiSenethi asivumelekanga nokuba sifumane inyaniso kwikhowudi yeMorse kwaye sizame malunga nayo yonke enye into. sinokucinga ngokulumkisa abantu baseMelika. Kodwa njengoko benditshilo ngaphambili, ngenye indlela okanye enye, inyaniso ihlala iphumelela.
Izityhilelo zikaEdward Snowden
Kwinyanga ephelileyo, udizo olwenziwe yikontraka ye-NSA yatshisa ilizwe lokucupha. Amagatya aliqela omthetho oyimfihlo ayengaseyomfihlo kwaye abantu baseMelika ekugqibeleni bakwazi ukubona ezinye zezinto endiziphakamisayo malunga neminyaka. Kwaye xa benjenjalo, inkwenkwe yothuka, kwaye inkwenkwe, inomsindo.
Uyiva kumagumbi esidlo sasemini, kwiintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu nakumaziko abantu abadala. Uvoto lwamva nje, uvoto oluhlonitshwayo lukaQuinnipiac, lufumanise ukuba uninzi lwabantu luthe urhulumente uyagqwesa kwaye ugqwesa kakhulu kwinkululeko yabantu baseMelika. Lujingi olukhulu olusuka koko kwathethwa lolu phando lunye kwiminyaka nje embalwa edlulileyo, kwaye elo nani lisiya phezulu. Njengoko ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nokutshayela uphononongo lukarhulumente lwabantu baseMelika abasemthethweni lwenziwa esidlangalaleni kwaye abantu baseMelika banokuxoxa ngeempembelelo zalo, ndiyakholelwa ukuba abantu baseMelika abaninzi baya kuthetha. Baza kuthi, eMelika, akufuneki uhlawule enye into ephambili okanye enye: imithetho ingabhalwa ukukhusela zombini ubumfihlo kunye nokhuseleko, kwaye imithetho akufanele ibe yimfihlo.
Emva kwe-9/11, xa abantu baseMelika abangama-3,000 babulawa ngabanqolobi, kwabakho isivumelwano sokuba urhulumente wethu kufuneka athathe inyathelo eliqinisekileyo. Ngexesha lonxunguphalo oluqondakalayo, iCongress yanika urhulumente abasemagunyeni abatsha abacuphayo, kodwa yancamathisela umhla wokuphelelwa kwawo kwaba basemagunyeni ukuze kuxoxwe ngocoselelo lwakuba lugqithile unxunguphalo olukhawulezileyo. Ukanti kwishumi leminyaka ukusukela oko, loo mthetho uye wandiswa izihlandlo ezininzi kungekho ngxoxo yoluntu malunga nokuba utolikwe njani na umthetho. Isiphumo: Ukwenziwa kolwandiso oluhlala lusanda, uphononongo oluhlala kwindawo yonke loo yure neyure itshiphu ngaphandle kwenkululeko kunye nenkululeko eyamiselwa ngabaseki bethu, ngaphandle kwenzuzo yokusenza sikhuseleke ngakumbi.
Ke, namhlanje ndiza kunikezela ngesinye isilumkiso: Ukuba asiwuthabathi lo mzuzu ukhethekileyo kwimbali yethu yomgaqo-siseko ukuze sihlaziye imithetho nezenzo zethu zokucupha, sonke siyakuphila sizisola. Ndizakuthetha ngakumbi malunga neziphumo zokubekwa kweliso kwindawo yonke, kodwa njengoko umamele le ntetho, camngca ukuba uninzi lwethu lunekhompyuter epokothweni enokuthi isetyenziswe ukusilandela nokubeka iliso kuthi 24/7. Ukudityaniswa kobuxhakaxhaka obuqhubela phambili ngokuqhawuka kweetshekhi kunye neebhalansi ezinciphisa isenzo sikarhulumente kunokusikhokelela kwimeko yokucupha engenakuguqulwa.
Kwenzeke ntoni ukusukela nge9/11
Kweli nqanaba, intwana yembali inokuba luncedo. Ndaye ndajoyina iSenate Intelligence Committee ngoJanuwari 2001, kanye phambi ko-9/11. Njengoninzi lweeseneta ndivotele umthetho wePatriot Act, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba ndaqinisekiswa ukuba unomhla wokuphelelwa kwexesha oza kunyanzela iCongress ukuba ibuye kwaye ithathele ingqalelo la magunya ngocoselelo xa ingxaki yangoko idlulile. Njengoko ixesha lihamba, ngokokubona kwam kwiKomiti yezobuntlola kukho izinto ezibonakala ngathi zikude nangaphezulu kwiimbono zoobawo bethu bokuqala.
Oku kuqale kungekudala emva kwe-9/11, kunye nenkqubo yePentagon ebizwa ngokuba yiTotal Information Awareness, eyona nto yayiyinzame yokuphuhlisa inkqubo yogcino-lwazi lwasekhaya. Ndikhathazwa yile nzame, kunye nelogo yayo engathobeki ncam yeliso elibona konke kwindalo iphela, ndasebenza nenani leesenator ukuyivala. Ngelishwa, oku ibingekuko ukugqithisela kogcino lwasekhaya. Enyanisweni, inkqubo ye-NSA ye-warrantless wiretapping edumileyo yayisele iphezulu kwaye iqhuba ngelo xesha, nangona mna, kunye namalungu amaninzi eKomiti yeNgqondo abazange bafunde ngayo de kube yiminyaka embalwa kamva. Le yayiyinxalenye yepateni yokubamba ulwazi oluvela kwiCongress oluthe gqolo kulo lonke ulawulo lukaBush ndaye ndajoyina iKomiti yezoBuntlola ngo-2001, kodwa ndafunda malunga nenkqubo yocingo engenawaranti xa ufunda ngayo ENew York Times ngasekupheleni kwe2005.
Ulawulo lukaBush luchithe uninzi luka-2006 luzama ukukhusela inkqubo yocingo engenawaranti. Kwakhona, xa inyaniso yavela, yavelisa uxinzelelo loluntu kwaye abalawuli bakaBush babhengeza ukuba baya kubeka iliso kwiCongress kunye neNkundla yoBuntlola baNgaphandle, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkundla yeFISA. Ngelishwa, ngenxa yokuba izigwebo zenkundla ye-FISA ziyimfihlo, abantu abaninzi baseMelika bebengazi ukuba inkundla ibikulungele ukukhupha izigwebo ezibanzi ngendlela engakholelekiyo, evumela uphononongo olukhulu oluthe ekugqibeleni lwaba sematheni kwinyanga ephelileyo.
Ngoku ngumcimbi werekhodi yoluntu ukuba inkqubo yeerekhodi zeefowuni ezininzi zisebenza ukususela ubuncinane kwi-2007. Akunjalo ukuba i-senator encinci isebenze ukususela ngoko ukufumana iindlela zokulumkisa uluntu malunga nento eqhubekayo. Iinyanga kunye neminyaka iye yazama ukufumana iindlela zokwazisa uluntu malunga nabasemagunyeni okucupha ngokufihlakeleyo ngaphakathi kwemida yemithetho yokuhlelwa. Mna kunye noogxa bam abaliqela senze uxanduva lwethu ukuphelisa ukusetyenziswa komthetho oyimfihlo.
Xa abantu baseOregon besiva amagama athi "umthetho oyimfihlo," beza kum babuza, "Ron, umthetho unokuba yimfihlo njani? Xa nina nipasisa imithetho yinto yoluntu. Ndiza kuzijonga kwi-intanethi. " Ukuphendula, ndixelela i-Oregonians ukuba kukho i-Patriot Act esebenzayo eyokuqala yileyo banokuyifunda kwilaptop yabo eMedford okanye ePortland, bahlalutye kwaye baqonde. Emva koko kukho owona Mthetho wePatriot wokwenyani-ukutolikwa okuyimfihlo komthetho urhulumente athembele kuwo. Izigwebo ezifihlakeleyo zeNkundla yoBuntlola baNgaphandle iwutolike uMthetho wokuPatriot, kunye necandelo lama-702 lomthetho we-FISA, ngeendlela ezithile ezimangalisayo, kwaye ezi zigqibo zigcinwa ziyimfihlo eluntwini. Ezi zigqibo zinokuba banzi ngokumangalisayo. Lowo ugunyazisa ukuqokelelwa kobuninzi beerekhodi zefowuni kubanzi njengayo nayiphi na into endakha ndayibona.
Oku kuthembela kwee-arhente zikarhulumente kwiqumrhu lomthetho eliyimfihlo kunemiphumo yokwenene. Uninzi lwabantu baseMelika abalindelanga ukwazi iinkcukacha malunga nemisebenzi eqhubekayo yomkhosi kunye nobukrelekrele, kodwa njengabavoti banesidingo kunye nelungelo lokwazi ukuba urhulumente wabo ucinga ukuba uvumelekile ukwenza ntoni, ukuze bakwazi ukuvuma okanye ukukhaba izigqibo abanokuthi bazenze. amagosa anyuliweyo enza egameni labo. Ukuyibeka ngenye indlela, abantu baseMelika bayaqonda ukuba ii-arhente zobuntlola ngamanye amaxesha ziya kufuna ukwenza imisebenzi eyimfihlo, kodwa abacingi ukuba ezo arhente kufuneka zithembele kumthetho oyimfihlo.
Ngoku, abanye baphikisa ukuba ukugcina intsingiselo yemithetho yokucupha imfihlo kuyimfuneko, kuba yenza kube lula ukuqokelela ulwazi kumaqela amaphekula kunye namanye amandla angaphandle. Ukuba ulandela le ngqiqo, xa iCongress yagqithisa uMthetho wokuqala woBuntlola baNgaphandle kwiminyaka yoo-1970, babenokufumana indlela yokwenza yonke into ibe yimfihlo, ukuze ii-arhente zeSoviet zingazi ukuba yintoni na i-FBI's surveillance abasemagunyeni. Kodwa ayisiyiyo indlela oyenza ngayo eMelika.
Ngumthetho-siseko osisiseko wedemokhrasi yaseMelika ukuba imithetho mayingabi sesidlangalaleni kuphela xa kufanelekile ukuba amagosa karhulumente ayenze esidlangalaleni. Kufuneka zibe sesidlangalaleni ngalo lonke ixesha, zivuleleke ukuphononongwa ziinkundla zabachasi, kwaye zinokutshintshwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho ethembekileyo ekhokelwa luluntu olunolwazi. Ukuba abantu baseMelika abakwazi ukufunda ukuba urhulumente wabo uwutolika njani kwaye uwuthobela njani umthetho ngoko ke siye salususa ngempumelelo owona mqobo ubalulekileyo wedemokhrasi yethu. Yiyo loo nto, kwanakwinqanaba eliphezulu leMfazwe yoMlomo, xa impikiswano yokufihlwa ngokupheleleyo yayikwincopho yayo, iCongress yakhetha ukwenza imithetho yokucupha yase-US esidlangalaleni.
Ngaphandle kwemithetho kawonke-wonke, kunye nezigwebo zenkundla yoluntu ezitolika loo mithetho, akunakwenzeka ukuba ube nolwazi lwengxoxo yoluntu. Kwaye xa abantu baseMelika besebumnyameni, abanakuthatha izigqibo benolwazi olupheleleyo malunga nokuba ngubani ofanele ukubamela, okanye imigaqo-nkqubo yoqhanqalazo abangavumelaniyo nayo. Ezi ziziseko. YiCivics 101. Kwaye umthetho oyimfihlo uyaphula loo migaqo isisiseko. Ayinandawo eMelika.
Inyaniso NgeNkundla yeFISA
Ngoku makhe sijike kwinkundla efihlakeleyo iNkundla yoBuntlola baNgaphandle, leyo ekungazange kubekho mntu wayivayo kwiinyanga ezimbini ezidlulileyo kwaye ngoku uluntu lundibuza malunga nomchebi weenwele. Xa kwakusenziwa inkundla yeFISA njengenxalenye yomthetho weFISA ka-1978, umsebenzi wayo wawuyinto eqhelekileyo. Yabelwa ukuba ihlole izicelo zikarhulumente zeetephu zocingo kwaye ithathe isigqibo sokuba urhulumente wakwazi na ukubonisa unobangela. Kuvakala njengomsebenzi wegadi-eyahlukeneyo yeejaji zenkundla yesithili kulo lonke elaseMelika. Enyanisweni, indima yabo yayifana nenkundla yesithili kangangokuba abagwebi ababumba inkundla yeFISA bonke bangabagwebi benkundla yesithili yangoku.
Emva kwe-9/11, iCongress yapasisa uMthetho we-Patriot Act kunye noMthetho woLungiso lwe-FISA. Oku kwanika urhulumente amandla amatsha okucupha angazange afane nantoni na kwilizwe lonyanzeliso lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye kumthetho wokuqala weFISA. Inkundla yeFISA ifumene umsebenzi wokutolika ezi ziphathamandla zitsha, nezingenakulinganiswa nanto zoMthetho wePatriot Act kunye noMthetho weziLungiso weFISA. Bakhethe ukukhupha izigwebo ezibophelelayo ezifihlakeleyo ezitolika umthetho kunye noMgaqo-siseko ngendlela eyothusayo ethe yavela kwiiveki ezintandathu ezidlulileyo. Babeza kukhupha isigqibo sokuba uMthetho wePatrioti ungasetyenziselwa umnatha wokurhuqa, uphononongo oluninzi lwabantu baseMelika abathobela umthetho.
Ngaphandle kwamagama eejaji zenkundla yeFISA, phantse yonke enye into iyimfihlo malunga nenkundla. Izigwebo zabo ziyimfihlo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukucela umngeni kwabo kwinkundla yezibheno kube yinto engenakwenzeka. Iingxoxo zabo nazo ziyimfihlo, kodwa ndiyakuxelela ukuba phantse basoloko besecaleni. Amagqwetha karhulumente ayangena abeke iingxoxo zokuba kutheni urhulumente kufuneka avunyelwe enze okuthile, kwaye inkundla ithatha isigqibo ngokusekelwe kuvavanyo lwejaji kwiingxoxo zikarhulumente. Ayiqhelekanga loo nto ukuba inkundla ithathela ingqalelo isicelo sesigunyaziso sesiqhelo, kodwa ayiqhelekanga ukuba inkundla yenza uhlalutyo olukhulu lwezomthetho okanye lomgaqo-siseko. Andazi kwaphela enye inkundla kweli lizwe ephambukayo kude kangaka kwinkqubo yeentshaba ebiyinxalenye yenkqubo yethu kangangeenkulungwane.
Kusenokukothusa ukwazi ukuba xa uMongameli Obama engena esikhundleni, abalawuli bakhe bavumelana nam ukuba ezi zigqibo kufuneka zenziwe esidlangalaleni. Ngehlobo lika-2009 ndafumana isibhambathiso esibhaliweyo esivela kwiSebe lezoBulungisa kunye ne-Ofisi yoMlawuli wezoBuntlola beSizwe ukuba inkqubo iya kuyilwa ukuze kuqaliswe ukuhlengahlengiswa kunye nokuhlalutya izimvo zenkundla ye-FISA, ukuze abantu baseMelika babe nombono wokuba yintoni na. urhulumente ukholelwa ukuba umthetho uyamvumela ukuba enze njalo. Kule minyaka mine idlulileyo akukho zimvo ziro zikhutshiweyo.
Ngoku siyazi kancinci malunga nomthetho oyimfihlo kunye nenkundla eyawudalayo, makhe sithethe ngendlela ewacuthe ngayo amalungelo ayo yonke indoda yaseMelika, owasetyhini kunye nomntwana. Ngaphandle kweenzame zobunkokheli boluntu obukrelekrele bokuthoba ifuthe labucala lengqokelela yePatriot Act, ingqokelela eninzi yeerekhodi zefowuni ichaphazela kakhulu ubumfihlo bezigidi zabantu baseMelika abathobela umthetho. Ukuba uyazi ukuba ngubani obefowunelwe ngumntu, xa ebefowuna, apho ebefowunela khona, kwaye bathethe ixesha elingakanani, ububhentsisile ubomi bomntu waseMelika ebekelwe umthetho kuphononongo lwamagosa karhulumente kunye neekontraka zangaphandle. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi ukuba ucoca idatha yendawo yeselfowuni, ngokusisiseko ujika yonke iselfowuni yaseMelika ibe sisixhobo sokulandela umkhondo. Sixelelwa ukuba oku akwenzeki namhlanje, kodwa amagosa ezobuntlola axelele oonondaba ukuba ngoku banegunya elisemthethweni lokuqokelela ulwazi lwendawo yabantu baseMelika ngobuninzi.
Ingakumbi ekhathazayo kukuba akukho nto kuMthetho we-Patriot othintela le ngqokelela eninzi kwiirekhodi zefowuni. Urhulumente unokusebenzisa igunya leerekhodi zeshishini loMthetho wePatriot Act ukuqokelela, ukudibanisa nokugcina zonke iintlobo zolwazi olubuthathaka, kubandakanywa neerekhodi zonyango, iingxelo zemali, okanye ukuthenga kwamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala. Banokusebenzisa eli gunya ukwenza uvimba weenkcukacha wabanini bemipu okanye abafundi beencwadi neemagazini ezigqalwa njengezibhukuqisayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba igunya likarhulumente lokuqokelela ulwazi malunga nabemi baseMelika abasemthethweni alinasiphelo. Ukuba yingxelo egcinwe lishishini, umbutho wobulungu, ugqirha, okanye isikolo, okanye naliphi na elinye iqela lesithathu, inokuxhomekeka ekuqokeleleni isambuku phantsi kwePatriot Act.
Abasemagunyeni oku kubanzi banika iofisi yokhuseleko lwesizwe amandla okuphonononga ubomi bomntu ngamnye waseMelika othobela umthetho. Ukuvumela oko ukuba kuqhubeke kuyimpazamo enkulu ebonisa ukungazi ngabom ubume bomntu. Ngaphezu koko, ibonisa ukungakhathaleli ngokupheleleyo uxanduva esiluphathiswe ngootata abasekiyo ukugcina iitshekhi ezomeleleyo kunye nokulingana kumandla ayo nayiphi na ingalo karhulumente. Ngokucacileyo oko kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu kakhulu. Kwenzeka ntoni kurhulumente wethu, inkululeko yethu yoluntu kunye nedemokhrasi yethu esisiseko ukuba imeko yokubeka esweni iyavunyelwa ukuba ikhule ingathintelwa?
Njengoko sibonile kwezi ntsuku zidlulileyo, iinkokeli zezobuntlola zizimisele ukubambelela kweli gunya. Ukudibanisa ukukwazi ukuqhuba ucupho olutyhila yonke inkalo yobomi bomntu kunye nokukwazi ukudibanisa igunya elisemthethweni lokuphumeza oko kubeka iliso, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukususa naluphi na uxanduva lolawulo lwenkundla, kudala ithuba lempembelelo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili kwinkqubo yethu karhulumente.
Kutheni iitshekhi kunye neebhalansi zifuneka
Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olongezelelweyo emthethweni, ngamnye wethu kweli gumbi unokulandelwa kwaye abekwe iliso naphi na apho sikhoyo nangaliphi na ixesha. Isiqwenga sobuchwephesha esicinga ukuba sibalulekile ekuziphatheni kobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla bobuqu kunye nobuchwephesha buba yindibaniselwano yempazamo yefowuni, isixhobo sokumamela, umkhondo wendawo, kunye nekhamera efihliweyo. Akukho mntu waseMelika ophilayo onokuvuma ukunyanzelwa ukuba aphathe enye yezo zinto kwaye ke kufuneka siwukhabe umbono wokuba urhulumente angasebenzisa amandla akhe ukugqitha loo mvume ngokungenasizathu.
Namhlanje, amagosa karhulumente axelela amajelo eendaba ngokuphandle ukuba anegunya lokuguqula ii-smartphones zaseMelika kunye neeselfowuni zibe ziibhakana ezisebenza kwindawo. Eyona nto iye yabangela ingxaki kukuba umthetho wetyala awuzinziswanga ekulandeleni imfonomfono kwaye iinkokeli zombutho wezobuntlola bezisoloko zingafuni ukuchaza ukuba athini na amalungelo abantu abathobela umthetho ngalo mba. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olwaneleyo olwakhelwe emthethweni akukho ndlela yokuba abantu baseMelika bangaze baqiniseke ukuba urhulumente akazukutolika amagunya akhe ngakumbi nangakumbi, unyaka nonyaka, de kube ngumbono wokujonga i-telescreen esweni yonke intshukumo yakho ijika isuka kwi-dystopia ukuya. inyaniso.
Abanye banokuthi loo nto ayinakuze yenzeke kuba kukho ukongamela okufihlakeleyo kunye neenkundla ezifihlakeleyo ezizilindayo. Kodwa inyani yomba yeyokuba abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo abaphezulu kunye neejaji zomdibaniso ziye zaphinda zabuyela kwii-arhente zobuntlola ukuba zithathe isigqibo malunga nokuba ngawaphi na abasemagunyeni abawadingayo. Kwabo bakholelwa ukuba amagosa esebe elilawulayo azakutolika ngokuzithandela amagunya abo okucupha ngokuthintelwa, ndiyakholelwa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ndifezekise iphupha lam lobomi bonke lokudlala kwi-NBA.
Kodwa ngokunzulu, xa uJames Madison wayezama ukweyisela abantu baseMelika ukuba uMgaqo-siseko uqulethe ukhuseleko olwaneleyo ngokuchasene nawuphi na umpolitiki okanye i-bureaucrat ethatha amandla angaphezulu kwalawo awanikwa ngabantu, akazange acele nje abantu baseMelika ukuba bamthembe. Wabeka ngononophelo ukhuseleko oluqulethwe kuMgaqo-siseko kunye nendlela abantu abanokuqinisekisa ngayo ukuba abaphulwa. Siyasilela abavoti bethu, siyasilela abaseki bethu, kwaye siyasilela yonke indoda kunye nabasetyhini abanesibindi abalwela ukukhusela idemokhrasi yaseMelika ukuba sizimisele, namhlanje, ukuthembela kuye nawuphi na umntu okanye nayiphi na iarhente enamandla amakhulu kunalawo ahlolwe kwaye alinganiselwe. igunya elisebenza njenge-firewall ngokuchasene nengcinezelo.
Ngoku ndifuna ukuchitha imizuzu embalwa ndithetha ngabo benza uluntu lwezobuntlola kunye nosuku nosuku umsebenzi wokukhusela sonke. Mandicace: Ndifumene amadoda nabafazi abasebenza kwii-arhente zobuntlola zesizwe sethu bengabantu abasebenza nzima, abazinikeleyo. Ngamathandazwe okwenene ancama ngokwenene ukuze akhonze ilizwe lawo. Kufuneka bakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yabo bekhuselekile besazi ukuba kukho inkxaso yoluntu kuyo yonke into abayenzayo. Ngelishwa, ayinakwenzeka loo nto xa amagosa aphezulu kurhulumente elahlekisa uluntu malunga namagunya karhulumente okubeka iliso.
Kwaye masicace: uluntu aluzange lugcinwe nje ebumnyameni malunga noMthetho we-Patriot Act kunye namanye amagunya ayimfihlo. Uluntu lwalukhohlisiwe. Ndiye ndakhankanya izihlandlo ezininzi kwixesha elidlulileyo apho amagosa aphezulu enze iingxelo ezilahlekisayo eluntwini nakwiNkongolo malunga neentlobo zokucupha abazenzayo kubantu baseMelika, kwaye ndiza kuphinda ndiphinde ndibuyele eminye yeyona mizekelo ibalulekileyo.
Kangangeminyaka, amagosa aphezulu eSebe lezoBulungisa axelele iCongress kunye noluntu ukuba iPatriot Act's irekhodi yeshishini elinegunya elisetyenziselwa ukuqokelela iirekhodi zefowuni zezigidi zabantu abaqhelekileyo baseMelika "lifana ne-subpoena enkulu." Le ngxelo ilahlekisa kakhulu. Icinezela igama elithi "analogous" ngaphaya kwendawo yokuqhawula. Ngokuqinisekileyo kuyinyani ukuba omabini amagunya angasetyenziselwa ukuqokelela iindidi ezininzi zeerekhodi, kodwa uMthetho wePatriotic uye watolikwa ngokufihlakeleyo ukuvumela ukuqokelelwa kwesambuku okuqhubekayo, kwaye oku kwenza ukuba igunya kakhulu, lahluke kakhulu kwigunya eliqhelekileyo le-jury subpoena. Akhona amagqwetha apha? Emva kokuba intetho iphelile yiza undixelele ukuba ukhe wayibona i-jury subpoena eyavumela urhulumente ngokuqhubekayo ukuba aqokelele iirekhodi zezigidi zabantu baseMelika abaqhelekileyo.
Inyani yeyokuba akukho mntu uyibonileyo i-subpoena enjalo kungenxa yokuba ayikho. Lo mzekeliso ulahlekisayo ngokumangalisayo wenziwa ngamagosa angaphezulu kwesinye izihlandlo ezininzi kwaye kaninzi njengenxalenye yobungqina kwiNkongolo. Igosa elisebenze iminyaka njengegunya eliphezulu leSebe lezoBulungisa kumthetho wokucupha ulwaphulo-mthetho kutshanje lixelele Wall Street Journal ukuba, ukuba igqwetha likarhulumente โlinike inkundla yokubizelwa kwetyala kuluhlu olubanzi ngolo hlobo lweerekhodi kuphando lolwaphulo-mthetho, beliya kuhlekwa enkundleni.โ
Iminyaka yeNkongolo yokukhohlisa
Abakhuseli bobu buqhetseba bathi amalungu eNkongolo anamandla okufumana ibali elipheleleyo lezinto urhulumente azenzayo ngokwesiseko, ngoko ke mabangakhalazi xa amagosa esenza iingxelo ezilahlekisayo zoluntu, nakwiindibano zeCongress. Yingxoxo engekho ngqiqweni leyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, amalungu eCongress nako fumana ibali elipheleleyo kwindawo ehleliweyo, kodwa oko akuthetheleli ukuziqhelanisa neenyaniso eziyisiqingatha kunye neengxelo ezilahlekisayo ezenziwa kwirekhodi yoluntu. Kunini ukuba kulungile ukuba iinkcazo zaseburhulumenteni kunye neengxelo zabucala zahluke ngokusisiseko? Impendulo yeyokuba akulunganga konke konke, kwaye ibonakalisa inkcubeko enkulu ngakumbi yolwazi olungelulo oludlulela ngaphaya kwegumbi lokumamela i-congressional nakwingxoxo kawonke-wonke.
Umzekelo, kwintlakohlaza edlulileyo umlawuli we-Arhente yoKhuseleko yeSizwe uthethe kwiZiko loShishino laseMelika, apho wathi esidlangalaleni ukuba "asinayo idatha kubemi baseMelika." Loo ngxelo ivakala iqinisekisa, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo abantu baseMelika ngoku bayazi ukuba bubuxoki. Enyanisweni, yenye yezona ngxelo zobuxoki ezakha zenziwa malunga nokucupha ekhaya. Kamva kwangaloo nyaka, kwinkomfa yabaduni yonyaka eyaziwa ngokuba yi-DefCon, lo mlawuli mnye we-NSA wathi urhulumente akaqokeleli โiidosiโ kwizigidi zabantu baseMelika. Ngoku ndisebenze kwiKomiti yezobuNtlola iminyaka elishumi elinesibini kwaye bendingazi ukuba โiidosiโ zithetha ukuthini kulo mongo. Ndiyazi ukuba abantu baseMelika abangaqhelananga neenkcukacha ezihleliweyo banokuyiva loo ngxelo kwaye bacinge ukuba akukho ngqokelela eninzi yolwazi lobuqu lwamakhulu ezigidi zabantu baseMelika ezenzekayo.
Emva kokuba umlawuli we-NSA enze le nkcazo esidlangalaleni, uSenator Udall kunye nam sabhalela umlawuli sicela ingcaciso. Kwileta yethu sibuze ukuba i-NSA iqokelela naluphi na uhlobo lwedatha kuzo zonke izigidi okanye kumakhulu ezigidi zabantu baseMelika. Nangona umlawuli we-NSA inguye othe waphakamisa lo mba esidlangalaleni, amagosa ezobuntlola akavumanga ukusinika impendulo ethe ngqo.
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, ndenze isigqibo sokuba andizukuwenza ngemfanelo amandla am okongamela ukuba andiwacinezeli amagosa ezobuntlola ukuba acacise oko umlawuli we-NSA akuxelele uluntu malunga nokuqokelelwa kwedatha. Ngoko ndagqiba kwelokuba ndiwubuze kumlawuli weNational Intelligence. Kwaye ndaba nabasebenzi bam bathumele umbuzo malunga nosuku kwangaphambili ukuze alungele ukuphendula. Umlawuli ngelishwa wathi impendulo yayingekho, i-NSA ayiqokeleli ngokungazi idatha kwizigidi zabantu baseMelika, okucacileyo ukuba ayilunganga.
Emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, ndaxelela abasebenzi bam ukuba batsalele umnxeba kwiofisi yomphathi ngocingo olukhuselekileyo ndibabongoza ukuba bayilungise loo ngxelo. Ngokudanisayo, iofisi yakhe yagqiba kwelokuba ivumele le ngxelo ingachananga ime. Abasebenzi bam bakwenza kwacaca ukuba oku kwakungalunganga kwaye akwamkelekanga ukushiya uluntu lwaseMelika lulahlekisiwe. Ndiqhubekile ndilumkisa uluntu malunga nengxaki yomthetho wokucupha ngokufihlakeleyo kwezi veki zilandelayo, de kwabhengezwa uJuni.
Nasemva kokuba ezo zibhengezo, kubekho iinzame zamagosa zokuyibaxa impumelelo yenkqubo yokuqokelelwa kweerekhodi zefowuni ezininzi ngokuyidibanisa nengqokelela yonxibelelwano lwe-Intanethi phantsi kweCandelo lama-702 lomthetho we-FISA. Le ngqokelela, ebandakanya inkqubo yekhompyuter yePRISM, ivelise ulwazi oluthile lwexabiso lokwenene. Ndiya kuqaphela ukuba ihlobo elidlulileyo ndakwazi ukufumana isebe elilawulayo ukuba lichaze ukuba inkundla ye-FISA iye yagweba ubuncinane kwisihlandlo esinye ukuba le ngqokelela iphule iSihlomelo seSine ngendlela echaphazela inani elingachazwanga labantu baseMerika. Kwaye inkundla ikwathe urhulumente wophule umoya womthetho. Ke, ndicinga ukuba icandelo le-702 lifuna ngokucacileyo ukhuseleko oluluqilima kwimfihlo yabantu baseMelika abathobela umthetho, kwaye ndicinga ukuba olu khuselo lunokongezwa ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yixabiso le ngqokelela. Kodwa andiyi kukhanyela ukuba eli xabiso likhona.
Ngeli xesha, khange ndibone naluphi na uphawu lokuba inkqubo yeerekhodi zeefowuni ezininzi ivelise ubukrelekrele obahlukileyo obungafumanekiyo kurhulumente ngeendlela ezingathandekiyo. Xa amagosa karhulumente ebhekisela kwezi nkqubo ngokudibeneyo, kwaye athi "ezi nkqubo" zibonelele ngobukrelekrele obukhethekileyo ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuba inkqubo enye yenza wonke umsebenzi kwaye enye ngokusisiseko ihamba nje ngokukhwela, kwisigqibo sam esikwayingxelo elahlekisayo. .
Kwaye kukho nenani leengxelo ezilahlekisayo nezingachanekanga ezenziweyo malunga nokuqokelelwa kwecandelo 702 ngokunjalo. Kwinyanga ephelileyo, uSenator u-Udall kunye nam sabhalela umlawuli we-NSA ukuba abonise ukuba iphepha lenyani elisemthethweni le-NSA liqulethe ulwazi olulahlekisayo kunye nokungachaneki okubalulekileyo okwenze ukhuseleko lwabucala lwaseMelika luvakala lunamandla kunokuba lunjalo. Ngosuku olulandelayo olo xwebhu lweenkcukacha lwathatyathwa kwiphepha lokuqala lewebhusayithi ye-NSA. Ngaba iphepha leenyani ezilahlekisayo beliya kusekho phezulu ukuba uSenator Udall kunye nam asizange siyityhale ukuba siyihlise? Xa kujongwe oko kwakuthathiwe ukulungisa iingxelo ezilahlekisayo zomlawuli wezobuNtlola beSizwe kunye ne-Arhente yoKhuseleko yeSizwe enokuthi ibe njalo.
Uza Kwenza Ntoni Ngalo?
Ke emva kokuba uhambe ngendlela umthetho oyimfihlo, otolikwa yinkundla eyimfihlo, ugunyazise ukucupha okuyimfihlo, umbuzo ocacileyo ngulo, yintoni elandelayo? Ron, uza kwenza ntoni ngaloo nto?
Kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo ngaphezu kwekota yeNdlu yeeNgwevu eUnited States yabhalela umalathisi weNational Intelligence ifuna iimpendulo zoluntu kwimibuzo eyongezelelekileyo emalunga nokusetyenziswa kwamagosa karhulumente ahlolayo. Sekudlule iinyanga ezimbini emva kokuchazwa nguMnu Snowden, kunye nabasayini bale leta-kubandakanywa namalungu aphambili eenkokeli zesenethi kunye noosihlalo beekomiti ezineminyaka engamashumi eminyaka yamava-baye bacacisa ukuba abayi kwamkela ukubethelwa ngamatye ngakumbi okanye ukulahlekisa. Umthetho wohlaziyo wePatriot Act usungulwe. Eyona nto iphambili kule nzame iya kufuna ukuba urhulumente abonise ikhonkco elibonisa ubunqolobi okanye ubuntlola phambi kokuqokelela ulwazi lomntu waseMelika.
IiSenethi zikwacebise umthetho oza kuqinisekisa ukuba uhlalutyo lomthetho lwezimvo zenkundla eyimfihlo etolika umthetho wokucupha lucazululwa ngendlela enoxanduva. Kwaye ndisebenzisana nabalingane ukuphuhlisa olunye uhlaziyo oluya kuzisa ukuvuleka, ukuphendula, kunye neenzuzo zenkqubo echasayo kwimisebenzi ye-anachronistic yeyona nkundla eyimfihlo eMelika. Kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, mna nabalingane bam sisebenza ukugcina ingxoxo yoluntu iphila. Siye sabhenca iingxelo ezilahlekisayo. Siwaphendulisa amagosa. Kwaye sibonisa ukuba inkululeko kunye nokhuseleko azihambelani. Inyani kukuba, icala lokungafihli kunye nokuvuleleka liqala ukubeka amanqaku athile ebhodini.
Njengoko uninzi lwenu lusazi ngoku, i-NSA yayinenkqubo yeerekhodi ze-imeyile ezininzi ezazifana nenkqubo yeerekhodi zefowuni ezininzi. Le nkqubo ibisebenza phantsi kwecandelo lama-214 lomthetho iPatriot Act, elaziwa ngokuba lilungiselelo โlerejista yosibaโ kude kube ngoku. Ugxa wam weKomiti yezobuntlola uSenator Udall kunye nam besinexhala kakhulu malunga nefuthe lale nkqubo kwinkululeko yabantu baseMelika kunye namalungelo abucala, kwaye sichithe inxalenye enkulu ka-2011 ecinezela amagosa ezobuntlola ukunika ubungqina bokusebenza kwayo. Kwaye kwafumaniseka ukuba abakwazanga ukwenza oko, kwaye iingxelo ezenziwe malunga nale nkqubo kwiNkongolo kunye nenkundla yeFISA ziye zayibaxa kakhulu impumelelo yenkqubo. Ucwangciso lwavalwa kwangaloo nyaka. Ke olo ibiluloyiso olukhulu kuye wonke umntu okhathalayo malunga nemfihlo yabantu baseMelika kunye nenkululeko yoluntu, nangona uSenator Udall kunye nam singazange sikwazi ukuxelela nabani ngayo kude kube ziiveki nje ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo.
Kutshanje, xa umthetho oyilwayo wonyaka woGunyaziso lobuntlola ubuhamba kwiKomiti yezobuntlola ngasekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo wawubandakanya amagatya ambalwa enzelwe ukunqanda ukuvuza kwezobuntlola kodwa oko bekuya kuba yingozi kwisakhono seendaba sokunika ingxelo ngomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle kunye nokhuseleko lwelizwe. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngekwakuthintele amandla abo babesakuba ngamagosa karhulumente ukuthetha noonondaba, kwanangemibandela yomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle engachazwanga. Kwaye ngekwalela ii-arhente zobuntlola ekwenzeni nabani na ongaphandle kwamagosa akwinqanaba eliphezulu afumaneke kwiinkcazo ngasemva, nakwimiba engachazwanga. La malungiselelo enzelwe ukumisa ukuvuza, kodwa kucacile kum ukuba angenele ngokubonakalayo kuLungiso lokuQala, kwaye akhokelele kwingxoxo-mpikiswano yoluntu engenalwazi malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle kunye nemiba yokhuseleko lwesizwe.
La malungiselelo e-antileaks ahamba ngenkqubo yekomiti emfihlakalweni, kwaye umthetho oyilwayo wavunyelwa ngevoti ye-14-1 (ndiya kunivumela nonke ukuba niqikelele ukuba ngubani loo voti ye-nay). Umthetho oyilwayo emva koko uye waya kumgangatho weSenethi kunye nengxoxo yoluntu. Nje ukuba umthetho oyilwayo ube nguwonke-wonke, ewe, wakhutshwa ngoko nangoko ngamajelo eendaba kunye nabaxhasi bentetho yasimahla, abawubona njengombono ombi. Ndiyibambe i-bill ukwenzela ukuba ingagqithiswa ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kwengxoxo efanelwe kwaye kwiiveki ezimbalwa, zonke izibonelelo ze-antileaks zisusiwe.
Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, mna noogxa bam ekugqibeleni sakwazi ukufumana izimvo zeSebe lezoBulungisa ezisemthethweni ezichaza oko urhulumente akholelwa ukuba imithetho yeyokubulawa kwabantu baseMelika. Mhlawumbi uyazi oku njengomcimbi wedrones. La maxwebhu okubulala abantu baseMelika awazange abelane nawo kunye namalungu eNkongolo ngokwemigangatho ehleliweyo, singasathethi ke ngabantu baseMelika. Usenokuba ukhe wandiva ndithetha oku ngaphambili, kodwa ndiyakholelwa ukuba wonke umntu waseMelika unelungelo lokwazi xa urhulumente wabo ecinga ukuba uvumelekile ukubabulala. Mna noogxa bam salwa esidlangalaleni nangasese ukuze sifumane la maxwebhu, sasebenzisa nawaphi na amathuba akhoyo enkqubo, yaye ekugqibeleni sawafumana amaxwebhu esasiwafuna.
Ukusukela ngoko besibajongile kwaye besenza iqhinga eliya kuvumela ukuba iinxalenye ezifanelekileyo zala maxwebhu zenziwe esidlangalaleni. Andithathi mva nakubani na xa kuziwa ekukhuseleni ulwazi lokhuseleko lwesizwe olunovakalelo lokwenyani, kwaye ndicinga ukuba uninzi lwabantu baseMelika balindele ukuba iiarhente zikarhulumente ngamanye amaxesha ziqhube imisebenzi eyimfihlo. Kodwa ezo arhente azifanele zithembele kumthetho ofihlakeleyo okanye kumagunya anikwe ziinkundla ezifihlakeleyo.
URon Wyden yiSenator yeDemokhrasi yaseOregon.
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