8) Ukuthengisa izixhobo-Owona Shishino loRhwaphilizo kwihlabathi
“Kuphando lwakhe [lwe-1996] oluya eIraq, uNkosi uRichard Scott weva ubungqina bokuba inqanaba lilonke likarhulumente waseThatcher, ukusuka kubasebenzi bakarhulumente abaphezulu ukuya kubaphathiswa, baxokile kwaye bophula umthetho ngokuthengisela uSaddam Hussein izixhobo… Iikopi zeBaghdad Observer, kwaye kukho imifanekiso… yabaphathiswa bekhabhinethi, kwiphepha lokuqala behleli noSaddam…ngexesha [waye]yalela ukuba kutshiswe igesi yamaKurds angama-5,000”. (UJohn Pilger(1))
Urhulumente wase-US uneyona nkcitho inkulu kwezomkhosi ehlabathini, malunga nesinye kwisithathu senkcitho yasemkhosini yehlabathi. IBritani ihlala ikwizinga eliphezulu ali-10. (2) Inkcitho yezixhobo minyaka le ehlabathini lonke yi-$1.8 yezigidi zezigidi, (3) ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kuqikelelwa malunga ne-100 lamawaka ezigidi zeerandi. Kukho izizathu ezibalulekileyo zezopolitiko zobukhulu borhwebo lwezixhobo. Okokuqala, inkolelo yabezopolitiko bethu ukuba ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo kuyindlela elungileyo yokuhlala unobuhlobo nabenzi bezigqibo phesheya, ukunceda ukugcina abo bathatha izigqibo benegunya, ukubafaka emandleni kwasekuqaleni kunye nokuqinisa ubudlelwane kunye nabalawuli bexesha elizayo. umkhosi.(4) Okwesibini, lolona shishino lurhwaphilizayo, olufihlakeleyo nolungenakuphendula ehlabathini, yonke into ifihlwe emva kwesigqubuthelo somgunyathi 'sokhuseleko lwesizwe'.(5) Okwesithathu, impembelelo yezopolitiko yeenkampani ezinkulu zezixhobo (kuxoxiwe kuyo isithuba esilandelayo).
Ukugcina iiRegimes zengcinezelo ziseMandleni
Izithuba zangaphambili zichaze ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle yase-US kunye ne-Bhritane ijikeleza kwiinkokeli ezixhasayo eziza kuqhuba amazwe abo ngendlela ezuzisa i-US ne-Bhritane. Imizekelo emihle iya kuba yi-Indonesia kunye ne-Columbia, apho zombini i-US ne-Bhritane baye banikezela ngezixhobo, nangona besazi ukuba oorhulumente bala mazwe babulala abemi babo rhoqo. Ngembuyekezo, ezi nkokeli zivumela amaqumrhu aseNtshona ukuba afikelele kwizibonelelo. I-Ofisi yezangaphandle yaseBritane ichonge 'amazwe axhalabileyo' angama-20, afana ne-Egypt kunye neNigeria, awayeneerekhodi ezimbi kakhulu zamalungelo oluntu. Phantsi komthetho waseBhritane kufanele ukuba akukho mthethweni ukuthengisa izixhobo kula mazwe, kodwa iBritane yayithengisela amazwe ali-19 ala mazwe ukusukela ngo-2004-2006. Idatha yakutshanje iqinisekisa ukuba oku kuthengiswa ngokungekho mthethweni kuseyinto eqhelekileyo eBritani.(6) I-United States nayo inembali ende yokuthengisa izixhobo kuninzi lwabona baxhaphazi babi bamalungelo abantu kulo lonke elaseLatin America, eAfrika naseAsia.(7)
Zonke izixhobo ezithengiswayo akukho mthethweni
Kwithiyori kukho umahluko phakathi kwentengiso esemthethweni nengekho mthethweni. Kusemthethweni ukuthengisa ezinye izixhobo, kodwa hayi ezinye. Kusemthethweni ukuthengisa kwamanye amazwe, kodwa hayi kwamanye. Ngokwenyani, iinkampani kunye namagosa karhulumente enza ezi ntengiso aziwuhoyi lo mahluko. Ingcali ekhokelayo kulo mbandela, u-Andrew Feinstein, uye wachaza ukuba akazange ahlangane nesivumelwano sezixhobo ezingekho mthethweni.
Mininzi imizekelo yeBritani neMelika ebonelela ngezixhobo kuye nabani na, nangona kungekho semthethweni, ngokuzithumela kwelinye ilizwe nokuzama ukufihla umkhondo wephepha. bangabi namkhosi. Ukuba ezi zixhobo ziphelela phi na akwaziwa, kodwa ngokucacileyo zisingise kwamanye amazwe. Abathengisi bazi kakuhle ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi abamkeli bokugqibela bafuna ukuxhela okanye ukulawula abantu. Oku kwaphawulwa kwiminyaka yoo-8 xa inkampani yaseBritane iMatrix Churchill yafunyanwa ibonelela ngezixhobo zokwenza i'supergun' kuSaddam Hussein exhaswa ngokupheleleyo nguRhulumente waseBritane, nangona wayexhaphaza amalungelo abantu ngokugqithisileyo.
Komnye weyona mizekelo idume kakubi yolwaphulo-mthetho lwase-US, urhulumente wase-US wanikezela ngezixhobo e-Iran ngeminyaka yee-1980 kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Iran-Contra affair. Imali nezixhobo zathunyelwa ngeenkampani zomgunyathi, iiakhawunti zebhanki ezikude nonxweme nakumazwe angaphandle ukuze intengiso ingalandwa emva kurhulumente waseUnited States.(9) Enye yaloo mali yathunyelwa eNicaragua apho yayisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa umvukeli. umkhosi (i-contras) owawuzama ukubhukuqa urhulumente, owayezama ukudala ubomi obungcono kubantu abahluphekayo.
Izithembiso ezenziwa lilizwe elamkelayo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zabo ezitsha, ezinjengokuchaza ukuba ziya kusetyenziselwa kuphela uqeqesho okanye iinjongo zokuzikhusela, azixabisekanga kangako. Amaphepha okuthengiswa kweenqwelomoya ahlala equlethe inkcazo efana 'nomqeqeshi' ukuze kuthethwe ukuba iinqwelomoya azisayi kusetyenziselwa nantoni na ngaphandle koqeqesho. Kodwa amazwe ahambele phambili abonelela ngezinto eziyimfuneko zokuguqula loo mqeqeshi abe yinqwelomoya yokuhlasela emhlabeni, enokusetyenziselwa ukucinezela abantu basekhaya, okanye ukuhlasela amanye amazwe. Wonke umntu obandakanyekayo kushishino lwezixhobo uyayazi le nto. Zonke izithembiso ezenziwa ngoorhulumente malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenzelwe nje iinjongo zobudlelwane noluntu, ngoko banokukhanyela ukubandakanyeka ekubulaweni kwabantu abaninzi.(10)
Olona shishino lurhwaphilizayo eHlabathini
Kuqikelelwa ukuba ama-40 ekhulwini abo bonke urhwaphilizo likurhwebo lwezixhobo. Oku kuyenza ibe lelona shishini lonakeleyo ehlabathini, urhwaphilizo luchaphazela onke amazwe abandakanyekayo, abathengi kunye nabathengisi. Umzekelo, abalawuli abacinezela kakhulu baseSaudi Arabia bahlala bethenga izixhobo eziphambili, njengeenqwelomoya zomkhosi, eBritani. I-Ofisi yaseBritane yobuqhophololo obunzulu (SFO) yazama ukuphanda urhwaphilizo ngexesha lokuthengiswa kwezixhobo. Esona sivumelwano sikhulu, esibizwa ngokuba yi-Al-Yamamah, sibandakanya i-6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwizinyobo. Urhulumente waseBritani wangenelela waza walumisa olo phando, ebonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ulwalamano oluhle namazwe atyebileyo ngeoli lubaluleke ngakumbi kunokuxhatshazwa kwawo kwamalungelo abantu, okanye urhwaphilizo.(11) Inxalenye yaso nasiphi na isinyobo maxa wambi ibuyela kubaphathi benkampani. Kwisivumelwano saseSaudi, iiflethi ezibizayo eLondon zanikwa umphathi oyintloko weBritish Aerospace.(12)
Izivumelwano zakwangoko ngurhulumente omtsha we-African National Congress (ANC) owathatha ulawulo eMzantsi Afrika ngo-1994 zibonelela ngolunye uphononongo oluhle kakhulu. Urhulumente omtsha wayengenazo iintshaba zomkhosi, kwaye kungekho mfuneko yezixhobo zexabiso eliphezulu, ukanti wachitha i-10 lamawaka ezigidi zeerandi kwisivumelwano sakhe sokuqala, kuquka i-300 yezigidi zeerandi kwizinyobo. Bathenga iinqwelo-moya ezibiza kakhulu kunezo zazifunwa ngamajoni. Uninzi lwezo nqwelo-moya azizange zibhabhe kuba akukho mali yakubasa, okanye yokuqeqesha abaqhubi, yaye azincedi nganto. Izigqibo zathathwa ngabaphathiswa abathandathu kuphela. UKumkanikazi waseNgilani wamema bonke abaphathiswa aba-6 ukuba bakhwele kwisikhephe sakhe, ukuze bancedise 'ukuthambisa' izivumelwano. Umongameli woMzantsi Afrika uZuma ebejongene nezityholo ezingaphaya kwamakhulu asixhenxe malunga nesi sivumelwano, kodwa arhoxiswa onke amatyala. Umbuso waseMzantsi Afrika kunye noMbutho we-ANC bagutyungelwe burhwaphilizo ukusukela ngoko. Xa i-SFO yakwazi ukuphanda esi sivumelwano, kunye nabanye abayi-6, inkampani enkulu yaseBritani ebandakanyekayo, i-British Aerospace, yavuma ukuba i-accounting irregularities kwaye yahlawuliswa isixa-mali esincinci sesiqingatha sesigidi seepounds. .
I-US neBritane ayinamdla ekupheliseni ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo
Kukho izivumelwano ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe, ezaziwa njengeengqungquthela okanye izivumelwano, malunga nokuthengiswa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, kodwa ezi azisebenzi ngaphandle kokuba wonke umntu uyavumelana nazo, kwaye wonke umntu uyazinyanzelisa. Amazwe awanyanzelwanga ukuba abhalise kuwo kwaye i-US ayiphumelelanga ukubhalisela okanye ukunyanzelisa iindibano ezininzi malunga nebhayoloji, i-incendiary kunye nezinye izixhobo. Amawakawaka abantu asabulawa zizigcayiseli minyaka le, uninzi lwabo ingabantwana, kwaye kukho izigidi zezigcayiseli ezingaqhushumbayo ezithe saa kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwi-14, i-US yabiza ukupheliswa kwayo yonke imigodi echasene nabasebenzi, kodwa ngo-1996, uMongameli uGeorge Bush watshintsha umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US kwaye wacacisa ukuba wayengenanjongo yokujoyina isivumelwano sokuvalwa komgodi. (2004) Kutshanje, uDonald UTrump wasusa izithintelo zase-US ekusetyenzisweni kwezigcayiseli. , ibisazinikezela eSaudi Arabia kutsha nje ngo-15.
Amaphuzu aphambili
Izixhobo zisetyenziselwa ukubhukuqa oorhulumente, ukucinezela abantu nokulawula ubutyebi.
Izixhobo ezithengiswayo ziqinisa ubudlelwane kunye neenkokeli kunye nemikhosi.
Ishishini lezixhobo lelona shishini lonakeleyo ehlabathini
U kufunda ngakumbi
U-Andrew Feinstein, iLizwe Lethunzi: Ngaphakathi kuRhwebo lweZilwa zeHlabathi, ngo-2011
Iiwebhusayithi eziluncedo
caat.org.uk – Iphulo elichasene noRhwebo lwezixhobo
projectindefencible.org
Andrew Feinstein: The Shadow World of the Global Arms trade', intetho ePeter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, 22 Nov 2017, at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCjZXCYD_8c
Ucaphulo
1) UJohn Pilger, 'Dance on Thatcher's Grave, kodwa khumbula ukuba bekukho ubhukuqo-mbuso eBritani', 25 April 2013, ngo.
2) I-SIPRI, 'IiNdlela zokuThuthukiswa kwezixhobo zaMazwe ngaMazwe, ngo-2017', SIPRI, ngoMatshi 2018, ngo-
https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-03/fssipri_at2017_0.pdf
3) 'Incwadi yonyaka ye-SIPRI yowama-2019: iziXhobo, iziXhobo kunye noKhuseleko lweHlabathi',
https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-08/yb19_summary_eng_1.pdf
4) UNorman Schwarzkopf, okhankanywe kuMarko Curtis, Inkohliso enkulu, 1998, iphe.203
5) uAndrew Feinstein, ILizwe Lethunzi: Ngaphakathi kweGlobal Arms Trade, 2011
6) I-Saferworld, 'Elungileyo, Embi kwaye Embi: Ishumi leminyaka lokuthunyelwa kwezixhobo zabasebenzi kumazwe angaphandle', ngoMeyi 2007, ngo.
http://curtisresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Good-the-Bad-and-the-Ugly-rev.pdf
U-Anna Stavrianakis, 'I-facade yolawulo lwezixhobo', Feb 2008, e
https://www.caat.org.uk/resources/publications/government/facade-2008-02.pdf
URick Kelsey, 'Ukusuka eYiputa ukuya eSaudi Arabia, nantsi i-UK ithengisa izixhobo kuye', BBC Newsbeat, 19 Dec 2016, at
7) Thalif Deen, 'i-US inyusa izibonelelo zezixhobo koorhulumente bengcinezelo', ngoMeyi 26, 2005, ku-www.antiwar.com/ips/deen.php?articleid=6080
8) I-Amnesty International, 'iNgxelo yePhulo leeArms', nge-7 Agasti 2003, ngo.
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/100000/act300012003en.pdf
I-9) Iphephancwadi lexesha, 'Ukulandela uQhagamshelwano lweMali', uJan 2007, ngo
http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1582830,00.html
10) U-Alan Clark, udliwano-ndlebe noJohn Pilger, Ukufa kweSizwe, i-1994
Kwakhona bona uNorman Schwarzkopf exoxa ngendlela ukulawulwa kwezinto ezisecaleni kunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo emva kokuba zithengisiwe, ezikhankanywe kuMark Curtis, Inkohliso enkulu, 1998, iphe.150
11) George Monbiot, 'Ukukhuthaza uXolo ngooWimps - ooRhulumente bokwenyani bathengisa izixhobo', Aug 24, 2006, ngo.
http://politics.guardian.co.uk/columnist/story/0,,1856916,00.html
12) U-Andrew Feinstein, 'iLizwe Lethunzi lorhwebo lweGlobal Arms', uthetha ePeter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, 22 Nov 2017, at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCjZXCYD_8c
13) U-Andrew Feinstein, 'iLizwe Lethunzi lorhwebo lweGlobal Arms', uthetha ePeter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies, 22 Nov 2017, at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCjZXCYD_8c
14) u-Andrew Buncombe, 'Izixhobo ezitshisayo: Ubuxoki obukhulu obumhlophe', ngoNovemba 17, 2005, ngo.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/incendiary-weapons-the-big-white-lie-515664.html
UJulian Borger, 'i-US Weapons Secrets Exposed', Oct 29, 2002, ngo- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/29/usa.julianborger
15) I-Human Rights Watch, 'uMgaqo-nkqubo weBush Administration's Landmine Policy', 7 Dec, 2004, ngo.
https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/arms/arms0805/2.htm
16) U-Idrees Ali, 'uTrump unciphisa izithintelo ekusebenziseni izigcayiseli ngumkhosi wase-US', 31 Jan 2020, Reuters,
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-war-landmines-idUSKBN1ZU2GA
17) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Cluster_Munitions
Umqhubi wentonga sisifundiswa esingesosigxina esinomdla ngakumbi ekudambiseni ipropaganda yale mihla yase-US neBritane. Le yesibhozo kungcelele olunesihloko esithi Elephants In the Room, ezama ukubonelela ngesikhokelo sabaqalayo ukuqonda ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni na ngokusingisele kwimfazwe, ubunqolobi, ezoqoqosho kunye nentlupheko, ngaphandle kobuvuvu kumajelo eendaba aqhelekileyo.
Eli nqaku laposwa okokuqala apha medium.com/elephantsintheroom
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela