Ukuba uzame ukuyila inkqubo ngenjongo yokukhubekisa awona mashishini anamandla ehlabathi kunye nabezopolitiko abamisebenzi yabo bayibhanga, uya kufumana into efana nale ayityhilwe nguBernie Sanders namhlanje kwi-16.3 yeetriliyoni zeedola. Green New Deal iqonga. Leyo yinxalenye yenqaku. "Sifuna umongameli onesibindi, umbono, kunye nerekhodi lokujongana nokubawa kwabaphathi be-fossil kunye neqela lezigidigidi ezime endleleni yemozulu," utshilo u-salvo wokuvulwa kwesicwangciso. umgca odumileyo ukusuka kuFranklin Delano Roosevelt. "Sifuna umongameli owamkelayo intiyo yabo."
USanders uchaza inkqubo yokwandisa, ukwakha kwisigqibo esaziswa ngu-Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez kunye noSen. Ed Markey ngo-Epreli, oya kuvelisa amandla acocekileyo aphethwe nguwonkewonke kunye nezigidi ezingama-20 zemisebenzi emitsha, ukuphelisa ukuthengiswa kwe-fossil kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ukuvuselela ukhuseleko loluntu. inyani, ukulungisa okungekho sikweni kwembali okufana nokucalucalulwa kwendalo, kunye nokwenza utyalo-mali olukhulu malunga nokususwa kwekhabhoni ekhaya naphesheya - phakathi kwezinto ezininzi, ezininzi. Ayizukutshintsha kuphela uluntu lwaseMelika kude kumafutha efosili kodwa iphinde ixoxe ngeempumlo zamashumi eminyaka ubudala, ikhuthazwe lilungelo, malunga neendima zikarhulumente kunye noqoqosho.
"Ngokuqinisekileyo sesona sicwangciso sikhulu kwaye sinesibindi kunye nombono phaya," uEvan Weber, umlawuli wezopolitiko kweli qela Movement Sunrise, uxelele I-Intercept, "kokubini kumlinganiselo wayo kwaye nakwiindlela ezininzi zokufikelela eso sikali, ekubonakala ngathi [uSanders] utyhala imida yendlela uluntu lwaseMelika olwakhiwe ngayo ngoku."
Kukho inoveli, izindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo wenyama ezenza isindululo sikaSanders sigqame kwintsimi esele inebhongo: inkqubo yemali ye-clunkers kunye nenkxaso-mali yokunyusa ukusetyenziswa kwezithuthi zombane, kunye nezicwangciso zokunyusa ukukhwela kwezothutho zikawonke-wonke ngama-65 ekhulwini ngo-2030; imfuneko yokuba i-Ofisi yeBhajethi yeCongressional isebenze kunye ne-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo ukunika umthetho omtsha "amanqaku emozulu," njengamanqaku ohlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluwenzayo ngoku; kunye nokuthobela iSibhengezo seZizwe eziManyeneyo malunga namaLungelo aBantu boMthonyama ukuqinisekisa ukukhululeka, kwangaphambili, kunye nemvume enolwazi ngabantu boMthonyama.
Kukwabangele impikiswano phakathi kweewonk zamandla ezibona izibonelelo ezichasene ne-nuclear njenge-antithetical to decarbonization. Isicwangciso sikwalawula ukubanjwa kwekhabhoni kunye nokugcinwa, apho iingcali zicebisa ukuba kunokuba yimfuneko kwixesha elifutshane ukuya kwinguqu enzima-ukukhupha i-decarbonize amacandelo - kodwa ukuba abaphathi be-fuel fuel baye batyhala ixesha elide njengendlela yokwandisa ubomi bayo ngokungenasiphelo. Iirhafu zeCarbon ziye zaba sisiseko sezicwangciso zemozulu zeSanders, kwaye iplani yakhe yeGreen New Deal ayiluchazi ukhetho kodwa ayigxininisi.
Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, kufuneka sakhe intshukumo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili enamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba siqhubeke nayo, kwaye siphumelele.
Ukuqhuba kwisicwangciso yithiyori eyahlukileyo necacileyo yotshintsho kunamaqonga aphakamileyo abekwe ngabanye abaviwa; yakhelwe ekuququzeleleni nasekubizeni iintshaba. USanders uthembisa ukuthatha "iibhiliyoni zamafutha ezilwanyana zamandulo ezinyolukileyo zisembindini wengxaki yemozulu," uthi, "bachithe amakhulu ezigidi zeedola bekhusela ingeniso yabo ngeendleko zekamva lethu" kwaye "baya kwenza oko. nantoni na efunekayo ukucudisa yonke ipeni yokugqibela eMhlabeni. Ichaza ukuba isicwangciso siza kubonelelwa njani ngemali, siphawula ukuba uya kufumana i-3.085 yezigidi zezigidi zeedola ngokwenza ukuba "ishishini leefosili lihlawulele ungcoliseko lwalo, ngokumangalelana, ngemirhumo, kunye neerhafu, kunye nokuphelisa izibonelelo zefosili."
“Okubaluleke kakhulu,” utshilo, “kufuneka sakhe intshukumo engazange ibonwe ngaphambili enamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba singawaqhuba, kwaye siphumelele. Abantu abatsha, abameli, izizwe, izixeko kunye namazwe kulo lonke eli lizwe sele bewuqalile lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo, kwaye siza kuqhubeka nokulandela isikhokelo sabo. ”
Kuyindlela Oko kwahlula iSanders kungekuphela nje kwindawo yokuqala kodwa kwiminyaka yokugqibela engama-30 kunye neminyaka yokwenziwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu eUnited States.
Eyona nto ikufutshane eU.S. yakha yafikelela ekuphumezeni umthetho obanzi wokunciphisa ikhabhoni yaba ngumlo weCongress otshabaleleyo malunga nomthetho worhwebo ngo-2009 kunye no-2010. Kukho iinkcazo ezininzi zokuba kutheni eso sicwangciso sisilela njengoko kukho iinkqubo zeDili eziNtsha zeGreen, kwaye izinto ezininzi ngelishwa converged to torpedo amathuba ayo. Esona sizathu sibalulekileyo sokuba isicwangciso siphumelele? Abanye babameli bayo abanempembelelo kakhulu babenenkxalabo malunga nokuphumelela kwiinkampani kunokuba baqinisekise uluntu ukuba luluvo oluhle. Isitshixo sokufumana inkxaso yeRiphabhlikhi, baqiqa ngelithi, yayikukuphumelela kuluntu lwezoshishino, ukuthatha ithuba lobudlelwane obuqinileyo ngokwembali phakathi kwamaqumrhu kunye neGOP. Isithuthi sokwenza oko siya kuba yinkqubo ye-cap-and-trade, ukubeka umda, okanye "i-cap," kwiinkampani ezipheleleyo zongcoliseko zinokuphuma ngokunikezela inani elimiselweyo leemvume zizonke. Ukuba ifemu enye igqithisile, inokuthenga ngaphezulu kwenye okanye ithengise, okanye "irhwebe," nakuphi na ukugqithisa okushiye kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yintengiso yekhabhoni.
Ngo-2007, i-US Climate Action Partnership, okanye i-USCAP, incediswa yiNgxowa-mali yoKhuseleko lweNdalo, yabiza imibutho eluhlaza yaseBeltway kunye neenkampani ze-Fortune 500 - kuquka i-BP America, i-PG & E, i-Duke Energy, kunye ne-Lehman Brothers - ukuqala ukwalusa isicwangciso ngokusebenzisana namahlakani. iNduli. Kuba kwakucingelwa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu unokuyilwa kwaye ugqithiswe kakhulu emva kweengcango ezivaliweyo, abameli be-cap-and-trade abazange baphume endleleni yabo ukuze bachaze nokuba umgaqo-nkqubo uthetha ukuthini kuluntu ngokubanzi, okanye-kwindlela yokuqina. Ukudodobala koqoqosho-ukuba kubuphucula njani ubomi babo, bekhetha ukusasaza ilizwi malunga nokuba yintoni isoyikiso esibi sokufudumala kwehlabathi.
Esona sizathu siphambili sokuba esi sicwangciso siphumelele kukuba abanye babameli balo abanempembelelo babenenkxalabo malunga nokuphumelela iinkampani kunokuba baqinisekise uluntu ukuba luluvo oluhle.
I-1,000-plus-page ye-House cap-and-trade bill, i-Waxman-Markey, iphumelele emva kokubetha ngononophelo ivoti kunye nokulalanisa okukhulu. Njengombhali wemozulu uDavid Roberts ikhonjwe ngaphandle, ibhili ngokwayo yanda kakhulu kunokuba uninzi lwabagxeki bayo bayinike ikhredithi. Kodwa ipolitiki eyiqhubayo-ebonisa amandla abanzi eWashington, kunye ngaphakathi kweDemocratic Party ingakumbi - ixhomekeke kwisiseko esishukumayo: ukuba abantu baseRiphabhlikhi kunye neenkampani babezimisele ukuthethathethana ngokholo oluhle malunga nomthetho wemozulu. Intshukumo yetheko leti yakhawuleza ukuba namandla, kwaye abazalwana bakaKoch bachithe ihlobo emva kokuvota kweNdlu behlanganisa ubukhosi bayo be-fossil ngokuchasene namaRiphabhlikhi aphakathi awayewuxhasa umthetho oyilwayo kunye nabanye abangazange bawuxhase, baxhasa amaqela anjengabantu baseMelika kwiProsperity. i-anti-"crap-and-tax" imvukelo kwaye utsale iqela kude ngasekunene. Ngexesha i-bill yeqabane lika-Waxman-Markey lafika kwi-Senate ekuwa, umoya wesenzo semozulu wawusele upholile.
Iinkampani, okwangoku, zinokudlala ngokulula kumacala omabini omgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu: ukunkcenkceshela amatyala abonakala ngathi angadlula, ngelixa ukuxhasa ngemali umzamo wokuqinisekisa ukuba abazange baphumelele. Kwiphepha le-2015, isazi sezopolitiko uJake Grumbach bonisa ukuba iinkampani ezininzi ezijoyine i-USCAP ngaxeshanye zixhasa ukuphembelela ngokuchasene nentshukumo yemozulu. UShell, BP, kunye noConocoPhillips bonke babengamalungu e-USCAP kunye neAmerican Petroleum Institute, kwaye oko kwanceda ukuqinisa iphulo le-API elithi “Energy Citizen”, elithe. ibambe iirali ze-astroturf kwilizwe lonke ngokuchasene ne-cap-and-trade, ejolise kwi-senator kwizithili zabo kwikhefu lasehlotyeni. Ezo ziganeko zacwangciswa ngokubambisana ne-US Chamber of Commerce, apho amalungu e-USCAP uChrysler, uDeere, iDow Chemical, iDuke Energy, i-GE, iPepsiCo, i-PNM Resources, kunye ne-Siemens bonke babengamalungu.
Oku kwavumela iinkampani ukuba zenze buthathaka ngokufanelekileyo umgaqo-nkqubo kwaye ziqokelele i-PR efanelekileyo kwinkqubo ngokubonakala ixhasa isisombululo kwingxaki. "Abachaphazelekayo kushishino abazange bakhulise amathuba abo ngokusondeza umthetho wemozulu onokubakho kufutshane nezinto ezinomdla kuzo kunye nokubumba indawo yezopolitiko yexesha elizayo," ubhala uGrumbach. "Babekwazi ngaxeshanye ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokutshintsha iingxoxo zezopolitiko ukuze bathintele umthetho ukuba ungaphumi kwasekuqaleni." Yonke le nto, ewe, yeza emva kokuba umzi-mveliso wefosili kunye nezinye zeenkampani ezifanayo, iitanki zokucinga, kunye nemibutho yoshishino eyasilwa i-cap-and-trade ichithe amashumi amabini eminyaka isasaza amaphulo olwazi olungeyonyani ukuphosa amathandabuzo ngobunyani bokufudumala kwehlabathi, ukuguqula izizathu zengxoxo yezopolitiko apho idabi le-cap-and-trade lalidlala.
Ngaphandle kweRiphabhlikhi okanye inkxaso yenkampani efudukela kumlo weSenethi, kwaye bambalwa abantu abangaphandle kweBeltway abachulumancile ukuya kuyibetha, ikepusi kunye norhwebo bafa nge-whimper. Kwimeko ebanzi Uhlalutyo luka-2013, uTheda Skocpol, unjingalwazi wenzululwazi ngentlalontle kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard, wabhala oku, “Ebudeni balo nyaka ubalulekileyo, amaRiphabliki, kuquka abo bebecingelwa ukuba bangabahlobo kangangexesha elide bentlangano yendalo esingqongileyo njengoJohn McCain, basuke banyibilika; kwaye ekugqibeleni iiSenenja ze-GOP ziye zala ngamxhelo mnye ukuxhasa naluphi na uhlobo lwe-cap kunye norhwebo. "
Eyona nto iphambili apha kukuba icebo likaSanders's Green New Deal ibonelela ngendlela ebingenakuhluka ngakumbi kunokutyhala kwemozulu kwiNduli kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo - kwaye ngokulahla eso sicwangciso-qhinga sangaphakathi kuphela, sinokudubula okwenyani ekuphumeleleni. Njengoko uSkocpol wabhala ngo-2013:
Umsinga wezopolitiko unokujikwa kule minyaka ilishumi izayo kuphela ngokuyilwa kwezopolitiko zokutshintsha kwemozulu ezibandakanya ukuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi kwiziko elisekhohlo. Yiloo nto eya kuthatha ukuchasa indibaniselwano yakutshanje yejelled ye-free-market elite inkcaso kunye ne-right-wing ethandwayo yokuhlanganisa ngokuchasene nokufudumala kwehlabathi. … Okwangoku, iinkululeko kunye neemodareyitha ezinobuhlobo kufuneka bakhe umbutho ochasene nokufudumala kwehlabathi kwicala labo lezopolitiko.
USanders, ewe, ayinguye kuphela osebenzisa indlela egxile kwintshukumo, ukongezwa komnxeba wakhe wexesha elide "wenguqu kwezopolitiko." Kwakhona kungundoqo kwindlela abaququzeleli beSunrise bacinga ngayo ngokuphumelela umgaqo-nkqubo wemozulu. Phakathi kwezinto abazithathayo xa befunda umlo we-cap-and-trade, u-Weber wandixelela, “kukuba ufuna ngokwenene intshukumo eza kuqhubela phambili koku ngexesha lephulo nangaphaya, kwaye kufuneka ucinezele abezopolitiko. Akwanelanga ukuphumelela unyulo nje.” Njengoko u-Weber watshoyo, uhlaziyo lwezakhiwo olunjengokuphelisa ifilibuster kunye nokuphelisa iKholeji yoNyulo - iminxeba engabonakali kwisicwangciso sikaSanders - ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuba ngundoqo ekuwisweni komthetho. Kodwa ukuyila umgaqo-nkqubo ojolise ekwakheni intshukumo yinto efunekayo ukwenza ivoti yomgangatho inokwenzeka.
"Umoya wezopolitiko unokujikwa kule minyaka ilishumi izayo kuphela ngokuyilwa kwezopolitiko zokutshintsha kwemozulu ezibandakanya ukuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi kwindawo ekhohlo," utshilo uSkocpol ngo-2013.
Ukuba enye impazamo enkulu ka-Waxman-Markey yayikukungakwazi kwabaxhasi bayo ukuchaza ukuba eli tyala lemozulu liya kwenza ubomi babantu bube lula, isakhelo se-Green New Deal sisebenza ngokuzisa nangokusasaza umgangatho obambekayo wokuphuculwa kobomi, sisebenzisa uloyiso lwakwangoko njengethuba lokubhalisa. Inkxaso eyongezelelekileyo phakathi kwabaninzi, abantu abaninzi abafunekayo ukucela umngeni kumandla amakhulu abalawuli bamafutha efosili, abaza kulwa umlo omkhulu ngandlela thile. Isivumelwano esitsha sikaSanders sikaGreen sibonelela abavoti umbono wokuba umhlaba unokuba ngcono kangakanani ngaphandle kwabo; Umgaqo-nkqubo wayo kunye nezopolitiko azihambelani.
Isicwangciso sikaSanders sibonelela ngebhetri yotyalo-mali kubasebenzi nakuluntu esele lubethwa kanobom kukuhla kwemisebenzi kumashishini anekhabhoni efana namalahle. Amalungiselelo akhe otshintsho anokubonelela ngeminyaka emihlanu ye-inshurensi yokungaphangeli, isiqinisekiso somvuzo, kunye nentaphane yezinye izibonelelo kubasebenzi, kunye ne-5.9 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwinkxaso-mali kwii-arhente zophuhliso loqoqosho zengingqi njengeKomishoni yeNgingqi ye-Appalachian. Ukujonga ukuba inguqu iya kuba nkulu kangakanani, iGreen New Deal iya kuchitha iminyaka yayo emibini yokuqala "kakhulu ibeka umnatha wokhuseleko loluntu ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu ushiyekileyo," ukwandisa iinkqubo zentlalontle - njengesidlo sasemini sesikolo kunye neenzuzo zeSNAP. - ezithe kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje zihlaselwe ziiDemocrats kunye namaRiphabhlikhi zombini.
Kukwakho neereferensi rhoqo ekuphumezeni i-Medicare for All kunye nokwandisa ngokumangalisayo ubulungu bomanyano ecaleni kweqela leSanders elibekwe kwesinye isicwangciso kule veki yeengxoxo zecandelo. Abahlali kwilizwe lonke banokufumana uncedo lwemali ukuze balawule izinto zabo zombane zabucala, kwaye isicwangciso sibeka ngenkalipho iplani ecacileyo "yokuphelisa ukubawa kwinkqubo yethu yamandla" kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba "amandla avuselelekayo aveliswa yi-Green New Deal iya kuthi." ibe ngabanini-mali kawonke-wonke” - isibonelelo esiqinisekileyo sokubeka izinto eziluncedo kubatyali-zimali eziye zabekwa wachitha izigidi ukuthintela imilinganiselo yemozulu malunga inqanaba ngalinye likarhulumente. Ngelixa urhulumente eza kuqala aqokelele ingeniso kwizixhobo zombane eziphantsi kukarhulumente, la mandla ahlaziyekayo, isicwangciso siphawula, siya kuthi emva kowama-2035 “akhululeke phantse.”
Ukusebenzisa incwadi yokudlala endala, iiRiphabhlikhi ziya kufanisa nasiphi na isicwangciso sokuthintela ukukhutshwa kwazo zonke - ingaba yirhafu yengeniso ye-carbon-neutral okanye umgangatho wokusetyenziswa kwamafutha - kwi-socialism. Isicwangciso sikaSanders asidanisi kwinto yokuba urhulumente ngenene uya kudlala indima esebenzayo kuqoqosho - okanye ubomi babantu abaninzi buya kuba ngcono kulo.
Endaweni yokumema umdla wamafutha efosili kwitafile yothethathethwano, uSanders ujolise kubo njengotshaba lokuqala. Kukho izizathu ezisebenzayo kunye nezopolitiko zokungabhalisi izinto ezithandwa yi-ExxonMobil kwinguqu yoqoqosho lwekhabhoni ephantsi: Imodeli yabo yoshishino engundoqo - ukumba nokutshisa amalahle amaninzi, ioli kunye negesi kangangoko kunokwenzeka - ayitshintshanga, kwaye ngokucacileyo ayihambelani ne-decarbonization ecaleni kwendlela isayensi ethi iyimfuneko ukunqanda intlekele. Ukongeza ekuthinteleni ukuqhekezwa, ukususwa kwemigodi yamalahle encotsheni yentaba, kunye nokumbiwa komhlaba kawonke-wonke, uSanders uceba “[p] ukutshutshisa kunye nokumangalela umzi-mveliso wefosili ngomonakalo owenziweyo,” ebhekisa ngakumbi kwizityhilelo kwiminyaka eliqela edlulileyo. I-Exxon ixhaswe yi-disinformation yemozulu ngelixa isazi kakuhle ngokupheleleyo umonakalo owenziwe ngukufudumala. “La maqumrhu kunye nabaphathi bawo akufuneki babaleke bafihle inyani kubantu baseMelika. Kufuneka bahlawule nomonakalo ngentshabalalo abayenzileyo besazi,” isicwangciso siyatsho. Kweli nqaku, isicwangciso sikaSanders sijongene ngakumbi kune-Ocasio-Cortez kunye nesisombululo esitsha seNtsha yeMarkey sikaMarkey, esingachazi mafutha efosili.
Kumlo wemozulu ebekade uneentloni zokuthiya iintshaba-kwaye ihlala iphoswa njengengxaki yesenzo esidibeneyo - isakhelo seSivumelwano esitsha sokuHlaza sikhuthaza iqhinga elithi "thina ngokuchasene nabo" ngokungafaniyo nelo lamagama alo. “Ndicinga ukuba abantu ngokubanzi baziva boyikekile ngemeko yemozulu. Kodwa sixelelwe ubuxoki, ngokuyinxenye, ngumzi-mveliso wefosili ukuba lityala lethu lonke, ”utshilo uWeber. “Kodwa ngokucacileyo ayililo ibali lokwenyani elo. Ibali lokwenyani lelokuba imbinana yeebhiliyoni kunye nabaxhasi babo kunye nabezopolitiko sesona sizathu sikobu bugxwayiba. Ukuba siza kwenza inkqubela yokwenyani kule ngxaki, ndicinga ukuba abantu kufuneka baxelelwe loo nyani, kwaye kufuneka babe nomsindo ngayo kwaye bazi ukuba ukuba sibasusa aba bantu endleleni, singaba nehlabathi elingcono. wonke umntu.”
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