Phantse ihlabathi lonke liye lalugxeka uhlaselo lwaseMumbai lwangoNovemba ka-2008. Ubunqolobi obunjalo bubuye, kwakhona, basikhumbuza indlela ekubaluleke ngayo ukulwa nemikhosi yobugrogrisi yobuKomanisi kunye nobundlobongela bezopolitiko kwilizwekazi laseIndiya. Kodwa into edla ngokungahoywa okanye icinezelwe sisibakala sokuba kukho oonobangela abanzulu abasisiseko bentlupheko eqhambuka kubume bezenzo zogonyamelo ezinjalo; Umba ongasonjululwanga weKashmir ungoyena nobangela uphambili ovusa inkanuko kunye nomsindo wezigidi zabantu.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuphinda i-mantra "yemfazwe yoloyiko" njengoko uLawulo lwaseBush lwenzile iminyaka esibhozo edlulileyo ngelixa ukucwangcisa kunye nokuqala iimfazwe ezinkulu zobundlobongela akusisondezi i-intshi enye ekusombululeni ingxaki yobundlobongela kunye noloyiko kummandla wethu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, loo maqhinga obuxoki ayenzelwe ukufihla iimfazwe zobundlongo-ndlongo aze avelise ugonyamelo olungakumbi nophalazo-gazi olungakumbi. Eyona njongo iphambili kukuqhubela phambili izilangazelelo zobukhosi kunye nolawulo. Oko kubizwa ngokuba โyimfazwe yobugrogrisiโ asiyomfazwe echasene nobugrogrisi; ngokuchaseneyo, ibe kukuqhubeka komgaqo-nkqubo wobukhosi waseMelika ngeenjongo zayo eziqinisekileyo kuMbindi Mpuma nangaphaya. Ngokucacileyo nayiphi na inzame enzulu yokulwa noloyiko iya kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo izizathu zoloyiko, kwaye inganeli nje ukwanela ziimpawu ezibonakalayo.
Umba ongasonjululwanga weKashmir uye wagcina iIndiya kunye nePakistan kwikhondo eliyingozi lokungqubana ukusukela ngo-1947, xa i-raj yaseBritane yafikelela esiphelweni kwaye njengesenzo sokugqibela sobubele kubantu babo abalawuli basebukhosini bavuma ukwahlula iIndiya ngokwemigaqo yoluntu eyayiza kuphumelela. ngqina ibhokisi yePandora kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Siye sabona ukusebenzelana kwabo kabini kwinkqubo xa babenikela ngeentsikelelo zabo kunye nokuxhasa apha naphaya kunye nobubi obuninzi naphi na apho kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ngelixa babezoba imida phakathi kwamazwe amabini asakhulayo. Abafumana izipho baphinde babuyelana ngobubele: isekela lokugqibela uLord Mountbatten wenziwa iRhuluneli Jikelele yokuqala yaseIndiya eFree! Eli lungiselelo lenziwe ngobuchule layifeza injongo yalo kakuhle kwilizwe elithile ngeendleko zelinye.
Ngexesha lolwahlulo, iNkosana yaseJammu kunye neKashmir yayilawulwa ngumlawuli wamaHindu Dogra, uMaharaja Hari Singh owayengumzukulwana kaGulab Singh, kuye iBritane, phantsi kwemiqathango yeSivumelwano sase-Amritsar (1846). bayithengisa yonke intili yeKashmir. Ngenxa yokuba uninzi lweKashmir yayingamaSilamsi, kwakucingelwa ukuba iKashmir iza kujoyina ilizwe elitsha lasePakistan. Xa amaKashmiris asuka kwindawo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Azad Kashmir kunye nabalweli besizwe abavela kwiPhondo eliMntla Ntshonalanga yasePakistan baqala ukuhlasela urhulumente ukuba azise uxinzelelo kuHari Singh ukuba ajoyine iPakistan, wacela uncedo ku-Lord Mountbatten, owavumayo. ukunika uncedo emkhosini ukuba umlawuli wajoyina iIndiya. Yaqalisa ngaloo ndlela ke imfazwe yokuqala phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan eyathi ekugqibeleni yaphela ngowe-1949 xa uMbutho weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo owawusandulโ ukusekwa wenza amalungiselelo okuphelisa imfazwe. Umda woLawulo wasekwa oye wahlala umda we-de facto phakathi kwe-Indian-controlled Kashmir kunye ne-'Azad '(Free) Jammu kunye neKashmir (kodwa ebizwa ngokuba yi-Pakistan-ehlala eKashmir ngamaNdiya).
Ukuze kupheliswe ukupheliswa kodushe, ngowe-1948, iIndiya yawusa lo mbandela kwiBhunga Lokhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo nxamnye nePakistan. Ngenxa yoko iBhunga lezoKhuseleko laphumeza izigqibo ezithathu ngowe-1948 nangowe-1949 ezazikwavuma amalungelo abantu baseKashmir ngomhlaba wawo la mazwe mabini ayesilwa . Ngokwezindululo, i-Indiya nePakistan zaziza kubamba iingxoxo eKashmir ukuze abantu bazenzele isigqibo ngekamva labo. Inkulumbuso yaseIndiya uJawaharlal Nehru uthembise ukuba abantu baseJammu naseKashmir bazakufumana inkululeko xa uxolo lubuyiselwe. Emva kwemfazwe, akaligcina ilizwi lakhe; nemiqathango yezigqibo ayizange izaliseke. Urhulumente waseIndiya unike iKashmir iwonga elikhethekileyo elivumela ukuzimela kwangaphakathi. Oku kwakucingelwa ukuba kuthomalalise abantu xa umlawuli waseKashmir wangena eIndiya. Kodwa isithembiso sokubamba i-plebiscite asizange sigcinwe kwaye oorhulumente baseIndiya abalandelelanayo babambelele ngokuqinileyo kwinto yokuba iKashmir yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yeIndiya, kwaye zonke iimfuno zabantu baseKashmiri zokucela uxolo okanye ukuchasa ukuhlala kwamaIndiya zachazwa njengemicimbi yangaphakathi yaseIndiya. Akukho mntu wesithathu wavunyelwa ukuba athethe egameni labantu baseKashmiri okanye avakalise iimfuno zabo ezisemthethweni phantsi kwe-UN Charter okanye izigqibo ze-UN. Ngeli xesha iIndiya nePakistan zalwa ngeKashmir enye imfazwe ngowe-1965.
Izikhalazo zaseKashmiris ziye zaqokelela kumashumi eminyaka. I-Kashmiris yacela umngeni ukuba semthethweni kokuthathwa kwamaIndiya kwaye ngo-1989 baqalisa umzabalazo wezigalo ukukhupha abahlali. Ukubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi, ukunyamalala nobundlobongela kwalandela emva kohlaselo lomkhosi. I-Indiya yathumela ngaphezulu kwe-500,000 yamajoni ukuba acinezele amaSilamsi aseKashmiri.
Ngokweengxelo ezigciniweyo imikhosi yaseIndiya yabulala abantu abamalunga nama-78,000 kwaye yaphatha ngenkohlakalo abantu bonke, kodwa imithombo yaseKashmiri ibeka inani labo babulawa malunga ne-100,000. Kulo mzabalazo womkhosi, igcuntswana lamaHindu eKashmiri, iiPandits, nalo laba ngamaxhoba abavukeli; ngokutsho kukarhulumente welizwe phezu 200,000 babaleka intlambo. Babalekela eJammu kwaye abanye babalekela eIndiya. Iimeko ezihlala phantsi kwazo iiPandits ukusukela ekufudukeni kwabo ziye zaba buhlungu. Kodwa kuyomeleza ukubona ukuba onke amacandelo amaSilamsi aseKashmiri kunye neenkokeli zawo ngoku abongoza ukuba abazalwana bawo bangamaHindu babuyiselwe kwilizwe labo.
Emva kweminyaka eli-18 yokulawula ngenkohlakalo emkhosini, urhulumente waseIndiya wajamelana nemeko entsha. IBhunga laseKashmir Jehad licele ukuba kupheliswe umzabalazo oxhobileyo kwaye endaweni yoko labongoza bonke abalweli benkululeko ukuba basebenzise kuphela iindlela ezingezozabundlobongela nezinoxolo ukuze bakhululeke eIndiya. Ikhwelo lika-Azadi (inkululeko) liya livakala ngakumbi apho i-Indian machine guns kunye nemikhosi yabo yokuphanga ayikwazi ukurhaxwa. Kodwa abalawuli baseIndiya babonakalise ukukulungela okuncinci ukumamela abantu kwaye bagcine intambo yomkhosi eqinile kwiNtlambo yaseKashmir.
Ingxabano yaseKashmir ibangele usizi olungathethekiyo kunye nentshabalalo eKashmir, ebomini nakwipropathi. Ikwangunobangela ophambili wengxwabangxwaba phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan njengeembangi. Ukuchithwa okukhulu kwemithombo yobutyebi okwenziwa ngala mazwe mabini kulwakhiwo lomkhosi kunye nogqatso lwezixhobo kubandakanya nokufumana iibhombu zenyukliya sisiphumo sokungqubana kwabo eKashmir. Ipropaganda esemthethweni urhulumente ngamnye ayibhekise komnye utshaba, ukungathembi kunye nentiyo kubantu abahlukeneyo bala mazwe ngokuchasene "notshaba lwabo olufayo". Oku kuqhubeke iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathandathu kwaye akukho siphelo emehlweni. Oku kutyhefe iingqondo zabantu baseIndiya nabasePakistan. Ngenxa yoko sibona i-polarization yezopolitiko kunye neengxabano ezingapheliyo phakathi kwabantu abame endleleni yokusombulula imiba efana neKashmir kunye nokuqhelaniswa kobudlelwane phakathi kwabamelwane ababini. Ukongezelela, enye into eyothusayo iye yaba kukwanda kweembono ezibaxiweyo zezobupolitika nezonqulo eIndiya nasePakistan.
Ukukhula kwenzondelelo yempambano yonqulo nezobupolitika eIndiya nasePakistan asinto intsha. Kodwa into entsha kukwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwemikhwa eyingozi kwintlalontle nakwezopolitiko kula mazwe mabini. Abashumayeli nababingeleli abakhulu bobukomanisi nentiyo banempembelelo kwiipolitiki eziphambili.
EIndiya, eminye imibutho yezopolitiko ibizimanya ngokusondeleyo nobuHindu okanye iHindutva. I-Sangha Parivar ngumbutho we-ambrella yawo onke amaqela e-Hindutva. Injongo eqinisekileyo yeHindutva ibikukuqinisekisa ukongama kwamaHindu kunye nobukomanisi bamaHindu eIndiya ngokuchonga iIndiya kunye nobuHindu kunye nolawulo lwamaHindu. Imibutho yamaHindutva iphenjelelwa yiRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) emele ulawulo lwamaHindu. Iqela leBharatya Janata (BJP) lelona qela liphambili lezopolitiko eIndiya elimele imfundiso yamaHindutva kunye nobuHindu kwilizwe liphela. UJawaharlal Nehru wayekhe walumkisa ngelithi ukuba ubuFasi bungafika eIndiya, buya kufika bukwimo yobuKomanisi. Amazwi nezilumkiso zakhe zaziphantse zibe zisiprofeto.
Kakade ke, eyona njongo iphambili yeHindutva ibe ngamaSilamsi aseIndiya kwasekuqaleni, elandelwa ngamaHindu akudidi oluphantsi-awayesakuba โAbangachukunyiswangaโ (!) Ngoku abizwa ngokuba ngamaDalitsโ, kunye namaKristu. Ngaphezu kwe-150 yezigidi zamaSilamsi amaIndiya aliqaqobana lonqulo eIndiya. Ukususela kwiimeko ezimbi ezakhokelela ekwahlulelweni kweIndiya ngowe-1947, amaSilamsi aseIndiya aye aphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu. Ngokuthe ngcembe baye bazifumanisa bekwinceba yamaHindu, becatshulwe ngokwezobupolitika nakwahlukanisiwe ngokwentlalo kwilizwe labo. Kwanewonga labo lobuzwe nokunyaniseka kwabo kwarhaneleka. "NgamaSilamsi kuqala", ngoko banokuba "ngamaIndiya okwenyaniso" njani? Kwaye, kutheni bekwiIndiya yamaHindu ukuba abayithandi iIndiya okanye bakhalazela imeko yabo eIndiya? Bangasuka bapakishe bahambe. 'BangamaPakistani' kwaye kufuneka bafudukele kwilizwe labo!
Iimbono ezinjalo kunye nenkqubela phambili yezopolitiko eIndiya ishiye amaSilamsi aseIndiya ekwimeko enzima kakhulu. Ngo-1992, amajoni amaHindu atshabalalisa i-Babri Mosque yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu e-Ayodhya ngelixa abasemagunyeni bemi bengenzi nto. Owayesakuba yinkulumbuso yaseIndiya wathembisa ngokuphinda ayakhe le mosque. Isithembiso asigcinwanga. Endaweni yoko kuye kwaphakanyiswa itempile kwindawo yemosque etshatyalalisiweyo eyaxhokonxa isiphithiphithi senkolo kunye neenkanuko zoluntu. Abantu abangamawaka amathathu, uninzi lwabo ingamaSilamsi, babulawa kuqhankqalazo olwalandelayo.
Amawaka amabini amaSilamsi abulawa ngo-12002 eGujarat, eyayiyi-pogrom egcwele igazi eyenzeka phantsi korhulumente welizwe olawulwa yi-BJP. Abalawuli baseNew Delhi abazange bangenelele ukunqanda ukubulawa kwabantu abangamaSilamsi.
Uhlaselo kwiindawo ezingcwele zamaSilamsi kunye nabantu baye banda kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Kolunye uhlaselo lwakutshanje lwabalweli benkolo yamaHindutva kwimosque, umphathi-mkhosi wamaHindu ongumHindu wabanjelwa ukubandakanyeka kwakhe kuhlaselo.
EPakistan, amaqela enkolo abambelele kwisiseko aziva ebophelelekile ukuba alawule amaSilamsi, kodwa akazange nangaliphi na ixesha afumane inkxaso ingako eluntwini. Iziphumo zabo zolonyulo ezibi kunyulo olwahlukeneyo ziyibonakalise ngokucacileyo loo nto. Nangona kunjalo, abefundisi basePakistan abangamaSilamsi baye badume kakhulu ngokubandakanyeka kwabo kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo. Abashumayeli bamaSunni bawujongisa umsindo wabo โkumntu ongakholwayoโ wamaShia yaye abashumayeli bamaShia nabo baphendula ngokubiza amaSunni ngokuthi โabangakholwayoโ! Oku kukhokelela kumjikelo ongapheliyo wobundlobongela kunye nengxabano egameni lamaSilamsi. Kodwa ingozi evezwa ngamaqela amaSilamsi alwayo ekuxhokonxeni ubundlobongela nentiyo ayinantandabuzo. Nangona kunjalo, unyango lwamaNdiya lwamaSilamsi aseKashmiri kunye nomcimbi weKashmir ongasonjululwanga ngenxa yokungahoywa kwamaIndiya ugwetywa jikelele ngabo bonke abantu basePakistan; ikwabonelela nethuba kumaqela alwayo afana noLasher-e-Taiba kunye nabanye ababongoza abalandeli babo ukuba baphindezele izikhalazo zabo bakholwa kunye nabo baseIndiya ezandleni zamajoni amaHindutva kunye nokumela inkululeko yaseKashmir ngo. zonke iindlela, kuquka ugonyamelo. Yiloo nto kanye eyenzekayo kwinyanga ephelileyo kuhlaselo lwaseMumbai.
Kule minyaka ingamashumi amathandathu idlulileyo, i-Indiya igcine ukuhlala kwayo kwiNtlambo yaseKashmir ngokukhohlisa kwezopolitiko kunye nomkhosi okhohlakeleyo. Ukubulawa kwamaSilamsi aseKashmiri yimikhosi yaseIndiya ilingana nolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe phantsi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe; nangona kunjalo, uxanduva lokugqibela lwalo mgaqo-nkqubo we-genocidal lulele kubalawuli baseNew Delhi. Ukuba urhulumente waseIndiya ufuna ukuqhubeka nokuhlala eKashmir kwaye ulindele ukuba abantu baseKashmir baziyeke iimfuno zabo zenkululeko kuba bajongana nomkhosi omkhulu kunye namandla ezoqoqosho afana neIndiya, eyandise intsebenziswano kunye namanye amagunya ama-impiriyali afana neMelika kunye neZionist Israel. , inye into eqinisekileyo: imeko iya kuba mbi ngakumbi; kuya kubakho ugonyamelo nokukhwankqisa.
AmaSilamsi azizigidi ezili-10 zeNtlambo yaseKashmir afuna ukuzimela kulawulo lobukoloniyali baseIndiya kunye nengcinezelo. Eyona khosi ilungileyo eshiyekileyo eIndiya kukwenza ikhefu kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wayo wangaphambili, kwaye uvume ilungelo lokuzilawula kweKashmiris. Oku akuyi kuyenza buthathaka iIndiya; endaweni yoko, iya kubonisa ukomelela kwedemokhrasi yaseIndiya kunye nemiba yobuntu yesithethe saseIndiya.
Ingaba abantu baseKashmir Valley bathatha isigqibo sokujoyina iIndiya okanye iPakistan, okanye bakhetha ukuzimela ngokupheleleyo kufuneka kube ngabo ukuba benze isigqibo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba sisiphi isigqibo abasenzayo sokumisela ikamva labo njengoko kuchaziwe kwizigqibo ze-UN kufuneka ibe ngabo kunye nabo bodwa. Nangona kunjalo, akuqinisekanga ukuba baya kukhetha ukujoyina iPakistan, kodwa ukuba bayakwenza oko akufuneki bakhathazeke eIndiya. Kwimeko enjalo, iHindu Jammu kunye neBuddhist Ladakh ngokuqinisekileyo baya kujoyina iIndiya. Ke, ngenyathelo lobulumko nenkalipho iinkokeli zaseIndiya zinokudala iimeko zezopolitiko apho ixesha elitsha lobudlelwane obuhle phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan linokuthi lisebenze ukuba livumela abantu beNtlambo yaseKashmir ukuba balawule ikamva labo endaweni yempatho engenabuntu kwaye ukuthotywa kwizandla zombuso waseIndiya kunye nemikhosi yayo exhobileyo. Nje ukuba ithambo eliphambili lengxabano phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan lisusiwe ke abo babefudula bekhuphisana kunye "neentshaba" banokuba ngabahlobo kwaye bagxile kwiingxaki zentlalo noqoqosho lwabantu babo ngaphakathi koxolo. Umbutho ozimeleyo kunye nozilawulayo kwiNtlambo yaseKashmir uza kuzisa ithemba kunye nokulungileyo kubamelwane bawo. Ngokususa eyona ngxaki ingasonjululwanga yeKashmir eye yaphembelela intiyo kwaye ibangele umonakalo ongenakulinganiswa, la mazwe mabini aya kuba nako ukuqulatha imikhosi yobuhlali kunye nenzondelelo yenkolo ethwaxa iIndiya nePakistan.
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