U-Arthur Kinoy, owaziwa kakhulu njengegqwetha eliphambili lamalungelo oluntu ngexesha lenqanaba loqhanqalazo lombutho ngeminyaka yoo-1960, nanjengonjingalwazi wezomthetho owafundisa iminyaka engama-20 kwiYunivesithi yaseRutgers, wasweleka ngoSeptemba 2003. Wayeneminyaka engama-82 ubudala kwaye wayehlala eMontclair, eNew Jersey.
Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe bomntu omdala u-Arthur wayezicingela ukuba unenzondelelo yempambano. Emva kokuba ephumelele kwiyunivesithi yaseHarvard waza wafumana isidanga sakhe sobugqwetha kwisikolo sase-Columbia Law, apho wayengumhleli olawulayo woHlolo loMthetho, emva kokuphumelela kwakhe wasebenza njengelungu labasebenzi abasemthethweni be-United Electrical Workers (UE). Njengoko iMfazwe Yomlomo yayisiya ishushu kwiinyanga emva kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi umanyano, lolwesithathu ngobukhulu kwiCIO enamalungu esisiqingatha sesigidi, yaba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo kwiinzame zikarhulumente zokuqhekeza imibutho ezimeleyo enenkqubela phambili, iphulo eladityaniswa ngokuzintloni nobunkokeli. yeCIO eyathi ekugqibeleni yagxotha okanye yanyanzelisa ishumi elinesibini lamahlakani ayo, kubandakanywa ne-UE. Ngowe-1949 uArthur wayephakathi kwamagqwetha eenkokeli zelizwe lamaKomanisi ezili-11 ezazimangalelwe โngokwenza iyelenqe lokuthethelelaโ ukubhukuqwa kukarhulumente waseUnited States. Wayephakathi kwamagqwetha akhusela uJulius noEthel Rosenberg kwaye akazange ayeke, kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, ezibandakanya kumatyala angathandwayo kwaye wayesoloko esembindini wempikiswano yezopolitiko.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1950 kunye noo-1960 u-Arthur wayeyingcali yethiyori ephambili yeNxele elikhulu phakathi koMbutho wamaLungelo oLuntu, owamkela abaninzi, njengo-Ella Baker kunye neNgxowa-mali yeMfundo yeNkomfa yaseMazantsi (SCEF) awayengumsebenzi wayo, kunye namatsha ntliziyo angabafundi abantsundu baseMazantsi, ababenxulumana ngokusondeleyo no-Arthur noNksz Baker. Ingxoxo yakhe esisiseko yayikukuba umsebenzi oyimbali wale ntshukumo yayikukugqibezela intshukumo eya kwinkululeko yabantsundu eyayiphazanyiswe ngamaqela amabini kunye noongxowankulu baseMntla bokungcatshwa koKwakhiwa ngokutsha. Kule nto u-Arthur wayenolwazi. Oko uCharles Beard wakubiza ngokuba "yi-revolution yesibini yedemokhrasi" yaba ngundoqo wephiko elikhawulezayo leenjongo zombutho, ngakumbi emva kweMontgomery Bus Boycott ka-1955. Ku-Arthur kunye nabanye abaninzi abaphumelele amalungelo okuvota kunye nokufikelela kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye nemfundo yoluntu. yayilinyathelo eliyimfuneko ngexesha lombutho wenkululeko yabantsundu, kodwa lalinganelanga.
Kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba uStokely Carmichael abhengeze "Amandla aMnyama" kwinkomfa yaseChicago ngo-1966 ngezopolitiko ezizimeleyo, u-Arthur wayephakathi kwabo babephikisana ukuba ukufezekiswa kokulingana okupheleleyo ngokobuhlanga kufuneka kudlulele ngaphaya kwamalungelo kwaye kwamkele umsebenzi wokuphumelela amandla ezopolitiko amnyama, ngakumbi eMzantsi, ngokwenene, ukukhulula isithembiso semithetho yoKwakha kwakhona. Njengoko wayedla ngokubonisa le mithetho, ephumeza ulungiso lweshumi elinesithathu kunye neshumi elinesine aluzange luqinisekise inkululeko esemthethweni kuphela kwabo babesakuba ngamakhoboka, kodwa ngokunyanisekileyo bamisela imiqathango yokufuna kwabo ukulingana kwezoqoqosho kunye namandla ezopolitiko.
Njengoko iWEB Dubois kunye no-Eric Foner baye babonisa iNkongolo yoKwakha kwakhona umthetho owenziwe ngumthetho onjenge-Homestead Act othi, phakathi kwamanye amacandelo, unikeze umhlaba kunye nezixhobo zezolimo kumakhoboka angaphambili; Isebe elikumazantsi loMthetho yayiyeyona nkqubo yohlaziyo lwezolimo kwimbali yaseMelika kuba yayixhaswa bubukho bemikhosi yase-United States ukuze iqinisekise ukuba i-Aristocracy yaseMazantsi ayinakuthi, ngeendlela zokoyika nokoyikisa, ukubamba amasimi abo kwakhona. Ukungcatshwa kukarhulumente weFederal kuqukwe ukurhoxa kancinci kwemikhosi yase-US ngexesha lolawulo lweSibonelelo, izigqibo zenkundla yeFederal eziqinisekisa amalungelo epropathi yabanini-masimi kunye, ngokwaphulwa okucacileyo kwenjongo yomthetho, ukunyamezelana kulawulo lobugrogrisi, olwenziwayo. yimibutho efana neKu Klux Klan ngokuchasene nabahlali basekhaya abamnyama.
U-Arthur noBill Kuntsler abathi, kwindawo yokunyuka kombutho, babengabadlali abaphambili, hayi kuphela kwimiba yomthetho yomkhosi, isigaba sombutho (uBill wayengumcebisi kaMartin Luther King kwaye njengeqabane lakhe, u-Arthur wayebaluleke ngokulinganayo), kodwa ekwenzeni igalelo kwisicwangciso-qhinga sesenzo esithe ngqo, sokuphinda kusetyenziswe imithetho eqatha yoKwakha ngokutsha-engazange irhoxisweโ kunye nokwenza umthetho omtsha osekelwe kuyo. UArthur wabhala ingcaciso eninzi eyanikelwa kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo nakwiNkundla yeSithili yeSithili ngabanye kunye naye.
Kangangokuba izigqibo eziqhelekileyo ezifana noBrown v kwiBhodi yeMfundo, la matyala avule indlela yotshintsho lokwenyani olusemthethweni olubonwa ngabantu abamnyama namhlanje. Kulo mba u-Arthur wayesoloko ethandabuza ukuthembela kwenkululeko kuhlaziyo lwezomthetho: wabulisa iMithetho yokuvota kunye namaLungelo oLuntu ka-1964 no-1965 njengenyathelo eliya phambili kodwa wayekrokrela ukuzinikela kwawo omabini amaqela ezopolitiko kwinkululeko yomntu omnyama kunye nenkululeko yoluntu, kwaye kamva waba. umthetheleli onyanisekileyo wentshukumo yezopolitiko ezimeleyo.
Iqela elahlanganiswa ngu-Arthur ukusuka kwi-1955, eyaphela ekuqaleni kwe-1970-endiyinxalenye yayo-ndadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwintshukumo yokuchithwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya ekupheleni kwee-1950 kunye namaqela oxolo asekwe ekuhlaleni, kunye namanqanaba okuqala kaMatshi. eWashington for Jobs and Freedom of 1963. Abaninzi kuthi babebandakanyeke kumbutho wamaLungelo oLuntu, abanye bekwinqanaba lasekuhlaleni yaye abanye kuzwelonke, kodwa yayiludumo luka-Arthur olwavula indlela yokuba sibe nenxaxheba ekucwangciseni nasekulungiseleleni eso siganeko sibalulekileyo.
Ngasekupheleni kowe-1962 nasekuqaleni kowe-1963 abanye bethu, kuquka u-Arthur kunye nam, badibana izihlandlo ezininzi noBayard Rustin, umququzeleli oyintloko kaMatshi, kunye noKumkani ukuze baxubushe ngendlela yokwandisa isibongozo sabo kubantu baseMntla, ngokukodwa kwicandelo leqela labasebenzi. apho sasinamaqhina. URustin uqambe isiqubulo esithi uMatshi weNkululeko esongeze kuso โiMisebenziโ, esinye seziganeko zokuqala zasemva kwemfazwe ukuqaphela esidlangalaleni umba obalulekileyo wokulingana kwezoqoqosho. URustin wayamkela ingxabano yethu yokuba, kwimeko yokudodobala koqoqosho ngowe-1960-62 xa izigidi zabasebenzi zaphulukana nemisebenzi yazo, ukuthabatha umbuzo wemisebenzi kunokubonakala kunomtsalane kuMsebenzi oQuquzelelweyo. Ngaphandle nje kokuxambulisana kwethu, abasebenzi abantsundu babephakathi kwabona bachaphazeleka kanobom kukudodobala koqoqosho.
Ilizwi lika-Arthur lalinamandla kwaye lihlonitshwa kakhulu nguRustin noKumkani, nangona kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba abaninzi phakathi kwabahlobo bakaRustin's Socialist Party ababengenelwe ngokunzulu kwiinguqulelo zeCold War ezichasene nobukomanisi abaninzi bambongoza ukuba ajongele phantsi ukwenza umfelandawonye nezinto ezifana noKinoy, Kuntsler kunye nathi sonke. Qaphela kakuhle, uKumkani ngokwakhe uye wanikezela kwi-Gay bashing uRustin wahlupheka ngexesha leBus Boycott iminyaka; wayenoBayard ukuba ashiye iMontgomery. Kodwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1960 kwakungekho nomonde wokutsala naluphi na uhlobo. URustin wayesazi ukuba izixhobo zoKumkani okanye u-A.Phillip Randolph, inkokeli yemanyano yabasebenzi abamnyama eMelika, nangona kunjalo, yayinganelanga ukwenza umboniso omkhulu welizwe. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe emva kokuba uMontgomery King kunye neSouthern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC) bayonwabele intembeko yemibutho embalwa engundoqo, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba uMongameli we-AFL-CIO uGeorge Meany wayiphanzisa ngempumelelo ingcamango yokuzimela geqe kwabaninzi babo. Ngeli xesha uRustin wayekuvuyela ukusebenzisana noKhohlo kuba wayesazi ukuba abantu abafana no-Arthur babemi kwizangqa eziye zabaluleka ekwakheni intshukumo, kokubini ngokwentlangano nangokwemali.
Ekubeni ndandikubasebenzi belizwe lombutho wabasebenzi bempahla kwaye ndinoqhagamshelwano lwabasebenzi kwilizwe lonke, ndasebenza njengoMququzeleli wezoMsebenzi ngoMatshi kwaye ndanceda ukukhusela ukuqinisekiswa kwiNtwasahlobo yenani lemibutho yelizwe emva koMongameli we-AFL-CIO. Inkcaso ekrakra kaGeorge Meany. I-UE, i-Packinghouse Workers, i-District 65 ye-Retail and Wholesale union kunye ne-West Coast Longshoremen's union babephakathi kwabokuqala ukubhalisa kunye nokunikela ngemali. Ngokuqinisekileyo, iziqinisekiso zabo ezihlangeneyo zephiko lasekhohlo zazisa iingxaki kwabanye ezifana ne-UAW kunye ne-ILGWU inkxaso yabo evulekileyo yamalungelo oluntu yayigxininiswe yizibophelelo zemfazwe ebandayo yobunkokeli. Le mibutho kwakunzima kakhulu ukuyihambisa.
Enyanisweni, uMongameli we-UAW uWalter Reuther waqhuba i-bargain enzima ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwakhe kunye nomanyano wakhe: kufuneka kube sisiganeko soxolo, oko kukuthi, akukho ukungathobeli koluntu; iinkokeli zeKomiti yoLungelelaniso yoMfundi engenabuNdlobongela (SNCC) - ngokungathandabuzekiyo amandla omlilo we-Southern Movement-kufuneka ayeke ukuhlasela uLawulo lweKennedy ngenxa yokuthotyelwa kwayo ngokuyekelelayo komthetho okhoyo kunye nokukhusela abasebenzi bamalungelo oluntu; kwaye akukho bameli beengcamango ezishiywe ngaphandle kukaRandolph kufuneka bavunyelwe ukuba bathethe. Ekugqibeleni, u-Meany wayenendlela yakhe kunye ne-ILGWU echasene ne-radical engazange ivume ukuvuma uMatshi.
U-Arthur wayesoloko eboniswa yimibutho yendawo kulo lonke elaseMzantsi, kungekuphela nje kwimibandela yomthetho kodwa nakwiqhinga. Ngexesha lasehlotyeni lika-1964 wasebenza ngokusondeleyo ne-Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), ingakumbi uFannie Lou Hamer noLawrence Guyot, kwaye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo yenkxaso ekwalileni kweqela ukuthobela iimfuno zikaRustin, uMichael Harrington, noHubert Humphrey. ukuze athambise ukugxeka kwabo iphiko leDixecrat elisemthethweni le-Mississippi Democrats. Njenge-MFDP, u-Arthur wenqaba kwaye wayiphikisa ingxabano yokuba inkcaso ephikisanayo ne-Demokhrasi emhlophe yaseMzantsi iya kubahlukanisa abantu abaninzi baseMzantsi kunye nabaMntla baseMntla. Ukuchaswa kwabo kwabangela ukusekwa kweDemocratic Party, uRustin owathi, kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo obomi bakhe wamkela iqhinga le-centrist elihambelana nelo le-AFL-CIO, iHarrington, kunye negqwetha uJoseph Rauh, kunye nolawulo lukaJohnson. Nangona kunjalo kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba yayizii-radicals ezirhuqa uJohnson, uRobert Kennedy, kunye neCongress ukuba badibanise iimfuno zentshukumo yesininzi.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1970 kunye no-1980 u-Arthur wenza uthungelwano lwesizwe lwabameli bemibutho yezopolitiko ezimeleyo apho uTed Glick, owabaleka ngo-2002 njengomgqatswa weGreen Party kwiSenator eNew Jersey wayengumlawuli. Wayengumfundisi-ntsapho othandekayo, eqeqesha izizukulwana ezininzi zabafundi bomthetho ukuze balungelelanise umsebenzi wabo kumdla wenkululeko nokulingana. Nangona ubomi bakhe "njengommeli wabantu" owaziwayo kakhulu u-Arthur wayengeyena u-populist, kwintsingiselo yaseMelika yeli gama. Izibophelelo zakhe ezingundoqo zazibangelwa yinguqu yobusoshiyali yohlobo olukholelwa ukuba amandla kufuneka atyalwe kubantu abaqhelekileyo, kungekhona abantu abaphezulu kwezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Ukuba ezi zibophelelo zange zibe nawo amandla kawonke-wonke eminye igalelo lakhe kufuneka zibalelwe, kungekhona kukoyika kwakhe kodwa ekuyekisweni kwakhona okuphawula uninzi lwexesha lasemva kwemfazwe yehlabathi yesibini.
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