Kuyivuyisa intliziyo kabani ukukhumbula ebunzulwini bobusika ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seerhafu esizisebenzelayo ukuze sizingenise kurhulumente wethu nyaka ngamnye zisiya kumalungiselelo emfazwe. Inkcitho eninzi enjalo iyafuneka, kuba umntu akanakukwazi ukuba iJaps okanye amaSerbia okanye ama-Irani anokuhlasela nini. Ukuqonda isidingo sokudala izixhobo ezininzi ezivelisa izixhobo kunye noosozigidi, kufuneka sikhumbule ngovuyo iintsuku zozuko lwemfazwe apho iikota ezintathu zenkulungwane emva zasinika indawo yomkhosi wezomkhosi, uMkhosi woMoya, iCIA, izixhobo zenyukliya. , ukuzingelwa kwamagqwirha, ukutshatyalaliswa kwemekobume, nezidumbu ezimalunga nezigidi ezingama-70.
Hayi, ngubani onokulibala . . .
IJamani yamaNazi, eneneni sithanda ukungahoyi ngamanye amaxesha, ngekhe ibekho okanye ilwe imfazwe ngaphandle kwenkxaso kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye iqhubeka ngemfazwe yamaqumrhu ase-US afana neGM, Ford, IBM, kunye ne-ITT. Imidla yenkampani yase-US yayikhetha iJamani yamaNazi kuneSoviet Union yamakomanisi, bayonwaba kukubona ezo zizwe zibini zixhelana, kwaye bathanda i-United States ukuba ingene kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi ye-oh-kakuhle-kwaye iyimfuneko kwicala laseNgilani kuphela. emva kokuba urhulumente waseU.S. eyenze loo nto yanengeniso kakhulu.
NgoDisemba 7, 1941, uMongameli uFranklin Delano Roosevelt wakhupha isibhengezo semfazwe eJapan naseJamani, kodwa wagqiba ekubeni akayi kusebenza kwaye wahamba neJapan yedwa. IJamani yakhawuleza yavakalisa imfazwe eUnited States, mhlawumbi ngethemba lokuba iJapan yayiza kuvakalisa imfazwe kwiSoviet Union.
Ukungena emfazweni kwakungeyona ingcamango entsha kwi-Rosevelt White House. I-FDR izamile ukuxoka kubantu baseMelika malunga neenqanawa zase-US ezibandakanya i-Gerer kunye ne-Kerny, eyayinceda iinqwelomoya zaseBritane ukuba zilandele iinqanawa ezintywilayo zaseJamani, kodwa uRoosevelt wazenza ngathi uhlaselwe ngokumsulwa. URoosevelt waxoka nokuba wayephethe imephu eyimfihlo yamaNazi eceba ukoyisa uMzantsi Merika, kunye necebo eliyimfihlo lamaNazi lokususa zonke iinkonzo ngobuNazi. Le mephu yayikumgangatho we-Associated Press "igrafu yebhombu yase-Iranian" yamva nje, okanye "ubungqina" bukaKarl Rove bokuba i-Iraq yayithenga i-uranium eNiger.
Nangona kunjalo, abantu baseUnited States abazange bathenge ingcamango yokungena kwenye imfazwe de iPearl Harbour, apho uRoosevelt wayesele esungule idrafti, wasebenza uMkhosi weSizwe, wadala uMkhosi omkhulu weNavy kwiilwandle ezimbini, wathengisa ngabatshabalalisi abadala. ukuya eNgilani ngokutshintshiselana ngokuqeshwa kweziseko zayo kwiCaribbean naseBermuda, kwaye - kwiintsuku nje ze-11 ngaphambi kohlaselo "olungalindelekanga" - wayeyalele ngokufihlakeleyo ukuba kuqulunqwe uluhlu lwawo wonke umntu waseJapan kunye nesiJapan-American eUnited States.
Ngo-Apreli 28, 1941, uChurchill wabhala umyalelo wecala kwikhabhinethi yakhe yemfazwe:
"Inokuthatyathwa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba ukungena kweJapan emfazweni kuya kulandelwa kukungena kwangoko kwe-United States kwicala lethu."
NgoMeyi 11, 1941, uRobert Menzies, inkulumbuso yaseOstreliya, wadibana noRoosevelt waza wamfumana โenekhwele elincinaneโ ngendawo kaChurchill embindini wemfazwe. Ngoxa iKhabhinethi kaRoosevelt yonke yayifuna iUnited States ukuba ingene emfazweni, uMenzies wafumanisa ukuba uRoosevelt,
". . . oqeqeshwe phantsi kwe-Woodrow Wilson kwimfazwe yokugqibela, ulindele isiganeko, esiya kuthi ngesinye isibetho sifumane i-USA kwimfazwe kwaye ikhuphe u-R. ngaphandle kwezibhambathiso zakhe zonyulo zobudenge ukuba 'Ndiya kukugcina imfazwe.'
Ngo-Agasti 18, 1941, uChurchill wadibana nekhabhinethi yakhe e-10 Downing Street. Intlanganiso yayinento efanayo kwintlanganiso kaJulayi 23, 2002, kwakwidilesi enye, imizuzu eyathi yaziwa ngokuba yiDowning Street Minutes. Zombini iintlanganiso zatyhila iinjongo ezifihlakeleyo zase-US zokuya emfazweni. Kwintlanganiso ye-1941, uChurchill uxelele ikhabhinethi yakhe, ngokwemizuzu: "UMongameli wayethe uya kulwa imfazwe kodwa akayi kuvakalisa." Ukongeza, "Yonke into yayiza kwenziwa ukunyanzela isiganeko."
IJapan ngokuqinisekileyo yayingeke ihlasele ukuhlasela abanye kwaye yayixakeke ekudaleni umbuso waseAsia. Kwaye iUnited States neJapan ngokuqinisekileyo yayingahlali kumhlobo ohambelanayo. Kodwa yintoni ebenokubangela ukuba amaJapan ahlasele?
Xa uMongameli uFranlin Roosevelt watyelela iPearl Harbor ngoJulayi 28, i-1934, iminyaka eyisixhenxe ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa kweJapan, umkhosi waseJapan wabonisa ukhathazeka. Ngokubanzi Kunishiga Tanaka wabhala kwisikhangisi saseJapan, ephikisana nokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi yaseMerika kunye nokudala iziseko ezongezelelweyo e-Alaska naseAleutian Islands:
"Ukuziphatha okuziintloni kusenza sikrokre kakhulu. Kusenza sicinge ukuba ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kukhuthazwa ngabom kwiPasifiki. Oku kuzisola kakhulu."
Ingaba ngokwenene yayizisola okanye akunjalo ngumbuzo owahlukileyo ukuba le nto yayiyimpendulo eqhelekileyo kunye nokuqikelelwa kokwandiswa komkhosi, nangona kwenziwa egameni "lokukhusela." Intatheli enkulu engafakwanga (njengoko besinokumbiza ngayo namhlanje) uGeorge Seldes naye wayekrokra. Ngo-Oktobha 1934 wabhala oku kwiHarperโs Magazine: โNgumbono wokuba iintlanga azixhobele imfazwe kodwa zixhobela imfazwe. USeldes ubuze igosa kwiNavy League:
"Ngaba uyayamkela i-axiom yomkhosi waselwandle oyilungiselela ukulwa nomkhosi othile waselwandle?"
Indoda yaphendula "Ewe."
"Ngaba ucinga ngokulwa nomkhosi waselwandle waseBritane?"
"Ngokuqinisekileyo, hayi."
"Ngaba ucinga ngemfazwe neJapan?"
"Ewe."
Kwi-1935 i-Marine yaseSouth America ehlotshisiwe kwimbali ngelo xesha, uBrigadier General Smedley D. Butler, epapashwe kwimpumelelo enkulu incwadana emfutshane ethiwa yiMfazwe yiRacket. Wabona ngokugqibeleleyo oko kwakuza kwaye walumkisa isizwe:
"Kwiseshini nganye yeNkongolo umbuzo wolunye ulwabiwo-mali lwasemanzini uyavela. Abameli bezitulo ezijikelezayo abakhwazi bathi 'Sidinga iinqanawa ezininzi zokulwa ukulwa nesi sizwe okanye eso sizwe.' Okokuqala nje, bakwenza kwaziwe ukuba iMerika igrogriswa ligunya elikhulu lomkhosi waselwandle.โ Phantse nangayiphi na imini, aba bamkhosi baya kukuxelela, umkhosi omkhulu wolu tshaba kucingelwa ukuba lutshaba uya kuhlasela ngequbuliso uze utshabalalise abantu bethu abazi-125,000,000 XNUMX XNUMX. ngolo hlobo. Emva koko baqala ukukhalela umkhosi wenqanawa omkhulu. Ngantoni? Ukulwa notshaba? Owu, hayi. Owu, hayi. Ngeenjongo zokuzikhusela kuphela. Emva koko, ngengozi, babhengeza iintshukumo kwiPasifiki. Ukuzikhusela. Uh. , yhu.
"IPasifiki lulwandle olukhulu kakhulu. Sinonxweme olukhulu kwiPasifiki. Ngaba ukuhamba kuya kuba kude nonxweme, iikhilomitha ezingamakhulu amabini okanye amathathu? Hayi, hayi. Ukuhamba kuya kuba ngamawaka amabini, ewe, mhlawumbi namashumi amathathu anesihlanu iimayile ezilikhulu, ukusuka elunxwemeni.
"AmaJapan, abantu abanekratshi, ngokuqinisekileyo baya kuvuyiswa ngaphaya kokuchaza ukubona iinqanawa zase-United States zisondele kakhulu kunxweme lwaseNippon. Kwananjengoko bekuya kubavuyisa abahlali baseCalifornia ukuba babenokuqonda ngokukhawuleza, ngenkungu yasekuseni, amaJapan. Iinqanawa ezidlala kwimidlalo yemfazwe kude neLos Angeles. "
Ngo-Matshi i-1935, uRoosevelt wanika iWake Island kwi-US Navy wamnika iPam Am Airways imvume yokwakha i-Wake Island, eMidway Island naseGuam. Abalawuli bezempi baseJapan babhengeza ukuba baphazamiseka kwaye bajonge le mijelo njengengozi. Kwakhona nabalandeli bezoxolo eMelika. Ngenyanga ezayo, uRoosevelt wayecebise imidlalo yemfazwe kunye nohambo olukufutshane neAleutian Islands kunye neMidway Island. Ngenyanga elandelayo, ababhikishi bezoxolo babehamba eNew York bexela ubuhlobo kunye neJapan. UNorman Thomas wabhala kwi1935:
"Indoda yaseMars ebone indlela amadoda abandezeleka ngayo kwimfazwe yokugqibela kunye nendlela abalungiselela ngayo imfazwe ezayo, abayaziyo ukuba iya kuba mbi kakhulu, yayiza kufikelela kwisigqibo sokuba wayejonge abantu abahlala kwindawo yokukhosela."
Umkhosi wamanzi wase-US uchithe iminyaka embalwa ezayo usenza izicwangciso zemfazwe kunye neJapan, i-8 kaMatshi 1939, inguqulelo eyayichaza "imfazwe ekhubekisayo yexesha elide" eyayiza kutshabalalisa umkhosi kwaye iphazamise ubomi bezoqoqosho baseJapan. NgoJanuwari 1941, kwiinyanga ezilishumi elinanye ngaphambi kohlaselo, uMthengisi waseJapan wavakalisa ukucaphuka kwakhe kwiPearl Harbour kumhleli, kwaye unozakuzaku wase-US eJapan wabhala kwidayari yakhe:
"Kukho intetho eninzi ejikeleze idolophu malunga nokuba amaJapan, kwimeko yekhefu kunye ne-United States, aceba ukuphuma kuhlaselo oluninzi olumangalisayo kwi-Pearl Harbor. Ngokuqinisekileyo ndazisa urhulumente wam."
NgoFebhuwari 5, i-1941, i-Admiral yangaphambili uRicmond Kelly Turner wabhalela uNobhala weMfazwe uHenry Stimson ukuba axwayise malunga nokuhlaselwa ngokumangalisa ePearl Harbour.
Kwangowe-1932 iUnited States yayithetha neTshayina malunga nokubonelela ngeenqwelomoya, abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya, noqeqesho lwemfazwe yayo neJapan. NgoNovemba 1940, uRoosevelt waboleka iChina ikhulu lezigidi zeedola zokulwa neJapan, kwaye emva kokubonisana neBritane, unobhala weSebe lezeMali uHenry Morgenthau wenza izicwangciso zokuthumela abaqhushumbisi baseTshayina kunye nabasebenzi baseMelika ukuba basebenzise ibhombu eTokyo nakwezinye izixeko zaseJapan. NgoDisemba 21, 1940, iiveki ezimbini zonyaka ngaphambi kokuba amaJapan ahlasele iZibuko iPearl, uMphathiswa wezeMali waseTshayina uT.V. Soong noColonel Claire Chennault, inqwelomoya yaseUnited States esele isidla umhlala-phantsi eyayisebenzela amaTshayina yaye yayiwabongoza ukuba asebenzise iMerika. abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba baqhubhise iTokyo ukususela ngo-1937 ubuncinane, badibana kwigumbi lokutyela likaHenry Morgenthau ukuze bacwangcise ukudubula komlilo eJapan. UMorgenthau uthe angakhupha amadoda emsebenzini kwi-US Army Air Corps ukuba amaTshayina angabahlawula i-1,000 yeedola ngenyanga. Wavuma ngokukhawuleza.
NgoMeyi 24, 1941, i ENew York Times ingxelo ngoqeqesho lwaseMelika lomkhosi womoya waseTshayina, kunye nokubonelelwa "kweenqwelomoya ezininzi zokulwa kunye neziqhushumbisi" eChina yiUnited States. "Kulindeleke ukuba kuqhushumbiswe izixeko zaseJapan" kufundwe isihlokwana. NgoJulayi, i-Joint Army-Navy Board yamkele isicwangciso esibizwa ngokuba yi-JB 355 yokuqhumisa ibhombu yaseJapan. Umbutho wangaphambili uya kuthenga iinqwelomoya zaseMelika ukuba zihanjiswe ngamavolontiya aseMelika aqeqeshwe yiChennault kwaye ahlawulwe lelinye iqela langaphambili. Roosevelt uvunyiwe, kunye nengcali yakhe yaseTshayina uLauchlin Currie, ngamazwi kaNicholson Baker, "wafakela uMadam Chaing Kai-Shek kunye noClaire Chennault ileta eyayicenga ngokufanelekileyo ukuba ibanjwe ziintlola zaseJapan." Nokuba yayiyiyo yonke le nto, le yayiyileta:
"Ndivuyiswe kakhulu ukuba ndikwazi ukunika ingxelo namhlanje uMongameli uyalele ukuba iibhombu ezingamashumi amathandathu anesithandathu zenziwe zifumaneke eChina kulo nyaka kunye namashumi amabini anesine ukuba zihanjiswe ngokukhawuleza. Wavuma kwakhona inkqubo yoqeqesho lomqhubi waseTshayina apha. Iinkcukacha ngokusebenzisa amajelo aqhelekileyo. Ngokuhle okuphuma entlizweni eshushu."
Unozakuzaku wethu wayethe "kwimeko yokuphumla ne-United States" amaJapan azakubhomba iZibuko iPearl. Ndiyazibuza ukuba ngaba oku kufanelekile!
I-1st yase-American Volunteer Group (AVG) ye-China Air Force, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Flying Tigers, yaqhubela phambili ngokuqashwa kunye nokuqeqesha ngokukhawuleza, yanikelwa iChina phambi kwePearl Harbor, kwaye yabona kuqala ukulwa ngoDisemba 20, 1941, iintsuku ezilishumi elinambini (ixesha langoku) emva kokuba amaJapan ahlasela iPearl Harbor.
NgoMeyi 31, 1941, kwi-Keep America Out of War Congress, uWilliam Henry Chamberlin wanikela isilumkiso esiqatha: โUkukwaywa kwezoqoqosho ngokupheleleyo kweJapan, ukupheliswa kokuthunyelwa kweoli ngokomzekelo, kuya kuyityhalela iJapan kwiingalo ze-Axis. Imfazwe iya kuba sisiqalo semfazwe yasemanzini neyemfazwe. " Eyona nto imbi malunga nabathetheleli boxolo kukuba bajika banyanisile kangaphi na.
NgoJulayi 24, 1941, uMongameli Roosevelt wathi, โUkuba besiyicima ioli, [amaJapan] mhlawumbi ebeya kuhla aye eDutch East Indies kunyaka ophelileyo, kwaye ngewunemfazwe. imbono yokuzingca yokuzikhusela ukuze kuthintelwe imfazwe ukuba ingaqali kuMzantsi Pasifiki.
Iintatheli zaqaphela ukuba uRoosevelt uthe "waye" kunokuba "nguye." Ngosuku olulandelayo, uRoosevelt wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo wokumisa iimpahla zaseJapan. I-United States neBritani zaqhawula i-oyile kunye nentsimbi ezilahliweyo zazisa eJapan. URadhabinod Pal, igqwetha laseIndiya elalisebenza kwinkundla yamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho emva kwemfazwe, wabiza i-embargoes "sisisongelo esicacileyo nesinamandla kubukho beJapan," kwaye wagqiba kwelokuba i-United States yayiyicaphukisile iJapan.
Ngomhla we-7 ka-Agasti kwiinyanga ezine ngaphambi kokuhlaselwa Umkhangisi waseJapan Times wabhala: "Okokuqala kukho ukudalwa kwe-superbase eSingapore, eqiniswe kakhulu yimikhosi yaseBritani kunye noBukhosi. Ukusuka kule hub ivili elikhulu lakhiwa kwaye lidityaniswe neziseko zaseMelika ukwenza umsesane omkhulu otshayela kwindawo enkulu emazantsi nasentshona ukusuka IiPhilippines ukutyhubela iMalaya neBurma, iqhagamshelene kuphela kusingasiqithi weThailand.
NgoSeptemba amajelo eendaba aseJapan ayecatshukiswa kukuba iUnited States yayiqalise ukuthumela ioli idlula kanye eJapan ukuze ifike eRashiya. IJapan, amaphephandaba ayo athi, yayifa ngokukhawuleza "kwimfazwe yezoqoqosho."
Yintoni i-United States enokuyithemba ukuyifumana ngokuthumela ioli kwixesha elidlulileyo kwisizwe ekudinga kakhulu?
Ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthobha, intlola yaseMelika u-Edgar Mower wayesenzela uColonel William Donovan umsebenzi owayentlola uRoosevelt. UMower wathetha nendoda yaseManila egama lingu-Ernest Johnson, ilungu leKomishoni yaseLwandle, owathi wayelindele ukuba "iJaps iya kuthatha iManila ngaphambi kokuba ndiphume." Xa uMower wabonisa ukumangaliswa, uJohnson waphendula wathi, "Ngaba ubungazi ukuba iinqanawa zaseJap ziye zabheka ngasempuma, mhlawumbi ukuba zihlasele iinqanawa zethu ePearl Harbor?"
Ngomhla we-3 kaNovemba 1941, i-ambassador yethu yazama kwakhona ukufumana into ngokusebenzisa i-skull eqinile karhulumente, ukuthumela i-telegram ende kwiSebe likaRhulumente isilumkiso sokuba izigwebo zezoqoqosho zinokunyanzela iJapan ukuba yenze "i-hara-kiri yesizwe." Wabhala: "Ungquzulwano oluxhobileyo kunye ne-United States lunokuza ngequbuliso eliyingozi nelimangalisayo."
Kutheni ndihlala ndikhumbula isihloko sememo eyanikwa uMongameli George W. Bush ngaphambi kohlaselo lwe-11 Septemba 2001? "UBin Laden uzimisele ukugwayimba e-US."
Ngokucacileyo akukho mntu eWashington wayefuna ukuyiva ngo-1941 nokuba. Ngomhla we-15 kaNovemba, uMphathi woMkhosi waBasebenzi uGeorge Marshall uxelele amajelo eendaba ngento esingayikhumbuliyo njenge "Isicwangciso seMarshall." Phofu asiyikhumbuli kwaphela. โSilungiselela imfazwe ekhubekisayo ngokuchasene neJapan,โ utshilo uMarshall, ecela iintatheli ukuba ziyigcine iyimfihlo, into endiyaziyo ukuba bayenzile.
Kwiintsuku ezilishumi kamva uNobhala weMfazwe uHenry Stimson wabhala kwidayari yakhe ukuba wadibana kwiOfisi ye-Oval kunye noMarshall, uMongameli Roosevelt, uNobhala weNavy Frank Knox, u-Admiral Harold Stark, kunye noNobhala kaRhulumente uCordell Hull. Roosevelt wayebaxelele ukuba amaJapan anokuhlasela kungekudala, mhlawumbi ngoMvulo olandelayo. Kubhalwe kakuhle ukuba iUnited States yaphule iikhowudi zaseJapan kwaye uRoosevelt wayenokufikelela kuzo. Kwakungenxa yokufumana umyalezo obizwa ngokuba yi-Purple code message awathi uRoosevelt wafumanisa izicwangciso zeJamani zokuhlasela iRashiya. YayinguHull owakhupha umyalezo waseJapan kumajelo eendaba, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba ngoNovemba 30, 1941, kube ngumxholo othi โIingxaki ZaseJapan Zingabetha Ngempelaveki.โ
NgoMvulo olandelayo bekuya kuba yi-1 kaDisemba, iintsuku ezintandathu ngaphambi kokuba uhlaselo lufike ngokwenene. UStimson wabhala wathi: "Umbuzo yayikukuba sifanele sibaqhube njani ukuze badubule imbumbulu yokuqala ngaphandle kokuvumela ingozi enkulu kuthi. Yayisisindululo esinzima." Ngaba kwakunjalo? Enye impendulo ecacileyo yayikukugcina inqanawa kwiZibuko lasePearl nokugcina oomatiloshe bemi apho ebumnyameni ngoxa bezikhathaza ngabo besuka kwiiofisi ezitofotofo eWashington, D.C. Enyanisweni, eso yayisicombululo ahamba naso amaqhawe ethu aneesuti namaqhina.
Ngomhla emva kohlaselo, iCongress yavotela imfazwe. I-Congresswoman uJeannette Rankin (R., Mont.), owasetyhini wokuqala owakhe wanyulwa kwiNkongolo, nowakhe wavota ngokuchasene neMfazwe Yehlabathi I, wema yedwa ekuchaseni iMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini (kanye njengokuba iNkongolokazi uBarbara Lee [D., Calif.] yayiza kuma yedwa ngokuchasene nokuhlasela i-Afghanistan kwiminyaka engama-60 kamva). Ngomnye unyaka emva kwevoti, ngoDisemba 8, 1942, u-Rankin wabeka amazwi awandisiweyo kwi-Congressional Record echaza inkcaso yakhe. Ucaphule umsebenzi womsasazi waseBritani owaxoxa ngo-1938 ngokusebenzisa iJapan ukuzisa iUnited States emfazweni. Ucaphule ireferensi kaHenry Luce kwiphephancwadi iLife ngoJulayi 20, 1942, "kumaTshayina apho i-US inikeze i-ultimatum eyazisa iPearl Harbor." Wazisa ubungqina bokuba kwiNkomfa yeAtlantiki ngoAgasti 12, 1941, uRoosevelt waqinisekisa uChurchill ukuba iUnited States yayiza kuzisa uxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho eJapan. "Ndacaphula," u-Rankin kamva wabhala, "i-Bulletin yeSebe leSizwe kaDisemba 20, 1941, etyhila ukuba ngoSeptemba 3 unxibelelwano lwaluthunyelwe eJapan lufuna ukuba lwamkele umgaqo 'wokungaphazamisi imeko ekhoyo kwiPasifiki, ' nto leyo eyaba ziziqinisekiso ezinzima zokungahloneli kobukhosi obumhlophe baseMpuma."
U-Rankin wafumanisa ukuba iBhodi yoKhuselo loQoqosho ifumene izohlwayo zezoqoqosho phantsi kweveki emva kweNkomfa ye-Atlantiki. NgoDisemba 2, 1941, iThe New York Times yanikela ingxelo, eneneni, yokuba iJapan โyayihluthwa kurhwebo lwayo oluqhelekileyo olumalunga nama-75 ekhulwini luthintelo lwaMazwe Amanyeneyo.โ URankin ukwacaphule ingxelo kaLieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, eU.S.N., kwiPost Evening Post kaOktobha 10, 1942, yokuba nge-28 kaNovemba 1941, kwiintsuku ezisithoba ngaphambi kohlaselo, uSekela Admiral uWilliam F. Halsey, Omnci., ( yena yesilogeni esichukumisayo esithi โKill Japs! Kill Japs!โ ) yayinike yena nakwabanye imiyalelo yokuba โbadubule phantsi nantoni na esiyibonayo esibhakabhakeni nokuba siqhushumbise nantoni na esiyibonayo elwandle.โ
UGeneral George Marshall wavuma kakhulu kwiCongress ngo-1945: ukuba iikhowudi zaphulwa, ukuba iUnited States yayiqalise izivumelwano ze-Anglo-Dutch-American zesenzo esihlangeneyo esichasene neJapan kwaye siqalise ukusebenza phambi kwePearl Harbor, ukuba iUnited States ibonelele. amagosa omkhosi wayo ukuya eTshayina ngomsebenzi wokulwa phambi kwePearl Harbor. Ayiyomfihlo into yokuba kuthatha amagunya amabini emfazwe ukwenza imfazwe (ngokungafaniyo naxa elinye igunya lemfazwe lihlasela ilizwe elingaxhobekiyo) okanye ukuba eli tyala lalingafani nalo mthetho. Imemorandam ka-Oktobha 1940 kaLieutenant Commander u-Arthur H. McCollum yenziwa nguMongameli Roosevelt kunye nabaphathi bakhe abakhulu. Yabiza izenzo ezisibhozo ezaxelwa kwangaphambili nguMcCollum ukuba ziza kukhokelela amaJapan ukuba ahlasele, kubandakanywa nokulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kweziseko zaseBritani eSingapore kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziseko zaseDatshi kwindawo ngoku eyi-Indonesia, encedisa urhulumente waseTshayina, ukuthumela isahlulo sexesha elide. abakhenkethi abanzima ukuya kwiiPhilippines okanye eSingapore, bathumela izahlulo ezibini zeenqanawa ezintywilayo ukuba "kwi-Orient," ukugcina amandla amakhulu enqanawa eHawaii, begxininisa ukuba amaDatshi ayala ioli yaseJapan, kwaye avale lonke urhwebo kunye neJapan ngokubambisana neBritish Empire. .
Ngomhla emva kwememo kaMcCollum, iSebe likaRhulumente laxelela abantu baseMelika ukuba baphume kumazwe asempuma, kwaye uRoosevelt wayalela ukuba inqanawa igcinwe eHawaii ngenxa yenkcaso engqongqo kaAdmiral James O. Richardson owacaphula uMongameli esithi "Kungekudala okanye kamva amaJapan ayeza kwenza imikhosi. isenzo esichasene ne-United States kwaye isizwe siya kuvuma ukungena emfazweni. " Umyalezo owathunyelwa nguAdmiral Harold Stark kuMyeni u-Admiral uKimmel ngoNovemba 28, 1941, wawufundeka ngolu hlobo, "UKUBA IINTLOBO AYIKUPHINDA AYIKUPHINDE I-UNITED STATES IFUNA UKUBA IJAPAN YENZE UMTHETHO WOKUQALA WOKUQALA." UJoseph Rochefort, umseki wecandelo lezobuntlola zonxibelelwano lweNavy, owaba negalelo ekusileleni ukunxibelelana nePearl Harbour into ezayo, kamva uya kugqabaza: "Yayilixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu ukuhlawula ukudibanisa ilizwe."
Ngobusuku basemva kohlaselo, uMongameli Roosevelt wayeno-Edward R. Murrow we-CBS News kunye noMququzeleli woLwazi kaRoosevelt uWilliam Donovan kwisidlo e-White House, kwaye konke uMongameli wayefuna ukwazi ukuba abantu baseMelika baya kuyamkela na imfazwe ngoku. UDonovan noMurrow bamqinisekisa ukuba ngenene abantu baya kuyamkela imfazwe ngoku. U-Donovan kamva watshela umncedisi wakhe ukuba ukumangaliswa kukaRoosevelt kwakungeyena abanye ababemjikelezile, kwaye yena, uRoosevelt, wamkela uhlaselo. UMurrow akazange akwazi ukulala ngobo busuku kwaye wakhathazwa ubomi bakhe bonke ngento awayeyibiza ngokuba โlelona bali likhulu ebomini bamโ angazange alithethe, kodwa engazange afune. Ngosuku olulandelayo, uMongameli wathetha ngosuku olubi, iNkongolo yase-United States yabhengeza imfazwe yokugqibela yoMgaqo-siseko kwimbali yeriphabliki, waza uMongameli weBhunga leeNkonzo eziManyeneyo, uGqr. George A. Buttrick, waba lilungu le iFellowship of Reconciliation izibophelela ekuxhathiseni imfazwe.
Kutheni kubalulekile? Ngenxa yokuba umlando wePearl Harbour, usetyenziswe kwakhona kwi-9-11, awuxanduva malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo yokulwa nempi ye-1920 kunye ne-1930 eyayilethe iMfazwe Yehlabathi II ibe yinto, kodwa ixanduva lokulwa ngokusisigxina kwe-71 yangaphambili iminyaka, kwakunye nendlela iMfazwe Yehlabathi II eyanda ngayo, ixesha elide, kwaye igqityiwe.
ULawrence S. Wittner wabhala wathi: โEphazanyiswe ngo-1942, ngamarhe ezicwangciso zokutshatyalaliswa kwamaNazi, uJessie Wallace Hughan wayenexhala lokuba loo mgaqo-nkqubo, owawubonakala โungokwemvelo, ngokwembono yabo,โ unokuqhutywa ukuba iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. "Kubonakala ngathi ekuphela kwendlela yokusindisa amawaka kwaye mhlawumbi nezigidi zamaYuda aseYurophu ekutshatyalalisweni," wabhala, "inokuba ngurhulumente wethu ukuba asasaze isithembiso" se-armistice kwimeko yokuba abancinci baseYurophu bangaxhatshazwa. ngokubhekele phaya. . . . Bekuya kuba kubi kakhulu ukuba kwiinyanga ezintandathu ukususela ngoku sinokufumanisa ukuba esi sisongelo senzeka ngokoqobo singakhange senze nentshukumo yokuthintela oko.โ Xa izinto awayezixele kwangaphambili zazaliseka kakuhle ngowe-1943, wabhalela iSebe likaRhulumente neNew York Times, egxeka isibakala sokuba โamaYuda azizigidi ezibini sele efileโ nokuba โabanye abazizigidi ezibini baya kubulawa ekupheleni kwelizwe. imfazwe.' Laphinda labongoza ukuba kupheliswe imfazwe, lisithi ukoyiswa komkhosi waseJamani kwakuya kuba yimpindezelo kwibhokhwe ka-Azazele yamaYuda. โUloyiso alusayi kuwasindisa,โ wagxininisa wathi, โkuba abafileyo abanakukhululwa.โ โ
UHitler wabulala izigidi zamaJamani, kodwa amaqabane abulala amaninzi okanye ngaphezulu, amaJamani ayalelwa edabini nguHitler okanye amaJamani kwindawo engafanelekanga xa kwawa iibhombu ezihlangeneyo. Kwaye, njengoko uHughan wachazayo ngelo xesha, imfazwe yaqhuba imbubhiso yohlanga, kanye njengokuba ukuziphindezela kwemfazwe yangaphambili kwikota yenkulungwane ngaphambili kwaphembelela ubutshaba, ukucatshukelwa, kunye nokunyuka kobuHitler. Ngenxa yokuchasa imfazwe kwabo bangavumiyo ukuya emkhosini ngenxa yezazela zaseUnited States, ekugqibeleni, kwakuza kubakho ukuchasa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga kwiintolongo zaseUnited States okwathi kamva kwanwenwela kwilizwe elingaphandle kweentolongo njengoko amatshantliziyo ayezama ukuphindaphinda uloyiso lwabo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Kodwa nakweyona nto imbi kakhulu eyakha yazenza iintlobo zethu, iMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, iza kufika kwindawo esisigxina yemizi-mveliso yasemkhosini. Singawandisa amandla okuvota kubantu abaninzi baseMelika ngelixa, kwezona ziqhulo zikhohlakeleyo, siguqula ukuvota kube lishishini elingenantsingiselo. Besiya kupeyinta idyasi entsha yokuzenzisa ekhazimlayo kwidemokhrasi yethu ngelixa siyivula ngaphakathi, siyifaka endaweni yayo ngomatshini wemfazwe into engazange yabonwa yiplanethi kwaye isenokungakwazi ukuphila.
Iincwadi zikaDavid Swanson ziquka "Imfazwe Lixoki. " Ubhala iiblogi http://davidswanson.org kwaye http://warisacrime.org kwaye isebenza njengoMququzeleli we-Campaign kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi http://rootsaction.org. Uyabamba Intetho yeRadio yeSizwe. Mlandele kwi-Twitter: @davidcnswansonkwaye FaceBook.
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