Ukungathembi kwabasemagunyeni, amanqanaba aphantsi omzabalazo woluntu, iingxaki zentlalo kunye nolawulo olungasebenziyo lujongela phantsi ukuba semthethweni koorhulumente kwaye kudala imfuno yezisombululo ezitsha zeziko lokuphucula idemokhrasi kunye neenkonzo zoluntu ezingcono. Kwihlabathi ledijithali, ezi zisombululo kulindeleke ukuba zibe zobugcisa obuphezulu. Ukujongana nomceli mngeni, abasemagunyeni bahlala bezama ukwandisa ukungafihli ngokuphuhlisa iiwebhusayithi. Oku akwanelanga, njengoko abantu bakwalindele uxanduva olukhulu kunye nentatho-nxaxheba exhotyisiweyo. Ngoko ke, oorhulumente kunye neenkokheli zoluntu zifuna iinguqulelo zentlalo. Esinye isisombululo esinjalo, esibanzi, luhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba (ekwaziwa njenge-PB).
Isuka ePorto Alegre, eBrazil, isekelwe kwingcamango elula yokuba abemi bafanele babe nelizwi elithe ngqo kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente olunempembelelo kubo.1 Xa iWorkers' Party yaphumelela iofisi kasodolophu esixekweni, yafumana ilifa likamasipala otshonileyo kunye nolawulo olungalungelelananga; ngako oko, kwiminyaka emibini yokuqala e-ofisini, ulawulo olutsha luye lwazama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokujongana nemiqobo yezemali, lubonelela abemi ngendima ethe ngqo kwimisebenzi karhulumente, nokuguqula imiba ephambili yenkcitho yezentlalo yolawulo lwangaphambili; ngenxa yoko, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba lwenziwa ngale nkqubo yovavanyo.2
Ngokwahlukileyo kwezinye iitekhnoloji ezininzi zoluntu, ezijolise kwinqaku elinye kuphela kumjikelo wokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba lubandakanya zonke izigaba: ukusuka ekumiseni izinto eziphambili kwinkqubo yokuxoxisana ukuya ekuthathweni kwezigqibo kunye nokuphumeza ngokubambisana, kunye nokubeka iliso kunye nokulawula. Inokusebenza kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo olawulo: izithili zedolophu, iindawo zokuhlala ezipheleleyo, okanye nakwimimandla. Le ndlela yabonakala inomtsalane eluntwini kangangokuba kungekudala yanwenwela nakwezinye izixeko zaseBrazil nakwamanye amazwe aseLatin America. Ngoku isetyenziswa kwizixeko ezingaphezu kwe-1,5003 ukusuka eUnited States ukuya eYurophu naseJapan.
Uyilo lokuqala
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olunentatho-nxaxheba lungachazwa njengenkqubo yokwenza izigqibo apho abemi baxoxa kwaye babonisane malunga nokusasazwa kwezibonelelo zoluntu.4 Ijongwa njengeenzame ezisuka ezantsi, kubandakanywa ukuzihlanganisa koluntu kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Ngokusisiseko, abahlali basekhaya baxoxa ngeemfuno zabo ezidibeneyo kwaye bagqibe ukuba zeziphi iiprojekthi eziza kuxhasa ngemali. Umzekelo weklasikhi ngumzekelo wePorto Alegre - umjikelezo weengxoxo kunye nezigqibo zonyaka, okunyanzelekileyo ukuba abasemagunyeni benze. Indlela yokusebenza igxile ekuchongeni iimfuno kunye nokumisela izinto eziphambili ngokubaluleka kwenkxaso-mali. Ngaphezu koko, ibhongo eliphezulu kukusebenzisa le fomati ukusasaza kungekuphela nje iimali zokuzibonela ezichithwe kwiiprojekthi zeziseko zophuhliso, kodwa kunye neemali eziqhelekileyo.
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba, kwiinguqulelo zalo zantlandlolo njengenxalenye yeprojekthi yoguqulo ekhohlo, yayiyinxalenye yesethi ebanzi yohlaziyo lweziko: 1) iintlanganiso ezivulelekileyo apho abemi benza isigqibo ngezinto eziphambili; kunye 2) nohlaziyo lweziko ukuthobela ulawulo lwengingqi kwiimfuno zabemi.5 Ngaphaya koko, kumzekelo woxhotyiso olunzulu oluthetha utshintsho olusisiseko, amalungu oluntu achaza iimfuno zabo kwaye afumane izixhobo ezaneleyo. NgokukaVincent Villano, usihlalo weKomiti eLawulayo yesiXeko esiBanzi seNkqubo yokuThatha inxaxheba koHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kwisiXeko saseNew York: 'Uhlobo lwedemokhrasi ethatha inxaxheba endifuna ukulubona lunokuba nenkqubo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali apho abantu baqala khona ngokubuza ukuba yintoni na. iimfuno zabantuโฆ Zonke iimfuno kufuneka kuhlangatyezwane nazo ngenkqubo yedemokhrasi yokwenene โ esekelwe kubulungisa, apho wonke umntu enikela ngoko anako kwaye wonke umntu efumana oko akufunayo.'6
Iimeko ezifanelekileyo
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba luthathela ingqalelo imeko jikelele, kunye neemeko zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Lilonke, uluntu oluseka uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba lubonakala lunamanqanaba aphezulu omzabalazo woluntu. Ukongeza, kwi-avareji, banemibono esebenzayo; oko kukuthi, ukuthambekela kumbono wokuthatha inxaxheba. U-Elisabeth Clemens, unjingalwazi kunye nosihlalo kwi-sociology kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago, ucacisa ukuba idemokhrasi yothatho-nxaxheba ithande 'ukwamkelwa kwiindawo apho iingingqi zovoto zityekele ekuthatheni inxaxheba. Kukho ukuzinikela kweengcamango kumbono wedemokhrasi ethatha inxaxheba.'7 Imizekelo kanye yamatyala akhoyo anike ingxoxo kwiiprojekthi ezintsha. Kwakhona, kuhle, xa kukho ithuba lokubandakanya iingcali ezinamava ekuphumezeni amalinge enxaxheba yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Kwaye ukunxibelelana nabasemagunyeni basekhaya njengamahlakani kubalulekile kwimpumelelo yeprojekthi.
Iinkqubo
Iinkqubo zokuthatha inxaxheba kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali ziyahluka ngokweendawo, kodwa kukho iipatheni ezithile ezifanayo. Okokuqala nokuphambili, yinkqubo esisiseko ngengqiqo yokuba uluntu lwengingqi ludibana kwaye lugqibe ngeeprojekthi olungathanda ukuxhaswa ngemali kwaye luqhutywe. 'Zonke iinkqubo ziqalwe ngeendibano, okanye iintlanganiso ezivulelekileyo, kwidolophu yonke okanye isixeko, eziphela xa uthotho lweeprojekthi ezikhethiweyo zigqithiselwa ukuba zibandakanywe kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lonyaka.'8 Kwizicwangciso zangoku, oku kunokwenziwa kwi-intanethi - kwiiforamu okanye kumaqela eengxoxo zemidiya yoluntu. Enye indlela kuxa inyathelo lokuqala lixhomekeke kubabhali beeprojekthi abazikhulayo, abanikezela ngemibono yabo eluntwini. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ababhali kufuneka bathathele ingqalelo imida yemali ebekwe ngabasemagunyeni basekhaya. Nangona kunjalo, banako kwaye benza ukutsala inkxaso-mali eyongezelelweyo kubantu kunye nemibutho. Xa iiprojekthi ezineenkcukacha zisetiwe, zithunyelwa koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, abathi ke bathathe uxanduva lokuxhasa ngemali nokuziphumeza. Uyilo olulolunye luquka iiprojekthi ezininzi, ezithi zidluliselwe kubahlali bengingqi, abathi emva koko bavote, ukuze iiprojekthi ezineevoti ezininzi zixhaswe ngemali. Ngaphezu koko, kwezinye iimeko amalungu oluntu athatha inxaxheba ekuphumezeni ngokobuqu. Umba ophambili wokuphucula kukubeka iliso nokulawula.
Kwiindawo zokuhlala ezincinci okanye ezihlala zihlala, iintlanganiso ezingasebenziyo zisebenza kakuhle, ngelixa kwizixeko ezikhulu iingxoxo ezikwi-intanethi, ukuvota, kunye nokulandela umkhondo wenkqubela phambili uyasebenza. Okokugqibela, kuhlala kunokwenzeka ukuba ubuso ngobuso kunye neefomati zedijithali ziyancedisana. Ngokomzekelo, iintlanganiso ekuhlaleni ziqhutyelwa ngaphakathi City New York,9 ukuhanjiswa kweprojekthi ye-intanethi, iingxoxo kumajelo eendaba ezentlalo, kunye nokuvota nge-imeyile ziyenzeka Kyiv,10 kunye nemodeli yokubandakanyeka edibeneyo ngaphandle kwe-intanethi iphunyeziwe Paris.11
Iiprojekthi ezizezona zinxulumene nenkqubo yezothutho, ukhuseleko loluntu, ukonga umbane, okusingqongileyo, iinkonzo zoluntu, indawo kawonke-wonke, ubugcisa bolwazi, imfundo, ezempilo, intlalontle, imidlalo, ukhenketho, inkcubeko kunye nobutshantliziyo boluntu. Imizekelo ibandakanya iipaki ezintsha, iimyuziyam ezikwisiza, amathala eencwadi, izikolo ezihlaziyiweyo, amabala okudlala abantwana, iindawo ekusetyenziswana kuzo, iindawo ezintsha zobugcisa obuphezulu, iihackathons, amaziko ezemidlalo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, imizobo yasezitalatweni, imithombo, neminyhadala.
Ukuqukwa kunye ukuthatha inxaxheba
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba lutsala abantu abanemivuzo ephantsi kunye nemfundo ephantsi, abantu abadala, abadla umhlala-phantsi, abangaphangeliyo, kunye nabasebenzi abamhlophe. Uluntu lubandakanya 'abasebenzi abaninzi abamhlophe, ngoko ke umxube ontsonkothileyo,' utshilo u-Elisabeth Clemens, ingcaphephe kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba eChicago.12 Esinye isiphumo esihle kukuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba lukhuthaza kwaye lutsale ukumelwa okuphezulu ngamaqela angahoywanga ngokwezopolitiko (abantu abangathathi ntweni, abantu abadala, kunye neentlanga ezincinci). Njengoko u-Villano, ugqirha wase-NYC, esithi: 'kukho inqanaba eliphezulu lokuthatha inxaxheba phakathi kwawo onke amaqela angathathi hlangothi kwinkqubo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba kunonyulo lwasekuhlaleni.'13 Indlela yokuthatha inxaxheba eqinisekileyo iyabonwa: ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10% yabahlali basekuhlaleni bathathe inxaxheba kunye nezigidi zabantu kwinqanaba likarhulumente. 'Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinkqubo ze-PB zenze inani elikhulu labathathi-nxaxheba, kwezinye iimeko ezirekhodiweyo, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10% yabemi bedolophu bebonke beza kwintlanganiso ngexesha elithile.'14 Njengoko uGianpaolo Baiocchi, unjingalwazi oncedisayo kwiYunivesithi yaseNew York, eqikelela ukuba: 'Ndicinga ukuba abantu abazizigidi ezi-3 beza kwiintlanganiso kwikomkhulu laseBrazil.'15
Umgangatho wedemokhrasi
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba ngokuqinisekileyo lubonisa imigaqo yokusebenza yedemokhrasi. Kukho intatho-nxaxheba enkulu, ukunikezelwa kwezigqibo ezithe ngqo ezenziwa kwabasemagunyeni, kunye nobulungisa ngokubanzi. Ngokutsho kukaBaiocchi: 'Okokuqala, yayiyingxoxo-mpikiswano apho bonke kwakufuneka bathathe inxaxheba. I-PB yayikuphela komnxibelelanisi phakathi kwabemi kunye norhulumente wengingqi kwaye wonke umntu, osisityebi okanye ohluphekayo, ohlelekileyo okanye ongacwangciswanga kwafuneka axoxe ngezindululo zabo ngaphakathi kwinqanaba elitsha loluntu. Okwesibini, iingxoxo zaqulunqwa ngemigaqo yobulungisa bentlalo.'16 Iiprojekthi zihambelana nemithetho ecacileyo; ziselubala ngokwenkqubo, ngenxa yeentlanganiso ezivulelekileyo nezirekhodiweyo.
Imingeni kunye nokuchasana
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba lunemingeni emininzi. Omnye umba kukungalingani - ekuthatheni inxaxheba, kwimpembelelo, nakulawulo. Umba osisiseko kukungalingani - ukuba kushiywe njengoko kunjalo, umphumo wokuzihlanganisa, apho abantu abaphetheyo bathanda ukufumana amandla amaninzi, kuya kubangela ukungalingani okukhulu kwiingcali, ukuvota, ukuthatha inxaxheba kunye namandla okulawula.17 Iinzame zokubuyisela ulingano ngokusebenzisa amaphulo okwazisa uluntu zinganceda kule ndawo.
Umntu unokude aphakamise umbuzo wokungazinzi kwenkqubo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kwayo kubudlelwane nabasemagunyeni. Kwakhona, kukho indawo yempembelelo yangaphandle yokuzifunela ngabaphezulu. Ukuya kutsho kwinqanaba elikhulu, kukho umngcipheko wokulahlekelwa ngundoqo weenjongo zenkululeko yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba. Abezopolitiko basenokuthetha ngokubandakanyeka kwabemi, endaweni yokuxhobisa. Ngoko ke, impendulo ecacileyo kufuneka ibe yintlangano yentlangano kunye nemithetho ecacileyo kunye neendlela zokulawula.
Izithintelo ezibonwayo kwinkxaso-mali zinciphisa ukusasazeka kohlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba. Thabatha eNew York: 'Sisebenza kuphela ngemali eyinkunzi; asijongani neemali zenkcithoโฆ Sijongene nepesenti encinci kakhulu. Ukuba ujonga ingxelo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba kunyaka wokuqala, ndicinga ukuba imele njenge-.06% yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olupheleleyo lwe-NYC.'18 Ngokuqhelekileyo, ipesenti malunga ne-1-2% yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwesixeko. Ukuchasana noko, iinkokeli zeeprojekthi kufuneka zixhase ukuseka iiprojekthi zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali kwiimfuno zabantu, hayi kwimida yangoku kwaye kuboniswe imithombo yenkxaso-mali enokubakho, njengesabelo esikhulu sohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukamasipala kunye namathuba okufumana inkxaso-mali.
Izindululo zehlabathi jikelele malunga nale mingeni ziquka ukulandela iinkqubo ezisebenzayo kunye nokugcinwa kwenkxaso yombutho evela kwimibutho yoluntu. Ngokubhekiselele koku, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuseka nokulandela iinkqubo ezisengqiqweni, eziya kukhusela iimfuno ezisuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu kubuvolontiya okanye ukungahoyi.19
Amaziko adaliwe
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba lunamaziko amaninzi aphuhliswe kakuhle. Iiprojekthi ziqala ngokuthatha inxaxheba njengesiqhelo. Ngokwamazwi engcali ye-PB: 'Xa unika abantu ithuba lokwenza isigqibo esinentsingiselo, baya kuxhuma kuloo nto.'20 Ngaloo ndlela, iintlanganiso ekuhlaleni zikhula zibe yimibutho yasekuhlaleni neendibano. Izivumelwano ezisemthethweni nabachaphazelekayo, ngakumbi abasemagunyeni, kwezinye iimeko ziququzelela ukukhuthazwa kweprojekthi kunye nokunyusa ukunyusa imali, kodwa azinyanzeli kwaye zixhomekeke kubudlelwane nabachaphazelekayo. Isixhobo esiluncedo ekuncedeni ukukhokela inkqubo luluhlu lweendlela zobuchule zokuphumeza uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba - uhlobo lwencwadana. Ukumiselwa kwamaziko okunamandla kunokuthatha uhlobo lwemithetho ekhethekileyo. U-Baiocchi, osisifundiswa sokwenza uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olusebenzayo kwihlabathi jikelele, unika imizekelo: 'Ezinye izixeko ziwumisela njengemithethoโฆ Kwamanye amazwe, ibe ngumthetho wesizwe. Ngoko ke, ePeru, kukho umthetho welizwe kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba.'21 Uphuhliso olubalulekileyo kukwenziwa kwesikhundla soluntu njengommeli kwi-ofisi kasodolophu okanye nakwiofisi yocwangciso lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, esekwe ngokwedemokhrasi ngabemi.
Intsebenziswano
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba ngokwenene lukhuthaza ukubandakanyeka kwabantu abaphantsi kwaye luluncedo ekuzilungiseleleni ngokukhawuleza kwentsebenziswano engxamisekileyo ekuphenduleni kwiintlekele zendalo kunye nokuqhankqalaza. 'Kwimeko yase-United States, sinohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweNew Yorkโฆ Lunxibelelene nezinye iindlela zobutshantliziyo, umzekelo, unxibelelwano noSandy โ isaqhwithiโฆ Kuqale kwabakho isaqhwithi, kwalandela iinzame zokwakha ngokutsha, emva koko abantu beza kunye ne-Occupy Sandy - uSandy othatha inxaxheba.' -Utsho u-Baiocchi, oye wabona iziganeko zaseNew York ngokwakhe.22 Kuyaqapheleka ukuba uthatho-nxaxheba kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali luququzelela uthatho-nxaxheba kweminye imimandla. Kuninzi kunokufundwa kwiinkqubo zehlabathi: 'Kwiimeko zaseBrazil, amaxesha amaninzi into onayo luhlahlo lwabiwo-maliโฆ kwaye ke ithande ukuvuselela intatho-nxaxheba kwimimandla efanayo. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, unebhunga lezempilo okanye ibhunga lenkonzo yoluntu.'23
Isiphumo kubemi kunye noluntu
Okokuqala, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba luphucula ulwakhiwo loluntu. UVincent Villano, iGcisa le-PB e-NYC: uyazibuza: 'Ke, ndiyacinga, inazo zonke iintlobo zeempembelelo ezilungileyo - yinkqubo yokwakha uluntu efuna zonke iintlobo zobudlelwane, kunye nemfundo - ilungile kwaye iyakhobokisa. Ngubani ongafuni ukuba kuluntu olunxibelelene ngakumbi kwaye azive engedwa kunokuba sele ekhona?'24 Abathathi-nxaxheba babonisa intsebenziswano eyomeleleyo kunye nokubandakanyeka okuphezulu kubomi boluntu. Abemi basekuhlaleni banandipha iimvakalelo ezakhayo zokuba lilungu labo kunye nolwaneliseko. Abemi bakwaphuhlisa ulwazi olungcono ngolawulo lwasekhaya. Abantu banenkuthazo emandla kwisenzo kwaye babonisa intatho-nxaxheba yokwenyani ephezulu. 'Baya kuthi: Ndiyithanda kakhulu le ngcamango; Ndifuna ukunikela ngexesha lam ukuguqula loo mbono ibe yiprojekthi yokwenyani, utshilo uVillano ngabantu baseNew York.25 Okokugqibela, abathathi-nxaxheba benza izakhono ezingcono kwaye bafumane ukuxhotyiswa kwimisebenzi yoluntu.
Impembelelo kwidemokhrasi njengenkqubo yentlalo
Kwinqanaba lenkqubo enkulu, uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba lwakha ubudlelwane obuluqilima phakathi kwabemi kunye nabasemagunyeni, ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni omnye komnye. 'Inyaniso yokuba i-PB ikhuthaze uhlenga-hlengiso lobudlelwane phakathi kolawulo noluntu ngokwemigaqo yedemokhrasi asingomcimbi omncinci.'26 Ngoko ke, iiprojekthi zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali ezithatha inxaxheba zivelisa intsebenziswano esondeleleneyo nenempumelelo ngakumbi nabasemagunyeni. Izifundo ezixabisekileyo zinokufundwa kwisenzo sase-US: 'Ibiyinkqubo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali eneneni ebabeke kwimeko apho bebesebenza ngesandla kunye, igxalaba negxalaba, kunye nenani lamaziko oluntu ebekuloo ndawo ixesha elide. ixesha elide. Ukuzimisela kwabantu ukusebenza kunye, njengabathunywa bohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, abo ngamalungu oluntu athatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali ethatha inxaxheba kwelona nqanaba liphezulu kangangoko.'27 Kukho ukukhula okuqaphelekayo kokuxhotyiswa kunye nokusasazwa kokwenziwa kwezigqibo kubemi. UVincent Villano waseNew York ubeka oku ngokulula: 'Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxhebaโฆ ayikokuphela nje โsiya kumamelaโโฆ โenkosi kakhuluโ, kodwa โokwenene siza kutshintshela kuwe amandla okwenza izigqiboโ.'28
isiphelo
Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba lubonakalise ukusebenza kwalo njengesisombululo kuluhlu olubanzi lwezicwangciso: kumazwe ahlukeneyo, kuwo onke amanqanaba olawulo, ngaphandle kwe-intanethi kunye ne-intanethi. Amandla ayo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ngenxa yokubophelela zonke izigaba zomjikelo wokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo: ukusetwa kwe-ajenda, ukuxoxwa kwetyala, ukuthathwa kwezigqibo, ukuphunyezwa ngokubambisana, ukubeka iliso nokulawula. Iphakamisa umgangatho wobomi babantu basekuhlaleni, iseka incoko phakathi kwabemi kunye nabasemagunyeni, kwaye idale ifomathi efanelekileyo yentsebenziswano kuphuhliso lwengingqi. Ngokwenene, liziko elinamandla le uthatho-nxaxheba oluxhotyisiweyo lwabemi kumgaqo-nkqubo woluntu.
Lo mbhalo usekelwe kwiphaneli yentetho yombhali kwi-28th yeNtlanganiso yaseYurophu yeeNdawo zeNkcubeko ngoMgqibelo, i-21 ngo-Oktobha 2017, eTartu, e-Estonia.
- I-Baiocchi, G., & Ganuza, E. 2014. Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba ngokungathi i-Emancipation Mattered. EzoPolitiko noMbutho, 42, 1, 29-50.
- Boutall, T. 2009. 'Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba.' Kwi Inxaxheba. Ukuqinisa idemokhrasi ngokusebenzisa ulwazi olwabiweyo. Ifikeleleke ngowama-30 kweyeDwarha ngo-2017 https://participedia.net/en/methods/participatory-budgeting.
- I-Baiocchi, G., & Ganuza, E. 2014. Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba ngokungathi i-Emancipation Mattered. EzoPolitiko noMbutho, 42, 1, 29-50.
- Wampler, uBrian. 2007. 'IsiKhokelo sokuThatha inxaxheba kuHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali.' Kwi-Shah, uAnwar (ed.). Uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali oluthatha inxaxheba. EWashington: IBhanki yeHlabathi yoLwakhiwo ngokutsha kunye noPhuhliso/iBhanki yehlabathi.
- I-Baiocchi, G., & Ganuza, E. 2014. Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba ngokungathi i-Emancipation Mattered. EzoPolitiko noMbutho, 42, 1, 29-50.
- V. Villano, unxibelelwano lomntu, 9 December 2013.
- E. Clemens, unxibelelwano lomntu, 5 Novemba 2013.
- I-Baiocchi, G., & Ganuza, E. 2014. Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba ngokungathi i-Emancipation Mattered. EzoPolitiko noMbutho, 42, 1, 29-50.
- Uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali oluthatha inxaxheba kwisiXeko saseNew York. Ifikeleleke ngowama-30 kweyeDwarha ngo-2017 https://council.nyc.gov/pb/.
- Uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali oluthatha inxaxheba Kyiv. Ifikeleleke ngowama-30 kweyeDwarha ngo-2017 https://gb.kyivcity.gov.ua/.
- Paris Budget inxaxheba. Ifikeleleke ngowama-30 kweyeDwarha ngo-2017 https://budgetparticipatif.paris.fr/bp/.
- E. Clemens, unxibelelwano lomntu, 5 Novemba 2013.
- V. Villano, unxibelelwano lomntu, 9 December 2013.
- I-Baiocchi, G., & Ganuza, E. 2014. Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba ngokungathi i-Emancipation Mattered. EzoPolitiko noMbutho, 42, 1, 29-50.
- G. Baiocchi, unxibelelwano lomntu, 18 October 2013.
- I-Baiocchi, G., & Ganuza, E. 2014. Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba ngokungathi i-Emancipation Mattered. EzoPolitiko noMbutho, 42, 1, 29-50.
- I-Baiocchi, G., & Ganuza, E. 2014. Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba ngokungathi i-Emancipation Mattered. EzoPolitiko noMbutho, 42, 1, 29-50.
- V. Villano, unxibelelwano lomntu, 9 December 2013.
- I-Baiocchi, G., & Ganuza, E. 2014. Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba ngokungathi i-Emancipation Mattered. EzoPolitiko noMbutho, 42, 1, 29-50.
- V. Villano, unxibelelwano lomntu, 9 December 2013.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- V. Villano, unxibelelwano lomntu, 9 December 2013.
- Ibid.
- I-Baiocchi, G., & Ganuza, E. 2014. Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluthatha inxaxheba ngokungathi i-Emancipation Mattered. EzoPolitiko noMbutho, 42, 1, 29-50.
- V. Villano, unxibelelwano lomntu, 9 December 2013.
- Ibid.
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