Ndakhula noGeorge Orwell. Ndazalwa ngowe-1939, yaye iAnimal Farm yapapashwa ngowe-1945. Ngaloo ndlela, ndakwazi ukuyifunda ndineminyaka esithoba ubudala. Yayithe ngcu endlwini, yaye ndandicinga ukuba yincwadi ethetha ngezilwanyana ezithethayo, efana noWind in the Willows. Ndandingazi nto ngohlobo lwezopolitiko ezikule ncwadi - inguqulelo yomntwana yezopolitiko ngoko, emva nje kwemfazwe, yayinengcamango elula yokuba uHitler wayekhohlakele kodwa ufile.
Ngoko ke ndawathi chu ama-adventures kaNapoleon kunye ne-Snowball, iihagu ezikrelekrele, ezinyolukileyo, ezinyukayo, kunye noSquealer ongugqirha ojikelezayo, kunye noBoxer ihashe elibekekileyo kodwa elishinyeneyo, kunye neegusha ezikhokelwa lula, ezicula isilogeni, ngaphandle kokwenza nanye. unxulumano neziganeko zembali.
Ukutsho ukuba le ncwadi indothusile, anditsho. Ikamva lezilwanyana zasefama lalimbi kakhulu, iihagu zikhohlakele, zikhohlakele, zinenkohliso, iigusha zazizizidenge. Abantwana bathanda ukungabikho kokusesikweni, yaye eyona nto yayindicaphukisa yile: iihagu zazingekho sikweni. Ndiye ndalila xa ihashe lika Boxer lifumene ingozi laze lakhweliswa ukuze lenziwe ukutya kwezinja, endaweni yokuba linikwe ikona yedlelo elithe cwaka awayelithenjisiwe.
Amava onke ayendiphazamisa kakhulu, kodwa ndihlala ndinombulelo ku-Orwell ngokundilumkisa kwangethuba kwiiflegi zengozi endiye ndazama ukuzijonga ukususela ngoko. Kwilizwe leFama yeZilwanyana, uninzi lwabantu abathethayo kunye nepalaver yoluntu bubullshit kwaye baphenjelelwa ubuxoki, kwaye nangona abalinganiswa abaninzi benentliziyo entle kwaye bethetha kakuhle, banokoyika ukuvala amehlo abo kwinto eyenzekayo.
Iihagu zibetha ezinye ngengcamango, emva koko zijija loo ngcamango ukuze ihambelane neenjongo zazo: imidlalo yazo yolwimi yayibonakala kum nakwelo xesha. Njengoko u-Orwell wafundisa, ayizizo iilebhile-ubuKristu, iSocialism, iSilamsi, iDemokhrasi, imilenze emibini engalunganga, imilenze emine ilungile, imisebenzi-eqinisekileyo, kodwa izenzo ezenziwa egameni labo.
Kwakhona, ndabona indlela ekulula ngayo ukuba abo baye babhukuqa igunya lengcinezelo bathabathe imigibe nemikhwa yalo. UJean-Jacques Rousseau wayechanekile ukusilumkisa ukuba idemokhrasi lolona hlobo lorhulumente lunzima ukuyigcina; U-Orwell wayeyazi loo nto kumongo wamathambo akhe, kuba wayeyibonile isebenza.
Ukhawuleza kangakanani lo myalelo othi "Zonke Izilwanyana Ziyalingana" uguqulwa ube "Zonke Izilwanyana Ziyalingana, kodwa Ezinye Zilingana Ngaphezu Kwezinye". Yeyiphi inkxalabo enamafutha eboniswa ziihagu ngentlalo-ntle yezinye izilwanyana, inkxalabo efihla indelelo yazo kwezo zixhaphazayo.
Ngobubele obunjani abanxiba iiyunifomu ezazikade zidelwa ngabantu abanobuzwilakhe abababhukuqileyo, bafunda ukusebenzisa izabhokhwe zabo. Bazithethelela kangakanani izenzo zabo, bencediswa ngamazwi e-web-spinning of Squealer, i-agent yabo ye-nimble-tongued press, de onke amandla akwi-trotters yabo, ukuzenzisa akusekho mfuneko, kwaye balawula ngamandla.
I-revolution isoloko ithetha oku kuphela: ukujikeleza, ukujika kwevili lethamsanqa, apho abo babesezantsi benyuka ukuya phezulu, kwaye bathathe izikhundla ezikhethiweyo, betyumza abo babephethe amandla ngaphambili phantsi kwabo. Sifanele sibalumkele bonke abo batyabeka umhlaba ngemifanekiso yabo emikhulu, njengehagu embi, uNapoleon.
IFama yeZilwanyana yenye yezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo ze-Emperor-Has-No-Clothes zenkulungwane yama-20, kwaye yafaka uGeorge Orwell engxakini. Abantu abaphikisana nobulumko bangoku obuthandwayo, abalatha ngokucacileyo ngendlela engathandekiyo, badla ngokuphekwa ngamandla yimihlambi yeegusha ezinomsindo. Andizange ndibe nayo yonke loo nto ndineminyaka elithoba ubudala, kunjalo - hayi nangayiphi na indlela. Kodwa sifunda iipateni zamabali phambi kokuba sifunde iintsingiselo zawo, kwaye iFama yeZilwanyana inepateni ecace kakhulu.
Kwandula ke kwalandela iNineteen Eighty-Four, eyapapashwa ngowe-1949. Ngaloo ndlela, ndayifunda ephepheni kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, xa ndandikumabanga aphakamileyo. Emva koko ndayifunda kwakhona, kwaye kwakhona: yayilapho phezulu phakathi kweencwadi zam endizithandayo, kunye neWuthering Heights.
Kwangaxeshanye, ndafunxa amaqabane ayo amabini, ethi, Ubumnyama Ka-Arthur Koestler Emini Elikhulu nethi Ihlabathi Elitsha Elinobukroti lika-Aldous Huxley. Ndandibathanda bobathathu, kodwa ndandiqonda ukuba Ubumnyama Emini yintlekele malunga neziganeko esele zenzekile, kunye neLizwe Elitsha Lesibindi ukuba lihlekisi elihlekisayo, kunye neziganeko ekungenakwenzeka ukuba zenzeke kanye ngolo hlobo. (I-Orgy-Porgy, ngokwenene.)
Ishumi elinesithoba elinamashumi asibhozo anesine landibetha njengeliyinyani ngakumbi, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba uWinston Smith wayefana nam-umntu obhityileyo owayedinwa kakhulu kwaye wayefundiswa ngomzimba phantsi kweemeko ezibandayo (oku yayiluphawu lwesikolo sam) - kwaye owayethe cwaka. engavisisaniyo neengcinga nendlela yokuphila ayicetywayo. (Esi isenokuba sesinye sezizathu zokuba ishumi elinesithoba elinamashumi asibhozo anesine lifundwe kakuhle xa ufikisa: uninzi lolutsha luziva ngolo hlobo.)
Ndavelana ngakumbi nomnqweno kaWinston wokubhala iingcinga zakhe ezalelweyo kwincwadi enencasa esihendayo, eyimfihlo engenanto: Ndandingekaqalisi ukubhala, kodwa ndandibona umtsalane wayo. Ndikwazile nokububona ubungozi, kuba kukubhalwa kwakhe โ kunye nesini esingekho mthethweni, enye into enomtsalane kumntu okwishumi elivisayo okwiminyaka yama-50s โ eyenza uWinston abe bubugxwayiba.
Ifama yeziLwanyana ibonisa inkqubela yentshukumo elindelekileyo yenkululeko ukuya kulawulo lobuzwilakhe olulawulwa nguzwilakhe ozwileyo; Ishumi elinesithoba elinamashumi asibhozo anesine lichaza ukuba kunjani ukuphila ngokupheleleyo kule nkqubo. Igorha lakhe, uWinston, uneenkumbulo nje ezingaphelelanga zokuba ubomi babunjani ngaphambi kokuba kumiselwe ulawulo loyikekayo: uyinkedama, umntwana weqela labantu. Uyise wasweleka emfazweni eye yazisa ingcinezelo, kwaye unina unyamalele, emshiya enomjonga nje osisingcikivo njengoko wayemngcatsha ngebhayi yetshokolethi-intwana yokungcatsha esebenza zombini njengesitshixo kumlingiswa kaWinston. nanjengesandulela kwezinye izinto ezininzi ezingcatshwayo kule ncwadi.
Urhulumente weAirstrip One, โilizweโ likaWinston, ukhohlakele. Ukubek' iliso rhoqo, ukungakwazi ukuthetha ngokungafihlisiyo nakubani na, umntu ozayo, owoyikekayo weBig Brother, imfuno yolawulo yeentshaba kunye neemfazwe - ziyintsomi nangona zombini zinokuba - ezisetyenziselwa ukoyikisa abantu nokubamanyanisa kwintiyo, ingqondo. -i-slogans, ukugqwethwa kolwimi, ukutshatyalaliswa kwento eyenzekileyo ngokwenene ngokufaka nayiphi na irekhodi yayo phantsi kweMemory Hole - ezi zinto zandichukumisa kakhulu. Mandiphinde ndichaze ukuba: bandoyikile ukugcwala kwam. U-Orwell wayebhala i-satire malunga ne-Stalin's Soviet Union, indawo endingazi kangako ngayo kwiminyaka eyi-14, kodwa wayenza kakuhle kangangokuba ndiyakwazi ukucinga ukuba izinto ezinjalo zenzeka naphi na.
Akukho mdla wothando kwiFama yeziLwanyana, kodwa kukho kwishumi elinesithoba elinamashumi asibhozo anesine. UWinston ufumana iqabane lomphefumlo kuJulia; ngaphandle ozinikeleyo weQela elinenzondelelo yempambano, ngokufihlakeleyo intombazana eyonwabela isondo kunye ne-makeup kunye namanye amabala okonakala. Kodwa aba babini abathandanayo bafunyenwe, kwaye uWinston uthuthunjiswa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lokucinga - ukunganyaniseki kwangaphakathi kulawulo.
Uvakalelwa kukuba ukuba unokuhlala ethembekile entliziyweni yakhe kuJulia, umphefumlo wakhe uya kusindiswa - ingcamango yothando, nangona sinokuyivuma. Kodwa njengabo bonke oorhulumente kunye neenkolo eziqinisekileyo, iQela lifuna ukuba konke ukunyaniseka komntu kubingelelwe kulo, kwaye endaweni yalo kunyaniseke ngokupheleleyo kuMzalwana omkhulu.
Ejongene nolona loyiko lwakhe lukhulu kwiGumbi le-101, apho isixhobo esibi esibandakanya ikheji ezele ziimpuku ezilambileyo sinokufakwa emehlweni, uWinston wophula: โUngayenzi kum,โ uyacenga, โyenza Julia.โ (Esi sivakalisi siye saba mfutshane kusapho lwethu ngenxa yokuphepha imisebenzi enzima. UJulia ohluphekileyo โ besingabenza nzima kangakanani ubomi bakhe ukuba ebekho ngenene. Bekuya kufuneka abe kwiingxoxo ezininzi zephaneli, umzekelo.)
Emva kokungcatsha kwakhe uJulia, uWinston uba liqaqobana le-goo engenakulinganiswa. Ukholelwa ngokwenene ukuba ababini nababini benza isihlanu, kwaye uyamthanda uBhuti omkhulu. Umbono wethu wokugqibela ngaye uhleli isiselo esinxilisayo kwi-cafe yangaphandle, esazi ukuba uyindoda efileyo ehamba kwaye efundile ukuba uJulia umngcatshile, ngelixa emamele into ethandwayo: "Ngaphantsi komthi we-chestnut / ndikuthengisile. kwaye undithengisileโฆโ
U-Orwell utyholwa ngokukrakra kunye nokuphelelwa ithemba - ukusishiya nombono wekamva apho umntu engenalo ithuba, kwaye apho i-boot enobuqhetseba, i-totalitarian boot ye-Party elawulayo yonke iya kugaya ebusweni bomntu, ngonaphakade.
Kodwa le mbono ka-Orwell iphikisana nesahluko sokugqibela kwincwadi, isincoko kwi-Newspeak - ulwimi lwe-doublethink oluqulunqwe ngurhulumente. Ngokususa onke amagama anokuba yinkathazo - "amabi" awasavunyelwa, kodwa abe "double-plus-nood" - kwaye ngokwenza amanye amagama athethe into echaseneyo naleyo ebeyithetha - indawo apho abantu bathuthunjiswa khona. UbuPhathiswa bothando, isakhiwo apho ixesha elidlulileyo litshatyalalisiwe liSebe lezoLwazi - abalawuli be-Airstrip One banqwenela ukwenza ukuba kube nzima ukuba abantu bacinge ngokuthe tye. Nangona kunjalo, isincoko kwiNewspeak sibhalwe ngesiNgesi esiqhelekileyo, kumntu wesithathu, nakwixesha elidlulileyo, elinokuthetha kuphela ukuba ulawulo luwile, kwaye ulwimi kunye nobuntu buye basinda. Kuba nabani na obhale isincoko kwi-Newspeak, umhlaba we-Nineteen Eighty-Four uphelile. Ke, luluvo lwam lokuba u-Orwell wayenokholo ngakumbi ekomeleleni komoya womntu kunokuba ebesoloko enikwa imbeko.
U-Orwell waba ngumzekelo othe ngqo kum kamva ebomini bam - ngo-1984 yokwenyani, unyaka endaqala ngawo ukubhala i-dystopia eyahlukileyo, Ibali likaHandmaid. Ngelo xesha ndandineminyaka engama-44, kwaye ndandifunde ngokwaneleyo malunga ne-despotisms yokwenyani - ngokufunda imbali, ukuhamba, kunye nobulungu bam be-Amnesty International - ukuze ndingadingi ukuthembela ku-Orwell yedwa.
Uninzi lwe-dystopias - i-Orwell's ifakiwe - ibhalwe ngamadoda, kwaye imbono ibe yindoda. Xa abafazi bevele kubo, baye baba zii-automaton ezingenazo isondo okanye abavukeli abaye bavukela imithetho yesini yolawulo. Baye benza njengezilingo zabalinganiswa abangamadoda, nangona kunjalo, esi silingo sinokuba sikwamkelekile kumadoda ngokwawo.
Ngaloo ndlela uJulia; ngaloo ndlela umrhwebi onxibe i-cami-knicker, i-orgy-porgy ye-Savage kwiLizwe Elitsha Elinobukroti; ngoko ke i-femme fatale ephambukayo ye-Yevgeny Zamyatin's 1924 seminal classic, We. Ndandifuna ukuzama i-dystopia kwimbono yowesifazane-ihlabathi ngokutsho kukaJulia, njengokuba kunjalo. Nangona kunjalo, oku akukwenzi iTale yeHandmaid ibe "yi-dystopia yobufazi", ngaphandle nje kokuba ukunika umntu obhinqileyo ilizwi kunye nobomi bangaphakathi buya kuhlala kuthathwa ngokuba "bufazi" ngabo bacinga ukuba abafazi akufanelekanga ukuba nazo ezi zinto.
Inkulungwane yama-20 inokubonwa njengogqatso phakathi kweenguqulelo ezimbini zesihogo esenziwe ngumntu-i-jackbooted state totalitarianism ye-Orwell's Nineteen Eight-Four, kunye ne-hedonistic ersatz iparadesi yeLizwe eliNtsha leBrave, apho yonke into iyinto elungileyo yabathengi kunye nabantu. yenzelwe ukonwaba. Ngokuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin ngo-1989, kwabonakala okwexeshana ukuba iLizwe elitsha eliBukhalipha liphumelele-ukusukela ngoku, ulawulo lukarhulumente lwaluza kuba luncinci, kwaye konke ebekuya kufuneka sikwenze kukuthenga kwaye sincume kakhulu, kwaye sizibhijele kulonwabo. , ukuphuma ipilisi okanye ezimbini xa udandatheko luqalisa.
Kodwa ngo-9/11, yonke loo nto yatshintsha. Ngoku kubonakala ngathi sijongana nethemba le-dystopias ezimbini eziphikisanayo ngaxeshanye - iimarike ezivulekileyo, iingqondo ezivaliweyo - kuba ukubekwa kweliso kurhulumente kubuyile kwakhona ngempindezelo. IGumbi le-101 eloyikekayo lomthuthumbisi belikunye nathi iwaka leminyaka. Iintolongo zaseRoma, iNkundla Yokuncina Amakholwa, i-Star Chamber, i-Bastille, inkqubo ye-General Pinochet kunye ne-junta yase-Argentina - zonke zixhomekeke kwimfihlo kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla. Amazwe amaninzi aneenguqulelo zawo-iindlela zawo zokuthulisa abantu abaphikisayo.
Ulawulo lwentando yesininzi ngokwesithethe luzichaze, phakathi kwezinye izinto โ ngokuvuleleka kunye nomthetho. Kodwa ngoku kubonakala ngathi thina entshona siqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni iindlela zakudala zomntu omnyama, eziphuculwe ngokwetekhnoloji kwaye zingcwaliselwe ukusetyenziswa kwethu, kunjalo. Ngenxa yenkululeko, inkululeko imele ilahlwe. Ukusiqhubela kwihlabathi eliphuculweyo - i-utopia esiyithenjisiweyo - i-dystopia kufuneka iqale ilawule.
Ngumbono ofanele ukucingelwa kabini. Kwakhona, kulandelelwano lwayo lweziganeko, iMarxist engaqhelekanga. Okokuqala, ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lweqela labasebenzi, apho iintloko ezininzi kufuneka ziqengqeleke; emva koko i-pie-in-the-sky classless yoluntu, engaqhelekanga ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingaze yenzeke. Endaweni yoko, sifumana nje iihagu ezinezabhokhwe.
Ndihlala ndizibuza: uGeorge Orwell wayeza kuthini ngayo?
Okuninzi kakhulu.
โ Esi sisicatshulwa esihleliweyo esisuka kwigalelo likaMargaret Atwood kwi-BBC Radio 3โs Imizuzu engamashumi amabini: Uthotho lwe-Orwell Essays, lusasazwe ngokuhlwanje ngo-8.05pm. Izincoko zikaRoy Hattersley kunye noJohn Carey ziya kusasazwa ngaxeshanye ngoLwesibini nangoLwesithathu ngokulandelelanayo. Inoveli yamva nje kaMargaret Atwood, iOryx kunye neCrake, ipapashwe yiBloomsbury.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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