Umthombo: Jacobin
Ngelixa ulawulo lwe-Biden-Harris luye lwaphelisa ezinye zemigaqo-nkqubo yangaphambili yolawulo olukhohlakeleyo lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, uninzi lwemigaqo-nkqubo enxamnye nokufudukela kwamanye amazwe ihleli: phantsi kolawulo lukaJoe Biden, inani labafuduki ababanjelwe yi-ICE yanda ukusuka kumyinge wemihla ngemihla we-15,100 ngoJanuwari ukuya kwi-27,023 ngoMatshi. Nangona iBiden yenza izithembiso zephulo lokuphelisa ukubanjelwa inzuzo, zimbini kuphela iikhontrakthi eziye zayekiswa kunye namaziko ogcino lokuNgena kunye neCustoms Enforcement (ICE) njengobhubhani we-COVID. iya isiba mbi iimeko zabantu abavalelweyo abashiywe bengenalo ukhetho lokuzikhusela.
Xa kujongwe iinyani zokuphawulwa kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuvalelwa, kunye nokugxothwa, iimanyano zabasebenzi kufuneka ziqhubeke nokuthethelela ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni ngelixa zikwacela umngeni kwi-hypercriminalization of immigration - uphawu oluchazayo lwenkqubo yangoku yonyanzeliso lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe.
Phakathi kweSolidarity kunye nokuKhutshwa
Imbali yabasebenzi izaliswe yiyantlukwano enzulu malunga nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe: ezinye iimanyano zabasebenzi kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi baququzelela abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe kuluhlu lwabo kwaye baxhasa umthetho wokwandisa amalungelo abaphambukeli, ngelixa abanye betyhala imithetho yokungabandakanywa yabaphambukeli. Izikhundla ezithintela iimanyano zabasebenzi ngokufuthi zibangelwa kukubukulwa kwabemi bamanye amazwe kunye neengcamango zokuba abasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe baya kujongela phantsi isikhundla sabasebenzi ngokunyuka kwabasebenzi. Ezinye iiyuniyoni ezinenkqubela kunye nezasekhohlo zandisa imvakalelo yazo yomanyano kubaphambukeli, zijonga ukulungelelanisa abasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe njengento ephambili ekuphakamiseni imigangatho yemisebenzi yomntu wonke.
Abasebenzi abaququzelelweyo baphembelela ngempumelelo uMthetho wokuKhutshwa kwamaTshayina we-1882, umthetho wokuqala wokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe owawungabandakanyi abangeneleli ngokobuhlanga nangokodidi. Umthetho wabavala ngokukodwa abasebenzi baseTshayina, imibutho yabasebenzi eyayikholelwa ukuba iya kudodobalisa iimeko zemarike yezemisebenzi ngokunyuka kwabasebenzi kwaye ibathintele amandla abo okuguqula iimeko zokusebenza. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, i-American Federation of Labour's (AFL) imigaqo-nkqubo echasene nokufudukela kwamanye amazwe iye yanatyiselwa kubaphambukeli baseMazantsi naseMpuma Yurophu.
Umongameli we-AFL, uSamuel Gompers - umphambukeli ngokwakhe, ovela eBritani - zixhaswe uvavanyo lokufunda nokubhala lwe-Immigration Restriction League lwabaphambukeli kwiinzame zokunciphisa inani labaphambukeli โabangenabuchuleโ baseMazantsi naseMpuma Yurophu. UGompers waxoxa ukuba abaphambukeli basemaZantsi naseMpuma Yurophu bangaxhobisa oosomashishini ukuba bajongele phantsi imibutho yezobugcisa ngokususa isakhono sobugcisa endaweni yokusebenza ngoomatshini.
Ngeli xesha, i-radical elements yabasebenzi yabona ukuququzelela abafuduki njengomthombo wamandla kwintshukumo. Abasebenzi bezoShishino behlabathi (IWW) baququzelele i-1912 "Isonka kunye neRoses" uLawrence uqhankqalazo lwamalaphu apho amawakawaka abasebenzi abasuka kumazwe ahlukahlukeneyo aba nenxaxheba, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabo ingabafazi. Olu qhankqalazo luqale ngethuba abasebenzi belaphu befumana ukuthotywa imivuzo xa bebesele bephila nzima. Ngenxa yomanyano oluzinzileyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobuhlanga, baye baphumelela ukonyuswa kwemivuzo kunye nokuhlawula ixesha elongezelelekileyo.
Ngoxa kwabanye, ugwayimbo lwe-textile ye-Lawrence lubonisa indlela abafuduki kunye nobumbano lobuhlanga bomeleza amandla abasebenzi ukuba bacele umngeni kubaqeshi babo kunye nokuphucula iimeko zokusebenza, iinkokeli ezininzi ezisekiweyo ngaphakathi kwe-AFL zaqhubeka zicinga abafuduki njengezoyikiso kwiimfuno zabasebenzi abahleliweyo. Ngenkxaso engagungqiyo ye-AFL yothintelo, i-1924 Immigration Act yapasiswa yiCongress. Umthetho ka-1924 waseka ezona zabelo ziphezulu kuMntla nakuMbindi Yurophu kunye nezabelo ezisezantsi kuMazantsi naseMpuma Yurophu. Njengombhali-mbali Mae Ngai Uchazile, umthetho wawubalela bonke abantu abafudukela eAsia naseAfrika, bechaza ngokucacileyo ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle ngokobuhlanga kumthetho wokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe.
Kodwa ngaphandle kweenzame ze-AFL, abasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo abazange bathintelwe ngokufanayo. Kwi-1935 iKomiti ye-Industrial Organisation (CIO) yenziwe yimibutho emininzi ngaphakathi kwe-AFL ukukhuthaza ukulungelelanisa kumashishini okuvelisa imveliso - apho abafuduki babemelwe kakhulu. I-AFL ibingenamdla ekuboneleleni ngezixhobo zokusebenza ukuze iququzelele iimanyano zamashishini ngenxa yokugxila kwayo kukuzimela geqe. Ngenxa yoko, iCIO yaziququzelela yaba yintlangano yelizwe eyahlukileyo (iCongress of Industrial Organizations) ngowe-1937.
I-CIO yaba negalelo ekuboneleleni ngombutho kunye nendlela yokubandakanya izigidi zabaphambukeli abavela eMpuma naseMzantsi Yurophu ababehlala kumashishini angalungelelanisiweyo. Ikhula yaba ngumbutho oxhasa abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, iCIO yagxeka inkqubo yocalucalulo yemvelaphi yesizwe kwaye yazimanya nemibutho enenkqubela ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II ukuze ithethelele i-1939. Wagner-Rogers bill oko bekuya kuvumela abantwana abaziimbacu abangama-20,000 XNUMX ukuba bangene eUnited States.
Emva kwemfazwe, i-AFL kunye neCIO zandisa umanyano lwazo kubantu abagxothiweyo eYurophu ngokujoyina iKomiti yaBemi malunga naBantu abaFudukileyo (CCDP), umbutho wezifundiswa, iinkokeli zonqulo, kunye namagosa oluntu athe afunela umthetho kwaye adlala indima ekuphumezeni umthetho. uMthetho waBantu abafuduswayo wowe-1948, owagunyazisa ukungena kweembacu ezingama-200,000 ezigxothwe yimfazwe.
Kwaye ngokudityaniswa kwe-AFL kunye neCIO eqhubela phambili ngakumbi ngo-1955, abasebenzi abacwangcisiweyo baqala ngokucotha ukutshintsha indawo kucalucalulo lwenkqubo yesizwe, ekugqibeleni ifuna ukuba kubhangiswe umthetho. Ikhuthazwa ngokuyinxenye yintlangano yamalungelo oluntu, amaqela amalungelo oluntu, kunye nabasebenzi abalungelelanisiweyo, iNkongolo yawubhangisa uMthetho wokuFuduka we-1924 kwaye yenza uMthetho we-1965 wokuPhuma kunye noBuzwe.
The Umthetho wokufudukela kwilizwe kunye nobuzwe wayiphelisa ngokufanelekileyo inkqubo yocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga eyanikezela ngee-visa ezisekelwe kwimvelaphi yesizwe, yaseka inkqubo yokukhetha esekelwe kumanyano losapho kunye newonga lobuchwephesha, yaza yamisela izithintelo zokundwendwela ezabelwa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamazwe. Noko ke, okwesihlandlo sokuqala, umthetho wokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe ngowe-1965 wamisela imiqathango yamanani abantu abafudukela ngokusemthethweni besuka kwiNtshona yeIkhweyitha, kuquka iMexico. Ezi zithintelo zamanani - zimiselwe 20,000 eMexico - zazingaphantsi kakhulu kunoko 400,000 Abafuduki kunye nabasebenzi bexeshana ababemkelwe minyaka le kwishumi leminyaka ngaphambi kowe-1965.
Ukuthathela ingqalelo into yokuba iimfuduko zisuka eMexico zisiya eUnited States kudala zisekwe ngeenkqubo zabasebenzi beendwendwe kunye nokwanda kokudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho phakathi koqoqosho olubini, umthetho omtsha ushukumise abantu baseMexico ukuba bafudukele kwiindlela ezifihlakeleyo kwaye kukhokelele ekukhuleni kokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe okungagunyaziswanga. Oku kubangele ukwanda kwamapolisa kunye noloyiko kumda wase-US-Mexico, okubangele "ukufuduka ngokungekho mthethweni."
Njengoko ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kuye kwaba ngumba wezopolitiko okhula ngamandla, nanjengoko umbutho wabasebenzi basezifama ngoo-1970s wawusukuzana nabalimi abasebenzisa abasebenzi abangenamaphepha njengabaqhankqalazi, i-AFL-CIO yagqiba kwelokuba ityhale izohlwayo zabaqeshi njengendlela yokuthintela ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Iinzame ze-AFL-CIO zangena kuMthetho woHlaziyo noLawulo lokuNgenelela (i-IRCA) ka-1986, owawuquka izohlwayo zabaqeshi kunye nenkqubo yomsebenzi weendwendwe kunye nokumisela uxolelo kubaphambukeli ababekweli lizwe ngaphambi ko-1982.
Neoliberalism kunye noQuquzelo lwemiSebenzi yabaFundi abavela kwamanye amazwe
Amashumi eminyaka aqhubekayo ohlengahlengiso lweneoliberal yoqoqosho ibingumceli mngeni ingakumbi kwimibutho yabasebenzi. Ukuthotywa kolawulo, iikontraka ezingaphantsi, kunye neenzame zokudodobalisa imibutho yabasebenzi kubangele ukuhla okuthe chu kumalungu emibutho kunye nokunyuka kokungalingani. Isazi ngentlalo yoluntu uRuth Milkman uye ba phi kisana ukuba ukwanda kwemisebenzi enemivuzo ephantsi kunye nokukhangela kwabaqeshi imithombo emitsha yabasebenzi kube negalelo ekufudukeni kwabantu abaninzi. Ngaphakathi kwalo mongo wokufuduka kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ukusuka kwiminyaka yoo-1980 ukuya kowama-2000 kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabasebenzi, abasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe baqalisa ukulungelelanisa-kwaye banike ijolt kwintshukumo enkulu yabasebenzi.
Iintshukumo ezinesibindi kunye nempumelelo zabasebenzi abavela kwamanye amazwe njenge Ubulungisa kubaJanitors iphulo eLos Angeles ngeminyaka yoo-1990 kunye noququzelelo lwehotele lweminyaka yoo-1980 noo-1990 lutyhalele iinkokeli zeemanyano ukuba ziphinde zivavanye imigaqo-nkqubo yazo ethintelweyo yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Abanye babaququzeleli abadlala indima ephambili ekuququzeleleni abasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe ngeli xesha, abafana no-Eliseo Medina, bafumene uqeqesho kwimisebenzi yabo yangaphambili kunye nabasebenzi baseFama abaManyeneyo (UFW) kwaye benza ukuthethelelwa kwamalungelo okufudukela kwamanye amazwe ngaphakathi kwe-AFL-CIO kube yinto ephambili. .
Emva kokulungelelanisa ngempumelelo abasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe kunye neNkonzo yaBasebenzi baMazwe ngaMazwe (SEIU) eSouthern California, IMedina ekugqibeleni wonyulwa njengosekela mongameli we-SEIU. Njengosekela mongameli, enye yeenjongo eziphambili zeMedina yayikukutshintsha isikhundla se-AFL-CIO kuthintelo lokungena. Emva kokuxoxa ngombono wakhe wobumbano lwabaphambukeli kunye nobunkokeli beemanyano ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya UNITE APHA kunye ne-UFW, kunye nokuphendula kumaziko aphantsi. uxinzelelo yamalungu emibutho eyahlukahlukeneyo, indibaniselwano yeemanyano yanika isigqibo kwindibano ye-AFL-CIO yowe-1999 eLos Angeles ukuxhasa amalungelo abaphambukeli. NgoFebruwari 2000, i-AFL-CIO yasirhoxisa isikhundla sayo kwizohlwayo zabaqeshi kwaye endaweni yoko yabiza ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo omsebenzi kunye nokuxolelwa kwabaphambukeli.
Ulwaphulo-mthetho (1980-Ngoku): UkuHlangana kweNkqubo yoLwaphulo-mthetho yoLwaphulo-mthetho kunye neNkqubo yokuFudukela
Ngaphambi kokuba i-AFL-CIO igqibe ekubeni imele abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe ngo-2000 ngokunyanzelisa uhlaziyo lokufudukela kwamanye amazwe kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo omsebenzi, uphuhliso olutsha ithathe imo phakathi kwenkqubo yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kumashumi amabini eminyaka edlulileyo kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1980s - ecaleni kwentetho eyongeziweyo yolwaphulo-mthetho lwabaphambukeli, imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ye-neoliberal, kunye nokwakhiwa kwenkqubo yokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi - umthetho wokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho waqala ukudibana kwaye wavela ukubumba inkqubo yangoku yokunyanzeliswa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, into abanye abayibiza ngokuba "kukufuduka."
Njengoko umphengululi wezomthetho uCรฉsar Cuauhtรฉmoc Garcรญa uye wachaza, oku kudibana kwenzeke ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili. Eyokuqala kukuba ukwaphulwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, njengokungena ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokuphinda bangene, kuyanda ukohlwaywa ngenkqubo yezomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho: ngokutsho Iziko leeNkcukacha-manani zoBulungisa, ukubanjwa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumene nokufudukela kwamanye amazwe kwanda ukusuka kwi-20,942 kwi-1998 ukuya kwi-108,667 ngo-2018. Ngo-2018, amatyala okufudukela kwamanye amazwe athatha i-31.4 yeepesenti zokutshutshiswa kwe-federal - esona sabelo sikhulu salo naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho olutshutshiswa kwiinkundla zombuso.
Okwesibini, uluhlu lwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinokukhokelela kwiziphumo zomthetho wokufuduka njengokugxothwa kuye kwanda ngokuthe chu ukusukela ngoo-1980. La matyala ngoku aquka izenzo ezigwenxa ezifana nokutshintsha incwadana yokundwendwela.
Kwaye unyanzeliso lomthetho oluye lwasebenza ngokwahlukileyo ngokwembali, ngenkqubo yezomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye inkqubo yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, iye yagqitha loo mida, ukuze ngoku ii-arhente zogcino-mthetho zaseburhulumenteni nezasekhaya ngamanye amaxesha zibhaliselwe ukunyanzelisa imithetho yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe ngokusebenzisa iCandelo lama-287(g), elipasiswe njenge. inxalenye yoMthetho wokuHlaziywa kwabaFudu ngokungekho mthethweni kunye noMthetho wokuJonga uXanduva lwabaPhumi (IIRIRA) ka-1996.
Ngenkxaso ye-bipartisan, ukwenziwa kube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kuye kwakhokelela ekuvalelweni, yi-ICE okanye inkqubo yezomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, ngokusondeleyo isiqingatha sesigidi abaphambukeli ngonyaka kunye nezigidi zokugxothwa.
Umanyano: Ukukhuphisana noLwaphulo-mthetho lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe
Ukusukela ekubuyiseleni umva izifundo kunye nokutshintsha ngokusemthethweni isikhundla sabo ngo-2000, i-AFL-CIO iye yandisa umanyano lwayo kubaphambukeli. Ngo-2003, imibutho yabasebenzi kunye namaqela alwela amalungelo abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe baququzelela i-Immigrant Workers Freedom Ride, betyelela izixeko ezingaphezu kwekhulu ngenjongo yokugayela amalungelo abaphambukeli. Iimanyano kulo lonke elase-United States ziye zaququzelela kwaye zajika amalungu azo kwi-megamarches eyenzeka ngo-2006 kwaye ziye zaba ngawona abona babona babalaseleyo kwaye bengaguquguquki kuhlaziyo lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe.
Iimanyano ezininzi ziye zathethathethana ngolwimi lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kwiikhontrakthi zazo, zikhusela ekutshekishweni kwamaxwebhu ngokungeyomfuneko kwaye zifuna ukuba abaqeshi baqhagamshelane nombutho wabasebenzi xa kukho imisebenzi yonyanzeliso lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. I-AFL-CIO yenze a Isixhobo sekhithi ukunceda abaququzeleli kunye namagqwetha kwimeko yokugqogqa emsebenzini kwaye uye wanxulumanisa ngokufanelekileyo uhlaziyo lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nemigangatho yezabasebenzi ephakamisayo. Iimanyano ezifana neChicago Teachers Union ziye zaququzelela ukwandisa indawo engcwele yabaphambukeli, ngelixa iCarlifonia Nurses Association ipasise isigqibo esigweba ukugxothwa, esalatha kwiziphumo zempilo eziyingozi kubaphambukeli kunye neentsapho zabo.
Ukongeza kwiimanyano zabasebenzi ezivakalisa ukuba ziyimibutho ezingcwele kunye nokukhuthaza ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni, umbutho wabasebenzi kufuneka ulwe nezenzo zokuvalelwa kunye nokugxothwa. Ngokomzekelo, imibutho efana neNational Labor Day Organising Network (NDLON) - inethiwekhi yamaziko abasebenzi aququzelela abasebenzi bemihla ngemihla - baye bacela umngeni kwikhono le-ICE lokuvalela inkqubo yezomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye baququzelele ukutyhala i-ICE ngaphandle koluntu lwaseCalifornia.
Umsebenzi ocwangcisiweyo kufuneka ujonge ngaphakathi kwaye cinga kunye nemibutho emele i-Border Patrol kunye nee-agent ze-ICE, njengeBhunga leSizwe le-ICE kunye neBhunga leSizwe lokuPhatha imida (i-NBPC), elavuma uDonald Trump kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yakhe yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. I-American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE), indibaniselwano ye-AFL-CIO, inika le mibutho mibini.
Ukutyhubela imbali yabasebenzi, imibutho yabasebenzi kunye nemibutho emanyeneyo ibe nefuthe kumthetho nemigaqo-nkqubo yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe. Maxa wambi, iimanyano zabasebenzi zazifuna imiqathango eyayibangela inkcaso phakathi kwabasebenzi. Eminye imibutho yamanyanisa abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe yaza yathethelela amalungelo abo kwezobupolitika nabasebenzi. Ezi manyano zaziqonda ukuba ukukhutshelwa ecaleni kudala udidi lwabasebenzi abaxhatshazwayo abasetyenziselwa ukwahlula nokudodobalisa abasebenzi.
Ushwankathelo olufutshane lwembali yabasebenzi olucwangcisiweyo lubonisa ukuba iimanyano zabasebenzi azigcinanga nje ukukhuthaza iindlela zokubandakanya abaphambukeli kodwa zikhuthaze ukwandiswa kwamalungelo abo. Njengakwixesha elidlulileyo, indlela eya phambili yeyomanyano. Namhlanje oku kubandakanya ukucela umngeni kwimithetho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ekhokelela ekukhutshelweni nasekuxhatshazweni kwabaphambukeli abangenazo iimpepha-mvume.
UVanessa Guzman ngumfundi wePhD kwizifundo zaseMelika kwiDyunivesithi yaseMinnesota.
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