Amaphulo angaphambili yobukoloniyali yayingekokucenga nje. Yayiziimfuno, ezixhaswa zizenzo ezingenabundlobongela ezanyanzela iBritani ukuba iguqule imithetho yayo. Ngokwaya kwezoqoqosho nokuphuhliswa kwemibutho emitsha karhulumente, uJohn Dickinson wabhala ngowe-1767, amathanga anokuyicinezela ipalamente โngokubandeza iBritani zonke iingenelo abazifumana kuthi.โ Elinye iphecana elalisasazwa ngelo xesha labongoza abahlali bamathanga ukuba โbachase ubuzwilakhe ngokubhenca ukungabi namandla kwabo.โ
Abaninzi bamakholoni babesele belandela le ngcebiso, benqaba ukuthobela uMthetho weSitampu omtsha, irhafu ngokuthe ngqo kuzo zonke iintlobo zeelayisenisi, iimpapasho kunye namaphepha omthetho, ngokuchasa ukusetyenziswa kwezitampu. Ngokutsho kweBritane, lo msebenzi uya kusetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ngemali imikhosi yaseBritane "ekhusela" amakholoniyali "kubutshaba" baseIndiya kunye nokwanda kwamaFrentshi. Ukuchaswa kwaqala nangaphambi kokuba uMthetho ube ngokusemthethweni. Le ntshukumo yengca, eyawutshitshisa umthetho, ibandakanya ukwala okukhulu ukungenisa impahla yaseBritane kunye nokuqala kokuzimela ngokwezoqoqosho eMntla Melika.
Iindlela zokuchasa ngokwezopolitiko kunye nezenzo ezithe ngqo zibandakanya ukungathobeli kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, izoyikiso ezijoliswe kubasasazi bezitampu. Akukho mntu wabulawa, kodwa izisongelo kunye nokuhlaselwa okusasazwa kwempahla yayizithintelo ezisebenzayo. NgoNovemba bonke abasasazi bezitampu barhoxa, ngelixa amazibuko kunye namaphephandaba ahlala evulekile nangona zingekho izitampu. Amatyala kubarhwebi baseBritani ayeshiywe engahlawulwanga. INdibano yeSiqithi saseRhode yasombulula ukuba ngamakholoni kuphela anokuhlawula iikholoni. Ukunqanda ukutshutshiswa ngabantu abaninzi, nangona kunjalo, uGeorge Washington ucebise ukuba iinkundla zamakholoniyali zivaliwe.
Phezu kwako nje ukungabikho kogonyamelo, isisongelo kulawulo lwaseBritani sasibonakala ngokucacileyo. Amagunya ayesasazwa ngokukhawuleza ngoorhulumente abaninzi ababambeleyo. Iintlanganiso zasedolophini zathatha imithetho eyayithotyelwa ngokubanzi kunemithetho yaseBritani. Ekuqaleni kuka-1768 ngaphezu kwezigidi ezine zeeponti zazityala abarhwebi baseBritani, abacinezela uKumkani kunye nepalamente ukuba bathathe amanyathelo. Umthetho weSitampu wapheliswa, kodwa iBritane ngaxeshanye yabhengeza ukuba ilungelo lokurhafisa amathanga lisaza kuhlala likhona. Into eyayingenakuthethelelwa phantsi yayibhalwe ephepheni.
ITownshend Acts, ilinge lika-1768 leNkulumbuso yaseBhritane uCharles Townshend yokunyanzelisa irhafu yangaphandle, yadibana nochaso olunjalo. Imithetho emitsha yabeka irhafu kwizinto ezisuka kwamanye amazwe ezifana nelothe, ipeyinti, iphepha, iglasi, neti. Ngesi sihlandlo yayingengobarhwebi abasungula eli phulo kodwa ngabakhandi, amagcisa nabasebenzi. Eyona ndlela iphambili yayikungasetyenziswa, kunye nophuhliso lwezinye iindlela zoqoqosho kunye neendlela zokuzixhasa. Xa iimpahla zingazange zithengwe yaye ezo zikwiishelufu zasekhaya zingasetyenziswa, abarhwebi babenyanzelwa ukuba bangazifaki kwamanye amazwe ezo zinto zazikwaywa. Kwisithuba esingangonyaka indlu yowiso-mthetho yaseMassachusetts yawugxeka lo mthetho, ifuna ukuba kuthathwe amanyathelo amanyeneyo, yaye uVirginia wavotela ukungeniswa okungqongqo kumazwe angaphandle, echazela amanye amathanga ngesigqibo sawo.
Ukungarhwebi kumazwe angaphandle kwabacinezela abarhwebi baseBritane de kwafa iZenzo ngo-1770. Kodwa ngeli xesha iBritane yayikrelekrele ngakumbi: Zonke iirhafu - ngaphandle komsebenzi weti - zaye zarhoxiswa. Ukuwa phantsi koloyiso olupheleleyo amakholoniyali ahlukana malunga nempumelelo yephulo lawo. Kwisiphithiphithi ukuchasa kwaqhekeka njengoko iBritane yayibambelele ngokungqongqo kwilungelo layo lokurhafisa.
Ngaphandle kokubuyela umva ukuzimisela kobukoloniyali kuthe gqolo ukwenza ezinye iinzame zokuchasa. IiKomiti zeNgxoxo, ezasekwa kwiminyaka engaphambili njengoorhulumente baphantsi komhlaba, zagcina uthungelwano lokuvakalisa umanyano, uqhanqalazo, ukuncedana, kunye neembono ezintsha. Ngowe-1773, iBritani yanikela ngesixhobo sokuvavanya la malungu asakhulayo anamandla adumileyo.
I-East India Company, i-monopoly yangaphambili yamazwe ngamazwe, yayisengxakini yemali. Ukunceda ushishino olunempembelelo, ipalamente yaseBritani yawisa uMthetho olawula amaxabiso ukuze iMpuma Indiya ibe ngurhulumente welizwe lobukoloniyali. Umthetho wawulawula imarike kangangokuba kwaneti ethutyelwe ngokungekho mthethweni yayibiza kakhulu. I-Boston Tea Party yaba yimpendulo kwangethuba; Abantu baseBoston abanxibe iimpahla zaseIndiya balahla izifuba zeti ezingama-342 elwandle. IBritane yaphendula ngokuvala iPort of Boston kunye nokwandisa ingcinezelo.
Amakholoni ahlanganisana, ancediswa ngamava abo angaphambili ngesenzo esimanyeneyo kunye nokukhwela kukaPaul Revere "ukuninika zonke iindaba." Uluntu oluninzi - eNew York, ePhiladelphia, eCharlestown, eWilmington naseBaltimore phakathi kwabo - bathembise ngenkxaso yokuziphatha nezoqoqosho. Imali, irayisi kunye neegusha zagaleleka eMassachusetts njengoko iBritane yayizama ukujongela phantsi ulawulo lokuzimela.
Ukuchasa iBritane, iNtlanganiso yeDolophu yaseMassachusetts yagqiba ekubeni inqumle izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle, kwaye yaphinda yabiza ukuba kuqhawuke uqoqosho. URevere wakhwela waya eNew York nasePhiladelphia neendaba zeSuffolk Resolves, ezamkelwa ngokukhawuleza yiNkongolo yelizwekazi. Yonke imithetho enyanzelisayo yayichasene nomgaqo-siseko, iNkongolo yayilawula, kwaye akufanele ithotyelwe. Abantu babongozwa ukuba bazenzele oorhulumente babo baze bangavumi ukuba kuhlawulwe abo babizwa ngokuba โngoorhulumenteโ abasemthethweni kwimimandla yabo.
Nangona iZisombululo zaphakamisa ukubakho kwemfazwe, injongo yahlala ingenalo ubundlobongela-ukwaya, ukuchasa irhafu, ukungathuthelwa ngaphandle (ngamanye amaxesha kubandakanya amakhoboka), kunye nophuhliso loorhulumente basekhaya ababambeleyo. I-Continental Association, eyakhiwe ekupheleni kwe-1774, idibanise ezi ndlela kwaye yongeza ukunyanzeliswa kwezomthetho "yokungahlangani" kunye nemigca esetyenziswe ngaphambili eVirginia.
Njengoko olu phononongo lufutshane lubonisa, ukunyakaza kwe-US ukuzimela kwavela kwiindawo eziphantsi, kubantu abahlala kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo kunye noluntu, amakholoni azenzele izibophelelo zomntu kwaye athathe inxaxheba kwindlala, ukungadli kunye nezinye izenzo zobuqhawe zokuchasana. Yayingumzabalazo omkhulu kunye nozinzileyo, elinye lamaphulo amaninzi angenabundlobongela athe aphembelela kakhulu imbali yehlabathi, nangona iiakhawunti "ezisemthethweni" zingafane zibanike ingqalelo.
Ukuchasana noluntu - okwakwaziwa ngokuba "yisenzo esingenabugebenga" okanye "amandla abantu" - kungqineke kuyasebenza, nangona kungasoloko kuyimpumelelo yodwa, kwiimvukelo ezininzi zobukoloniyali, imizabalazo yabasebenzi, amalungelo oluntu kunye nabasetyhini, amaphulo okuchasa ukubulawa kwabantu kunye nobuzwilakhe, kunye amanye amadabi okuzimela kunye nenkululeko. Abemi baseIndiya bayisebenzisa kumzabalazo wabo wokuchasana nolawulo lwaseBritane, amazwe ahlukeneyo aseYurophu ayisebenzisa ukuchasa ukuhlanjwa kwamaNazi, abachasi kumazwe alawulwa ngamaKomanisi bayisebenzisela ukwandisa inkululeko- kwaye ekugqibeleni baphelisa ubuzwilakhe ePoland, eCzechoslovakia, eMpuma Jamani, e-Estonia, eLatvia, kunye Lithuwaniya.
Ezi ntshukumo zazingengomeva okanye azithobeki, kwaye uninzi lwabantu ababandakanyekayo yayingengabo abantu abathanda ukulwa, abangcwele okanye iinkokeli zendalo. Babengabantu abaqhelekileyo kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga, besebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo - ukusuka kwimibhikisho kunye neemlindo ukuya ekudalweni koorhulumente abahambelanayo okanye "be-facto" - ukucela umngeni kwaye ekugqibeleni babhukuqe igunya elingekho mthethweni. Kwii-colonies zaseMelika kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo, abantu babesendleleni yokuphumelela iMfazwe yeNkululeko ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukudubula. Kukho izifundo ezicacileyo apha kwimizabalazo yasekhaya neyehlabathi esijongene nayo namhlanje.
Ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nemizabalazo yamva nje engenabugorha kunye nokubanakho ukumelana noluntu, jonga umsebenzi kaGene Sharp, umseki weAlbert Einstein Institution, umbhali we Ukuxhatshazwa kokungapheleli kunye nezinye iincwadi, ezaziwa ngokuba yi "Machiavelli of nonviolence."
UGreg Guma ngumbhali kunye nentatheli, kunye nowayesakuba nguMlawuli oyiNtloko wePacifica Radio. Ubhala malunga neendaba kunye nezopolitiko kwiwebhusayithi yakhe, iMaverick Media
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Nikela