I-United States yenze "imfazwe yobugrogrisi" ingundoqo yesicwangciso sayo sehlabathi ukususela ngoSeptemba 11, ukuhlaselwa kwe-2001 kwiWorld Trade Centre kunye nePentagon. Ibhengeze ubunkokeli bayo bomfelandawonye wehlabathi lonke ukutshabalalisa โiAxis of Evil.โ Kodwa yintoni ubugrogrisi? Ngoobani abenzi bobubi? Kwaye yintoni ubudlelwane phakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo yase-US kunye nobunqolobi? Ndingathanda ukucinga ngalo mbuzo: yintoni enika isizwe esiwise iibhombu zeathom eHiroshima naseNagasaki, kwaye siye salwa imfazwe kude nonxweme lwayo kwihlabathi liphela ngomkhamo ongazange ubonwe ngaphambili kunye nentshabalalo engazange ibonwe yelizwe nabantu, ilungelo ukuchaza izithethe zehlabathi zokulunga ngokupheleleyo nobubi obupheleleyo?
Ukuzoba kwiNgqungquthela yaseGeneva yowe-1949, ndichaza ubunqolobi njengokusetyenziswa kobundlobongela nokugrogrisa uluntu kunye nendalo kunye nentlalo engqongileyo ebagcinayo. Ubunqolobi bunokwenziwa ngabantu, amaqela, okanye amazwe phantsi kweemeko zongquzulwano lwentlalo kuquka imfazwe. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba ubugrogrisi sisixhobo sabo bangenamandla. Kodwa kwanohlolisiso olungephi ngembali yongquzulwano lwabantu lubonisa ukuba obona banqolobi bubi benziwa ngamazwe alwayo. Le meko ndiyibiza ngobugrogrisi.
Phakathi kwezona zinto zimbi kakhulu kwimbali yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini yinto yokuba ibilixesha lenzame ezinzulu zamazwe ngamazwe zokunciphisa umda weemfazwe ukukhusela abamsulwa (intetho yamalungelo oluntu), kunye nexesha apho. ubume kunye nobugcisa bemfazwe buye bakhokelela phambili ngamandla ngakumbi ngokuchasene nabemi. Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini ayinakukhunjulwa nje kuphela njengenkulungwane yemfazwe epheleleyo, kodwa kwakhona njengenkulungwane apho ubume bemfazwe, ngaphezu kwayo yonke imfazwe yomoya, yaphalala ngokungenanjongo kubunqolobi bombuso.
Ndingathanda ukuxoxa ngokufutshane ngemfazwe yaseMelika neyaseJapan kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi ngokukhanya okutyhilayo kwimibuzo yoloyiko kwimfazwe yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Esinye isizathu solu khetho kukuba zombini ezi zizwe, ngelixa zikude kuzo zodwa, zazingoovulindlela ekuqhubeleni phambili imida yobunqolobi kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Enye yeyokuba iyantlukwano kwiindlela zabo zasemva kwemfazwe iyasivumela ukuba sicinge ngamathuba okudlulela ngaphaya konxibelelwano phakathi kwezizwe ezinamandla neemfazwe ezitshabalalisayo eziliwayo ngokucinezela iintlanga nezizwe ezibuthathaka. Ngokukodwa, kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba siza kuthatha amanyathelo okuthintela zonke iintlobo zobunqolobi bangoku, ukuba abantu baseMelika bakwincopho yolawulo lwabo lomkhosi, kodwa beqonda kunanini na ngaphambili ukuba semngciphekweni kwabo, bacinge ngokuziphatha, kwixesha elidlulileyo nelikhoyo, lesizwe sethu. .
Ebudeni bemfazwe yeminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu (1931-45), iJapan yenza uloyiko olukhulu nxamnye namaTshayina nabanye abantu baseAsia. Imizekelo eyaziwa ngokubanzi yobugrogrisi belizwe laseJapan iquka iNanjing Massacre yowe-1937 apho amaTshayina aqikelelwa kuma-100,000 300,000 ukusa kuma-100,000 200,000, uninzi lwawo lungabemi, abulawa ngumkhosi ophoxekileyo; ukukhotyokiswa ngokwesini kwe-731 ukuya kuma-3,000 โamabhinqa asemkhosini athuthuzelayoโ, ngokuyintloko amaKorea namaTshayina kodwa okubandakanya amabhinqa asuka kumazwe alishumi aseAsia ubuncinane; kunye neenkqubo zemfazwe yeekhemikhali nezebhayoloji zeYunithi 731 ezithe zathatha ubomi bamaxhoba angama-XNUMX ubuncinane kulingo lwe-vivisectionist (ukubulala) kwakunye namawaka angakumbi obomi boluntu kuhlaselo olungekho mthethweni lwemichiza kunye nebhayoloji. Okuncinci kuxoxiwe, kodwa eyonakalisayo kakhulu malunga nokubulawa kwabantu, yayiyinkqubo yomkhosi waseJapan yokutshabalalisa ilizwe laseTshayina kwimfazwe yoxolo eyaphuhlisa uninzi lweendlela ezintsonkothileyo zokukhangela kunye nokutshabalalisa imisebenzi kunye needolophu ezicwangcisiweyo abacwangcisi base-US. iya kusebenza kamva eVietnam. Imfazwe yathatha ubomi babantu baseTshayina abaqikelelwa kwishumi elinesihlanu ukuya kumashumi amathathu ezigidi, uninzi lwabo ingabemi. Sinolwazi oluneenkcukacha ngolu lwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe ngenxa yophando olucwangcisiweyo olwenziwe ngabaphengululi baseJapan abanesibindi kunye nababhali abanjengoHonda Katsuichi kunye noKasahara Tokushi eNanjing, Tsuneishi Keiichi kwi-XNUMX kunye ne-CBW, kunye noYoshimi Yoshiaki kunye noTanaka Toshiyuki malunga nokuthuthuzela abafazi, kunye iinzame ezenziwe ngamaTshayina, amaKorea kunye namanye amaxhoba aseAsia ukuvakalisa izikhalazo zabo kunye nokukhusela uxolo kunye nembuyekezo kurhulumente waseJapan.
IJapan (eShanghai) kunye neJamani (eLondon) ikhokele kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini yokuqhushumba ibhombu eyayijolise kwizixeko kunye nabantu bazo, ngokuchaseneyo nojoliso lomkhosi olufana nemizi-mveliso yezixhobo kunye neziseko. Kodwa kunyaka wokugqibela wemfazwe yayiyi-United States ngolawulo lwayo lomoya kunye neebhombu ezinamandla ngakumbi ezathi zazisa uhlaselo olukhulu kubemi ngendlela yokuqhushumba kwendawo. Okokuqala, i-US yajoyina iBritane ekutshatyalalisweni kweDresden ithatha ubomi babahlali abangama-35,000. Ke, ukuqala ngohlaselo lukaMatshi ngo-1945 olwathatha abantu abangaphezu kwe-100,000 ubomi babemi eTokyo kwaye lwadala ngaphezulu kwesigidi esinye sababaleki, luqhubeka ngokuncitshiswa kwamabhodlo ezixeko zaseJapan ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathandathu, kwaye lwafikelela kuvuthondaba ngokuqhushumba kweathom yaseHiroshima naseNagasaki. Ukulahlekelwa bubomi bamakhulu amawaka abemi baseJapan, i-US yaphula i-taboos eethe-ethe eseleyo yokuqhushumba kweebhombu. Oku kuthunyelwa kwamandla omoya ngokuchasene nabemi kuya kuba yeyona nto iphambili kuzo zonke iimfazwe zase-US ezalandelayo, isiko lokuchasana ngokuthe ngqo kwemigaqo ye-Geneva, kwaye ngokuqokelelweyo ngowona mzekelo ubalulekileyo wokusetyenziswa kobugrogrisi kwimfazwe yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Njengoko sililela amaxhoba angama-2,800 ohlaselo lwabanqolobi ngoSeptemba 11, kubandakanywa namaMerika kunye nabemi bamazwe angaphezu kwamashumi amabini, kufuneka kwangaxeshanye sikhumbule izigidi zabantu ababengamaxhoba okuqhunyiswa kwebhombu yaseMelika kunye nezinye izenzo zoloyiko ngexesha nasemva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II.
Kwiimvavanyo zaseNuremberg naseTokyo, e-US, ngokombono wam ngokufanelekileyo kodwa ngokukhethayo, wagxeka waza watshutshisa amatyala emfazwe aseJamani naseJapan. Nangona kunjalo, kumkhwa oqhubekayo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, ichaza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe lwabanye ngelixa ikhanyela okanye ingahoyi ulwaphulo-mthetho lwayo lwemfazwe olufana nokubulawa kwamakhulu amawaka abantu ekuqhunyisweni kwebhombu yase-US kwizixeko zaseJapan. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yezizathu ze-realpolitik, iWashington yakhusela ekutshutshisweni kwamanani amakhulu aseJapan, ukusuka ku-Emperor Hirohito ukuya kwiinkokeli ze-Biowar Unit 731, ngaloo ndlela isingela phantsi ingqibelelo yenkundla.
Ekuvavanyeni imfazwe yaseJapan neMelika kunye nobunqolobi belizwe kuyo yonke inkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ukusukela kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi iJapan kusafuneka ifikelele ngokufanelekileyo kwizenzo zayo zobunqolobi kubantu baseAsia. Kodwa akubalulekanga kangako ukuqaphela ukuba elo lizwe liye lahlala liseluxolweni phantse iminyaka engamashumi amathandathu ngelixa iUnited States isilwe iimfazwe ezininzi kwihlabathi liphela, ngokuthe ngqo nangommeli. (Isiqinisekiso esibalulekileyo kule nkcazo kukuba iJapan iye yaxhasa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye ngokuthe ngqo iimfazwe ezinkulu zase-US eKorea, eVietnam, kwiGulf nase-Afghanistan, ukubiza eyona nto ibalulekileyo). Kwilizwe ngelizwe, i-US isebenzise itekhnoloji eyenzelwe ukuthatha ubomi benani elikhulu labemi ngelixa itshabalalisa izixeko, iilali kunye nendalo, kwaye idala ababaleki ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Apha kwanele ukukhankanya kodwa ezimbini zeempawu eziphawulekayo zezi mfazwe, zilwe ngokwaphulwa kwemigaqo yaseGeneva ekhusela abantu:
eKorea. Inani lokufa kwabantu belikuluhlu lwesiqingatha sesigidi kwindawo nganye eMantla naseMzantsi. Ukongeza, imfazwe yakhokelela ekudalweni kweimbacu ezizizigidi ezine zasemntla ezibaleka zisuka eMantla zisiya eMazantsi, kunye nentshabalalo ebonakalayo yoMntla noMzantsi.
Viyethnam. Olona qikelelo lungcono esilucebise ukuba izigidi ezithathu zaseVietnam, uninzi lwabo bengabemi, baphulukana nobomi babo, izigidi ezingakumbi zanyanzelwa ukuba zibe ziimbacu, kwaye umhlaba waphanziswa kukuqhushumba, i-napalm kunye nemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngaphandle kwentshabalalo kunye nokubulawa kwabantu kubomi babantu abathi umkhosi wase-US ubunyanzele eKorea, eVietnam nakwiMfazwe yaseGulf, akukho nanye kwezi ngxabano eyaphela kuloyiso lwase-US, iphakamisa imida yamandla kwawona anamandla. oomatshini bomkhosi nangona benamandla okubulala abantu ngomlinganiselo ongazange ubonwe ngaphambili.
Ukongeza, e-Afghanistan nakwiimfazwe ezisusela eGrenada, eNicaragua, e-El Salvador, ePanama, naseKosovo, iUnited States yahlala yajolisa uhlaselo ebantwini, ngokufuthi ngokukhupha umlilo omkhulu, nangona kwezinye, njengakwimeko yaseNicaragua. , ubuchule obuphantsi okanye ukungqubuzana kwe-counter-guerrilla kunikeze isithuthi seqhinga lase-U.S. Ekucingeni ngobunqolobi belizwe langoku, eyona nto iphambili kukukwazi kwe-US ukusebenzisa iiforam zamazwe ngamazwe ukuzikhusela kwizityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, kunye nokuchaza izenzo zobugrogrisi ngokukodwa ezijoliswe ngakuyo kunye namahlakani ayo ngelixa ingahoyi ulwaphulo-mthetho lwayo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yayisisigqibo seNkundla yeHlabathi sowe-1987 esayalela i-US ukuba iyeke uhlaselo lwayo eNicaragua kwaye ihlawule imbuyekezo. Impendulo yase-US yayikukusichitha isigwebo senkundla, ukwandisa ukuhlaselwa kulawulo lwaseNicaragua, kunye nokuvota kabini kwisigqibo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko esigxeka i-US.
Ukuba imimiselo yamazwe ngamazwe elawula ukuqhutyelwa kwemfazwe okanye ukunyanzeliswa koloyiko kuya kuba nayiphi na intsingiselo, kufuneka isebenze kuzo zonke iintlanga kunye nabantu, kwaye amandla amakhulu kufuneka agcinwe kwimigangatho ephezulu. I-US ibiza "imfazwe yobunqolobi" iphula ngokuthe ngqo lo mgaqo usisiseko ngokuchaza nezona zenzo zikhohlakeleyo zase-US, kunye nezo zidibeneyo, njengamanyathelo ayimfuneko okucoca ihlabathi lobunqolobi. Ubunqolobi base-US ngokuchasene nabantu base-Afghanistan, ngokwabo ngamaxhoba karhulumente ocinezelayo kwaye akukho nanye into ebangela uloyiko lwe-9-11, ibonisa ukungabi nabuntu kunye nobuntu bomgaqo-nkqubo obonisa ngokubonakalayo ukutshatyalaliswa kwabantu abaninzi kunokukhangela iindlela ezinokuthi ziqonde izizathu. kutheni i-US ibe yinto yohlaselo lwabanqolobi, isencinci ukujongana neengxaki ezibangela ubunqolobi kule meko nakwezinye iimeko.
Kunjengokuba uArundhati Roy waphawulayo: โAkukho nto inokusithethelela okanye siyithethelele isenzo sobugrogrisi, enoba senziwe ngabaxhasi bonqulo obusisiseko, imikhosi yamajoni azimeleyo, imibutho elwela inkcaso yabantu nokuba inxibe njengemfazwe yokuziphindezela ngurhulumente owaziwayo. Ukuqhushumba kwe-Afghanistan akuyiyo impindezelo yeNew York neWashington. Sesinye isenzo sobugrogrisi nxamnye nabantu behlabathi. Umntu ngamnye omsulwa obuleweyo kufuneka ongezwe kuye, angaqalisi ngokuchasene, nenani elibi labemi abasweleke eNew York naseWashington. Kuyafaneleka ukubonakalisa ukuba ngaba ubunkokeli base-US "kwimfazwe yobunqolobi" engahoywayo ingcambu yentlalo yobunqolobi efakwe kwintlupheko kunye nokukhanyela ulongamo kubantu abacinezelekileyo, kwaye yona ngokwayo ixhomekeke ekujoliseni okungathintelekiyo kwabemi, banethemba lokunciphisa ngaphantsi. kuphelisa ubunqolobi.โ
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