UGeorge Zimmerman wayesoloko ejonge ummelwane wakhe. Xa amadoda amnyama ehamba okanye eqhuba kwindawo leyo, waxelela amapolisa, ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo [3]. Ekugqibeleni, ecatshukiswe kukuba โbabesolokoโ bemkile, waphuma ngobusuku obunetha exhobe ngompu ogcweleyo kunye nomthetho we<em>Stand Your Ground, ekhangela nabani na ongafanelekanga ukuba abe kwindawo ahlala kuyo ubukhulu becala abaMhlophe.
UMzantsi unembali ende yolu hlobo lwento. Babedla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngaBalindi bamakhoboka.
Phambi kweMfazwe yombango kunye noKwakha kwakhona, eyona ndlela iphambili yamazwe aseMazantsi agcina iziko lobukhoboka yayisenziwa ngamajoni asekhaya kunye nelizwe lonke, awaziwa ngokuba yi "Plave Patrols." Ezi Patroli, kumazwe amaninzi, zazifuna umsebenzi wenyanga kumadoda amhlophe asemazantsi aphakathi kweminyaka eli-17 nama-47 ubudala, nokuba ngabanini bamakhoboka okanye akunjalo.
Abalindi abangamakhoboka babehamba, ngokuqhelekileyo bekhwele ihashe [into efana nale mihla ibiya kuba semotweni], betyhutyha emaphandleni bekhangela ama-Afrika aseMerika โawayengekho kwindawo yawo.โ Xa amapolisa afumana abantu abaNtsundu kwiindawo โababengengabo,โ isohlwayo sasisusela ekubetheni, ukuya ekubuyiselweni kwabo bangabanini bamakhoboka abo, babulawe ngokubethwa, ukuxhonywa okanye ukudutyulwa.
Ezinye zezona ngxelo zibanzi malunga nobume kunye nobungakanani beePatroli zamakhoboka zivela kudliwano-ndlebe olwenziwa yi-WPA (uLawulo lweNkqubela yeMisebenzi, inkqubo eNtsha yesiVumelwano esenziwe yi-FDR) ngexesha lokuDodobala okuKhulu. Ngelo xesha, ababesakuba ngamakhoboka kunye nabantwana babo babesakuba ngamakhoboka babesaphila kwaye babenamabali abawabalisa, kwaye iWPA yabeka abantu ukuba basebenze kuMzantsi waseMelika beqokelela kunye nokubhala loo mabali.
IProjekthi ye-WPA's Georgia Writers Project, iSavannah Unit, ivelise isishwankathelo esiqaqambileyo samabali athatyathwe kubantu ababephila (inkoliso yabo babengabantwana) ngexesha lobukhoboka, malunga nentsebenziswano yabo neentsapho zabo kunye namagosa ajikeleza amakhoboka. Isihloko sengxelo ibisithi โAmagubhu kunye neShadows: amabali okusinda phakathi kwe-Georgia yase-Georgia Negroes [4]).
Uninzi lwezinye iimbali ezithethwayo nezibhaliweyo eziqulunqwe yiProjekthi yabaBhali beWPA ngoku zigcinwa yi Library of Congress [5].
Uninzi lwezinye iingxelo ezifanayo, kunye nezifundo ezineenkcukacha zikarhulumente nelizwe zokujikeleza kwamakhoboka, kuquka nezintlu zamalungu, zipapashwa kwincwadi eqaqambileyo kaSally E. Hadden โIiPatroli zamakhoboka: uMthetho kunye noBundlobongela eVirginia naseCarolinas [6].
UHadden ucaphula amabali amaninzi kunye nemithombo emininzi malunga nendlela abagibeli bekhoboka ababeza kuwabetha, babetha, okanye baphathe kakubi abantu base-Afrika baseMelika abafunyenwe ngaphandle kwentsimi. Amabhinqa ayedla ngokudlwengulwa, yaye amadoda ayedla ngokubethwa ngeentonga okanye ngezabhokhwe. UHadden ubhala ngamabali ahlanganiswe yiWPA:
โAmakhoboka asenokucela ukuba angabethwa xa egade amapolisa, ngethemba lokuba inceba okanye ukubethabethana kusenokukuthintela ukubethwa. Ngamanye amaxesha abapatroli babedlala ngekhoboka, besoyikisa ngokubethwa, baze bakhulule amakhoboka. Ukohlwaywa ngokungekho ngqiqweni kongezelela kuloyiko olwalubakho uninzi lwamakhoboka xa edibana neepatroli zamakhoboka.
โOmnye owayesakuba likhoboka [likhoboka], uAlex Woods, wakhumbula indlela umlindi owasabela ngayo kwikhoboka elingqibayo. Wathi abo bajikelezayo โabazange bawavumele [amakhoboka] ukuba abize iNkosi xa esohlwayo kodwa bawavumela athi, โOwu! thandaza, Owu! thandaza, Nkosi.'
โIsohlwayo esiqatha esinokwenziwa ngamapolisa sabangela ukuba owayesakuba likhoboka athande ukudibana nomkhosi ngokuthengiselwa inkosi entsha - ikhoboka liya kufuna ukuphepha zombini ezi ziganeko nangaliphi na ixabiso. Zimbalwa izinto xa zithelekiswa nentlungu eyayinyanyezelwa likhoboka lokubethwa ngumlindi. Omnye owayesakuba likhoboka laseMzantsi Carolina wakhumbula into eyayiviwa ngabantu xa wayezalwa: unina โwakhala ngokungathi ubethwe ngamapolisa.โโ (iphe.117)
Iziko leSizwe loLuntu liphinde laprinta i-akhawunti ka-1857 ngu-Austin Steward, owabaleka ebukhobokeni ngo-1813. esi sishwankathelo [Mbini]:
โAmakhoboka akaze avunyelwe ukuba ashiye amasimi akuwo, ngaphandle kwepasi elibhaliweyo. Ukuba kukho nabani na onokuthi azame ukwaphula lo mthetho, uya kubanjwa ngamapolisa aze afakwe imivumbo engamashumi amathathu anesithoba.
โLo mlindi usoloko esemsebenzini rhoqo ngeeCawa, esiya kwintsimi nganye ephantsi kweliso lawo, engena kuzo zonke iindlwana zamakhoboka, aze ahlolisise ngenyameko ihambo yamakhoboka; yaye ukuba bathe balifumana ikhoboka kwelinye intsimi lingenalo ilungelo lokuhlawula, ngoko nangoko lohlwaywa kanobom.โ
Emva koko uqhubeka ebalisa amabali amaninzi awoyikisayo okudibana kwakhe kunye ne-patrol yamakhoboka, kubandakanywa nenye eyakhokelela ekufeni kwamakhoboka amathandathu, kwaye iphinda iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde ilandele imigaqo ye-Slave Patrol yaseNorth Carolina.
"IMITHETHO YOKUBONDOLOZA AMAKHOBOKA, KWISITHAKATHI saseROWAN, eMntla Carolina, ngo-1825
1st. Ukujikeleza kuya kuqeshwa, ubuncinane abane kwisithili soMphathi ngamnye.
2d. Iya kuba ngumsebenzi wabo, kubini kwinani labo, ubuncinane, ukujikeleza izithili zabo kanye ngeveki; ekwahlulekeni koko, baya kuba phantsi kwezohlwayo ezimiselwe ngumthetho.
3d. Baya kuba negunya lokuwisa isohlwayo somzimba, ukuba ababini bakho bavumelana ngoko.
4th Umlindi omnye uya kuba negunya lokuthimba naliphi na ikhoboka elingenamsebenzi eliziphethe ngokuthukwa kunogada, okanye ngenye indlela ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ngokukrokrayo; kwaye alibambe elo khoboka eluvalelweni ade ahlanganise inani elifunekayo laBalindi ukuba basebenze kwishishini.
5th. Ngaphambi kokungena kwimisebenzi yabo, aBalindi baya kubiza umantyi obambeleyo, aze enze esi sifungo silandelayo, esithi: โMna, AB ndinyule omnye waBalindi yiNkundla yeNgingqi yaseRowan, kwinkampani kaKapteni B, ndiyafunga, ukuba Ndiya kuyenza ngokuthembeka imisebenzi yoMlindi, kangangoko ndinako, ngokomthetho nemimiselo yeNkundla yeNgingqi.โ
Iziko leSizwe lezoBuntu linezinye iingxelo ezininzi ezifanayo koovimba balo.
I-Slave Patrols yayiyinto eqhelekileyo eMzantsi, ukusuka ekuhlalweni kwayo okokuqala ngabantu baseYurophu abangamakhoboka kude kube kumashumi eminyaka emva koKwakhiwa ngokutsha.
Xa ubukhoboka bapheliswa, kodwa abaMhlophe eMzantsi basafuna ukubagcina abaNtsundu โkwindawo yabo,โ iiPatroli zaMakhoboka zathatyathelwa indawo ikakhulu (okanye zathiywa nje ngokuba) yi-KKK, oosherifu beedolophu ezincinci, kwaye, kuyabonakala ukuba, โiNeighbourhood Watch. โ
Abaqhubi bekhoboka babengafane bamise okanye baxhaphaze abantu abamhlophe. Kodwa xa abaMnyama befunyenwe kwiindawo ababengazilindelanga, babenokulindela isohlwayo esikhawulezileyo nesiqatha.
Kwaye iinkqubo zomthetho zaseMzantsi, ubukhulu becala ngaphandle kokukhetha, zixhasa iiPatroli ze-Slave kunye neendlalifa zabo emva kokwakhiwa kwakhona.
Kubonakala ngathi izinto ezininzi zitshintsha - ubuncinci emazantsi ezantsi - kokukhona zihlala zifana.
Inqaku:
Njengoko uCarl T Bogus ebhala kwinqaku lakhe eliqaqambileyo kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Davis Law Review, โImbali efihlakeleyo yoLungiso lweSibini [8],โ isimo samapolisa sasiyimfuneko ukunyanzelisa ubukhoboka kuMzantsi wakudala. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yelo lizwe lamapolisa yayiyi-Slave Patrols. Njengoko uPatrick Henry, oyena mnini khoboka mkhulu eVirginia, kunye nomnini-khoboka uJames Madison bephawulile kwiingxoxo zabo kwindibano yolwamkelo lomgaqo-siseko waseVirginia, la ma patroli amakhoboka yayingamajoni karhulumente, kwaye ayekhuselwe, ubuncinci eMzantsi, ngamagama abukhali kakhulu. yoLungiso lweSibini, kwidrafti yokugqibela, yanika amandla omkhosi hayi kwisizwe kodwa kumazwe ngamanye. Unokufunda ingxabano kaPatrick Henry yaloo nto ingezantsi, kunye nengxelo kaJames Madison malunga nenkxalabo kaHenry "Izicatshulwa ezivela kwiMadison Papers [9]โ iyafumaneka kwiincwadi zikaGoogle.
Kwi nqaku yangaphambili [10], ndibhale phantsi ukuba la mapolisa ajikeleza amakhoboka asemazantsi amkelwa njani kwaye adityaniswa kuLungiso lweSibini. Eso siHlomelo sesiBini incam yomnqwazi kumandla amhlophe ngoku yandisiwe kwaye yandiswa ngento ebizwa ngokuba yi- Stand Your Ground laws.
UPatrick Henry ukuya kwiNgqungquthela yokuQinisekisa yaseVirginia (ngoJuni 1788) ephikisana neBhili yamaLungelo ukuba ivunywe kunye noMgaqo-siseko ukuze kugcinwe ubukhoboka:
Ngokubhekisele kuloo nxalenye yesiphakamiso [soMqulu wamaLungelo] esithi onke amagunya anganikezelwanga ahlala ebantwini, kufuneka [avunywe] ngaphambi kokuba amkelwe [uMgaqo-siseko], okanye aya kubandakanya eli lizwe kwintshabalalo engenakuphepheka. Ukuthetha ngayo njengento elandelayo, hayi njengelinye lamalungelo akho angenakuthelekiswa nanto, kukushiya kuluvo oluqhelekileyo lweNkongolo eya kuthi iwuthathele ingqalelo lo mbandela. Abanakuqiqa nawe malunga nefuthe lalo Mgaqo-siseko. Abayi kuthatha uluvo lwale komiti malunga nokusebenza kwayo. Baya kuyichaza ngokokuthanda kwabo.
Ukuba uyayibeka emva koko, mandibuze iziphumo.
Phakathi kwamawaka alishumi amagunya achaziweyo (sic) abanokuthi bacinge, banokuthi, ukuba sibandakanyeka emfazweni, bakhulule onke amakhoboka akho ukuba ayathanda. Kwaye oku kuya kwenziwa ngamadoda [angasentla], uninzi lwawo alunamdla kuni. Ke ngoko, abayi kuba namvakalelo yomdla wakho.
Kuye kwathethwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo apha, ukuba injongo enkulu yorhulumente wesizwe yayilukhuselo lwesizwe. Elo gunya kuthiwa lijoliswe kukhuseleko nokhuseleko [Kwinqaku loku-1, icandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko] linokwenziwa licekiseke kwaye licinezele.
Ukuba banika igunya kurhulumente jikelele ukuba abonelele ngokhuseleko jikelele, (sic) iindlela kufuneka zilingane kude kube sekupheleni. Zonke iindlela eziseluntwini kufuneka zinikwe urhulumente ophathiswe ukhuselo loluntu.
Kweli lizwe kukho abantu abamnyama abangamakhulu amabini anamashumi amathathu anesithandathu amawaka, kwaye baninzi kwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Kodwa bambalwa okanye abakho kwi-Northern States; kwaye kunjalo, ukuba i-Northern States iya kuba noluvo lokuba amakhoboka ethu akanakubalwa, banokubiza zonke izixhobo zesizwe.
Ngaba iCongress ayinakutsho ukuba wonke umntu omnyama makalwe? Ngaba asiyibonanga intwana yale mfazwe yokugqibela?
Asizange sityhalwe kakhulu kangangokuba ukukhululwa kwethu kube jikelele; kodwa izenzo zeNdibano zapasisa ukuba onke amakhoboka ayeza kuya emkhosini akhululeke.
Enye into iya kuba negalelo ekuziseni esi siganeko. Ubukhoboka bucekiswa. Siyayiva imiphumo yako ebulalayoโsiyayicekisa ngalo lonke uvelwano loluntu. Vumela zonke ezi ngqwalasela, kwixesha elizayo, zicinezele ngamandla apheleleyo kwiingqondo zeCongress. Vumela loo dolophu, endiyithembileyo iya kwahlula iMelika, kunye nemfuneko yokhuselo lwesizwe, - mazisebenze zonke ezi zinto ezingqondweni zabo; baya kuphengulula elo phepha [uMgaqo-siseko], babone ukuba banawo na amandla okusebenza [ukukhulula amakhoboka].
Abakhange na, mhlekazi? Abanalo na igunya lokubonelela ngokhuselo nentlalo-ntle jikelele[Kwinqaku loku-1, icandelo lesi-8 loMgaqo-siseko]? Ngaba abanakucinga ukuba ezi zifuna ukupheliswa kobukhoboka? Ngaba abanakuvakalisa onke amakhoboka ekhululekile, yaye ngaba abasayi kuvunyelwa ngelo gunya?
Oku akuyontsingiselo entsonkothileyo okanye ukutsalwa okusengqiqweni. Iphepha [uMgaqo-siseko] lithetha ngqo: banegunya ngokucacileyo, ngokungagungqiyo, kwaye baya kulisebenzisa ngokucacileyo nangokuqinisekileyo.
Njengoko ndibucaphukela ubukhoboka, ndiyabona ukuba ubulumko buyakwalela ukupheliswa kwabo. Ndiyakhanyela ukuba urhulumente jikelele kufanele ukuba abakhulule, kuba uninzi lwamazwe athatha isigqibo alunabudlelwane bovelwano kunye novelwano kwabo bafuna ukuchatshazelwa yinkululeko yabo.
Uninzi lweCongress lusemantla, kwaye amakhoboka asezantsi.
Kule meko, ndibona uninzi lwepropathi yabantu baseVirginia abasemngciphekweni, kwaye uxolo lwabo noxolo luphelile. Ndiyaphinda kwakhona, ukuba uya kuwuvuyisa umphefumlo wam ukuba bonke abantu bam bakhululwe. Njengoko sifanele ngombulelo siwuncoma loo mmiselo weZulu osibalele phakathi kwabakhululekileyo, sifanele ukuba sibe lusizi kwaye siyijongele phantsi imfuneko yokubamba abanye abantu ebukhobokeni.
Kodwa ngaba kunokwenzeka, nangayiphi na indlela yomntu, ukuwakhulula ngaphandle kokuvelisa eyona miphumo yoyikekayo neyingozi? Sifanele ukuba nazo ngohlobo esazizuza kookhokho bethu, njengoko ukwenziwa kwazo kungahambelani nobumnandi belizwe lethu. Kodwa kufuneka sithobe, kangangoko sinakho, ubunzima bekamva labo elingonwabanga.
Ndiyazi ukuba, kwiimeko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, indlu yowiso-mthetho, iphulaphule izikhalazo, iye yavuma ukukhululwa kwabo. Mandingagxili kulo mbandela. Ndiya kongeza kuphela ukuba eli [iziko lobukhoboka], kunye nayo yonke enye ipropathi yabantu baseVirginia, isengozini, kwaye ibekwe ezandleni zabo bangenayo imeko efanayo kunye nathi [abangekho amakhoboka].
Lo [mcimbi wolawulo lwamajoni, aka ukujikeleza kwamakhoboka] ngumcimbi wasekuhlaleni, kwaye andiboni kulunga ekuwufakeni kwiNkongolo.
Thom Hartmann ngumbhali kunye nomsingathi wenkqubo yentetho yemihla ngemihla edityaniswe kuzwelonke. Incwadi yakhe entsha ithi Umfundi kaThom Hartmann.
links:
[1] http://alternet.org
[2] http://www.alternet.org/authors/thom-hartmann
[3] http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-03-19/news/os-trayvon-martin-shooting-george-zimmerman-911-20120319_1_neighborhood-county-sheriff-s-office-crime-watch
[4] http://www.amazon.com/Drums-Shadows-Survival-Studies-Georgia/dp/1604443243
[5] http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/
[6] http://www.amazon.com/Slave-Patrols-Violence-Carolinas-Historical/dp/0674012348/
[7] http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/maai/community/text2/plantationsteward.pdf
[8] http://www.saf.org/LawReviews/Bogus2.htm
[9] http://books.google.com/books?id=tN99jYDpUi0C&;pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=%22alarmed+with+respect+to+the+emancipation%22+madison&source=bl&ots=bFUi95nbYz&sig=lytuAn4skhTFHZjkZTZKHxPk08Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=88_xUMvDMIyI0QHBxYG4CA&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage
[10] http://www.alternet.org/civil-liberties/thom-hartmann-second-amendment-was-ratified-preserve-slavery?paging=off
[11] http://www.alternet.org/tags/slave-patrol
[12] http://www.alternet.org/%2Bnew_src%2B
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela