Umthombo: IMarginalian
“Akukho nto imbi kakhulu njengomgxeki omncinci,” utshilo uMaya Angelou olona dliwano ndlebe lwakhe, “kuba kuthetha ukuba umntu akakho engazi nto.”
Kwiminyaka elishumi ngaphambili, kwiiNtetho zakhe zikaMassey zika-1967, UGqr. Martin Luther King, Omnci. (ngoJanuwari 15, 1929–Aprili 4, 1968) wahlolisisa amandla abangela ulutsha ukuba luthandabuze— uninzi lwe-puerile uhlobo lokungabi namonde - ngokwenza imephu yemimandla emithathu ephambili yokusabela kunye nokuchasana kwimeko yenguqu yentlalo.
Yaziswa ngo-1961 yi-Canadian Broadcasting Corporation kwaye yathiywa ngegama likaVincent Massey - umntu wokuqala owazalelwa eKhanada ukuba abe yirhuluneli jikelele yaseKhanada, owayekhokele ikhomishini yobukhosi yaseKhanada yobugcisa, iileta kunye nesayensi, evelisa iNgxelo yeMassey ephawulekayo eyakhokelela. ekusekweni kweThala leeNcwadi leSizwe laseKhanada - iiNtetho zeMassey zonyaka zamema umphengululi odumileyo ukuba anikezele iintetho zesiqingatha seyure ezintlanu ecaleni kwevector yothando nenjongo yazo, ezathi ke zasasazwa kunomathotholo kawonke-wonke ngokuhlwa ngoLwesine. Ekugqibeleni, i-CBC yaqalisa ukupapasha iintetho ezikwimo yeencwadi. Kodwa ezinye zezokuqala, kuquka ezintlanu zikaGqr King ezinikezelwe kwiinyanga zokugqibela zobomi bakhe, zahlala zingashicilelwanga amashumi eminyaka, de ekugqibeleni zakhululwa ngo-2007 njenge. IiNtetho eziLahlekileyo zeMassey: ziFundiwe iiClassics ezivela kwiiGcini eziNgcono eziHlanu (ithala leencwadi loluntu).
Kwintetho yakhe yesithathu, enesihloko esithi, "Ulutsha kunye neNtshukumo yeNtlalo," uGqr. King ubonisa i-taxonomy yeentlobo ezintathu zabantu apho ulutsha lwexesha "lwahlulwe" - ukhetho lwakhe olubalaseleyo lwamagama - yimikhosi yentlalo yexesha.
Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane kungoko, kulumsebenzi oluncedo, ukucingisisa okwexeshana kunye nokulinganisa ngokwenkcubeko, ukuqwalasela ukuba ingaba yintoni na imilinganiselo yezi archetypes kwixesha lethu, kulwimi lwethu lwangoku. Ulwimi lwethu lunokutshintsha kakhulu - uGqr King wayebhala ngexesha phambi kokusungulwa kwabasetyhini, xa “umntu” wayebhekisela kulo lonke uluntu; ixesha apho isifinyezo se-BIPOC yayiza kutsala amehlo angenanto kwaye "i-Negro" yayilixesha lakhe lokukhetha - kodwa sisaphila kunye nobunzima obusisiseko ulwimi oluhlala lufuna ukucacisa kunye nokuqulatha. Imikhosi yentlalo ephazamisa isizukulwana solutsha lwangoku itshintshile, kwaye ayitshintshanga - i-echo engunaphakade yokuqaphela kukaZadie Smith ukuba. “Inkqubela phambili ayinakuze ihlale ihleli, iya kuhlala isoyikiswa, kufuneka iphindwe kabini, ihlaziywe kwaye icingisiswe ngokutsha ukuba iza kusinda.”
Ngecaveat yokuba amaqela amathathu aziintloko ngamanye amaxesha adibana, uGqr King uchaza eyokuqala:
Elona qela likhulu lolutsha liyasokola ukuziqhelanisa nemilinganiselo ekhoyo yoluntu. Ngaphandle kwehlombe elikhulu, bayayamkela inkqubo karhulumente, ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho, inkqubo yepropati, kunye nokwahluka kwezentlalo zombini zikhuthaza. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, baliqela elineengxaki ezinzulu, kwaye bangabagxeki abaqatha bume bento.
Kulula ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wabatsha bexesha lethu, bezula-zula ngendlela efanayo yokungaphumli, ukungeniswa okufanayo kwengqumbo kwinkqubo, behleli kwiidesika zabo zokuma kuzo zonke iikhampasi ezineglasi zikaGoogle noFacebook, besela ikombucha yeshishini empompo ngelixa besenza iitweets ezinovelwano. ngokuchasene nenkohlakalo yamapolisa, intiyo yabantu abathandanayo, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ithambileyo yokoyika ukuba ngumntu ehlabathini, umntu osakhasayo kwihlabathi eliziva likhulu kakhulu kwaye lingenakushukunyiswa. UGqr. King ubamba le mbaxa kunye nophawu lwakhe lokufuna ukwazi:
Kweli qela likhulu, izimo zengqondo zentlalo azijiyanga okanye azimiselwa; zilulwelo kwaye ziyagqogqa.
Uthelekisa iqela lokuqala kunye nelesibini - abo bakuchasa ngokuphandle nangokuphandle imeko ekhoyo:
Iiradicals… zisuka kwiphakathi ukuya kokugqithisileyo kwinqanaba abafuna ukuyiguqula ngalo inkqubo yentlalo. Bonke bavumelana ukuba kuphela Ulwakhiwo utshintsho lunokupheliswa ububi obukhoyo, kuba iingcambu zikwinkqubo kunamadoda okanye ekusebenzeni okungalunganga. Olu luhlobo olutsha lweeradicals.
Eli bango lobutsha ngandlel’ ithile lingokwembali, okanye mhlawumbi limxinwa kakhulu laseMelika, kuba inkcazo yengqiqo kaGqr. King yomoya weso sizukulwana iyinkcazelo efanelekileyo ngokulinganayo yomoya wesizukulwana esaphembelela iMvukelo yamaFrentshi kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ngaphambili, ulwandle oluqeleleneyo. Uzoba iiradicals ze1960s:
Bambalwa kakhulu ababambelela kuyo nayiphi na ingcamango ekhoyo; abanye baboleka kwiimfundiso zakudala zenguqu; kodwa ngokoqobo bonke bayalurhoxisa ugwebo ngokuphathelele uhlobo loluntu olutsha olumele ukuba lulo. Bakwimvukelo enzulu ngokuchasene nemilinganiselo emidala kwaye abakayiqulunqi imitsha ngokungqongqo. Abaziphindaphindi iimfundiso zangaphambili zemvukelo; uninzi lwazo alukhange lufunde nezifundo zakudala zoguqulo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, ukuvukela kwabo kuvela ngenxa yokuphoxeka ekufuneni utshintsho phakathi kwesakhelo soluntu olukhoyo. Bazama ukwakha ukulingana ngokobuhlanga, baza badibana nenkcaso ekrakra nekrakra. Basebenzela ukuphelisa iMfazwe yaseVietnam, kwaye banamava amampunge. Ke bafuna isiqalo esitsha ngemithetho emitsha kulandelelwano olutsha.
Ngoluvo oluthatha ngokuzeleyo imidiya yoluntu yanamhlanje - ehlala iphuma, iqonga elihlala lihlala liqinile lokuma ngokuchasene kunezinto, indawo eyanda ukungonelisi kwaye ivuselela uqwalaselo lukaBertrand Russell wenkulungwane endala ukuba. "Ukwakhiwa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa ngokufanayo kuyanelisa ukuthanda amandla, kodwa ukwakhiwa kunzima njengomthetho, kwaye ngoko ke kunika ulwaneliseko olungakumbi kumntu onokuyifeza" - UGqr King wongeza kwezi zinto zibizwa ngokuba ziiradicals:
Noko ke, kufanelekile ukutsho ukuba okwangoku, bayayazi into abangayifuniyo kunezinto abayifunayo.
Ukuchonga iqela lesithathu njenge "hippies" zeli xesha - iqela elilinganayo langoku elinomdla kakhulu ekuchongeni nasekufumaneni indawo yethu yangoku yesizukulwana - uyabhala:
Iihippie azinemibala nje kuphela kodwa zintsonkothile; yaye kwiinkalo ezininzi ihambo yawo egabadeleyo ikhanyisa umphumo ombi wobungendawo bebutho labantu kulutsha olubuthathaka. Nangona kukho ukuhluka, abo bachonga eli qela banefilosofi efanayo.
Bazabalazela ukuzikhwebula kuluntu njengembonakaliso yabo yokulugatya. Balahla uxanduva kuluntu olulungelelanisiweyo. Ngokungafaniyo neeradicals, abafuni utshintsho, kodwa babaleka. Xa ngamanye amaxesha bedibana noqhanqalazo loxolo, asikokwenza ngcono ihlabathi lezopolitiko, kodwa kukubonakalisa ilizwe labo. I-hard-core hippy yinkcaso ephawulekayo. Usebenzisa iziyobisi ukuze ajike ngaphakathi, emke kwinto yokwenene, ukuze afumane uxolo nonqabiseko. Nangona kunjalo ukhuthaza uthando njengelona xabiso liphezulu lomntu - uthando, olunokuthi lubekho kuphela ekunxibelelaneni phakathi kwabantu, kwaye kungekhona ekuzihlukaniseni ngokupheleleyo komntu ngamnye.
Kumagqabantshintshi anengqiqo ngokukodwa asebenza kwiintshukumo ezininzi ezidlulayo kodwa ezibalulekileyo nezibalulekileyo kuyo yonke imbali, wongeza athi:
Ukubaluleka kweehippies akukho kwindlela yokuziphatha engaqhelekanga, kodwa kwinto yokuba amakhulu amawaka abantu abatsha, ekuguqukeni kwifomu yokwenyani yokubhabha, bavakalisa isigwebo esigxeka kakhulu kuluntu abaphuma kulo.
Unika ingqikelelo engqinwa yimbali, ejonga ikamva elinokubakho leminye yemibutho yethu yentlalontle xa sele idlulelelinye ixesha:
Kubonakala kum ukuba iihippies aziyi kuhlala ixesha elide njengeqela elikhulu. Abanakuphila kuba akukho sisombululo ekubalekeni. Bambi babo basenokuzingisa ngokuzingisa ekubeni lihlelo lonqulo: intshukumo yabo sele ineempawu ezinjalo ezininzi. Sinokubona ezinye zazo ziseka i-utopian colonies, njenge-17th kunye ne-18th yenkulungwane yabahlali basekwe ngamahlelo achasene ngokunzulu nocwangco olukhoyo kunye nemilinganiselo yalo. Ezo ndawo azizange zisinde. Kodwa zazibalulekile kubantu bexesha labo ngenxa yokuba iphupha labo lobulungisa bentlalo kunye nexabiso lomntu liyaqhubeka njengephupha loluntu.
Owona mceli mngeni unika umdla wokusebenzisa itekhnoloji kaGqr. King kwixesha lethu kukubona ngaphaya kweembonakalo ezingaphezulu ezibengezela ngenkohliso yomahluko, ukujonga kwimizekeliso enzulu phakathi kwezimo zengqondo zangaphambili nezo zangoku. I-Escapism ayisoloko ijongeka njenge-escapim - ukubaleka kungenza i-masquerade as pseudo- engagement. Iyeza elikhethiweyo lesizukulwana linokuba yimolekyuli esebenza kwengqondo, okanye isenokuba kukuzenza nyulu okunxilisayo okuzenza umntu aphaphamele umahluko. Itekhnoloji inokunika inkohliso yokuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi ngelixa isenza ukwahlukana kweyona ndawo inzulu yomphefumlo - into eyinyani ngakumbi kuninzi lokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko okubizwa ngokuba yimithombo yeendaba yoluntu. UGqr. King ubhala athi:
Akukho nto kubuchwephesha bethu obumenyezelayo obunokunyusela umntu kwinqanaba eliphezulu, ngenxa yokuba izinto ezikhuliswayo zenziwe isiphelo ngokwazo, kwaye, ngokungabikho kwenjongo yokuziphatha, umntu ngokwakhe uba mncinci njengoko imisebenzi yomntu ikhula.
Okunye ukugqwethwa kwenguqu yezobuchwephesha kukuba endaweni yokomeleza idemokhrasi… iye yanceda ukuyisusa. Umzi-mveliso weGargantu kunye norhulumente, olululwe kumatshini ontsonkothileyo wekhompyuter, ushiya umntu ngaphandle… Xa umntu engasenguye umthathi-nxaxheba wokwenene, xa engasaziva enoxanduva eluntwini, umxholo wedemokhrasi uyaphuncuka. Xa inkcubeko ithotywa kwaye ubukrwada bubekwe etroneni, xa inkqubo yentlalontle ingakhi ukhuseleko kodwa ibangela ingozi, ngokungathandabuzekiyo umntu unyanzelekile ukuba asuke kuluntu olungenamphefumlo. Le nkqubo ivelisa ukwahlukana—mhlawumbi olona phuhliso lugqugqisayo nolufihlakeleyo kuluntu lwangoku… Ukwahluka kufuneka kube yinto engaqhelekanga kwabaselula. Ukukhula kufuna unxibelelwano kunye nokuthembela. Ukwahlukaniswa luhlobo lokufa okuphilayo. Yiasidi yokuphelelwa lithemba ephelisa uluntu.
Ngokuhambelana nomoya ovuselelayo woku kusebenza kothando, ugxininisa ukubaluleka kokomba irekhodi edibeneyo yamava esiyibiza ngokuba yimbali “kwizithako ezakhayo ebezikho, kodwa ekumfiliba okulinganiselweyo.” Echongiswa isibongozo sikaWhitman sakudala sokuba "Ixesha elidlulileyo, ikamva, ubungangamsha, uthando - ukuba azinamntu kuwe, awunamntu kubo," UGqr. King wongezelela:
Ngokuchasene nokuphakanyiswa kobugcisa, bekusoloko kukho amandla azama ukuhlonipha imilinganiselo ephakamileyo. Akukho nanye inkohlakalo yangoku eye yaphakama ngaphandle kokuchasana, kwaye ayizange iqhubeke ngaphandle kwenkcaso.
Gcwalisa ngeSeamus Heaney's ingcebiso ephilileyo kwabaselula, Kierkegaard on ukungangqinelani namandla eqaqobana, kunye noRichard Powers iyeza lokugxeka, emva koko ubuyele uGqr King kwi iintsika ezintandathu zokuchasana nemeko ekhoyo.
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