Ukufika kwam kwiiofisi ezinkulu zoMkomishinala oPhakamileyo weZizwe eziManyeneyo wamaLungelo oLuntu, ePalais Wilson, ejonge kwiLake Geneva epholileyo, uNavanethem Pillay wagquma egxalabeni lesekela lakhe, uKyung-wha Kang, eyalela ukuba kukhutshwe iphephandaba. . “Ndothukile kwaye ndidanile kakhulu,’ ndamva esitsho, ekhomba isikrini ngelixa uKang echwetheza. Kwakungo-3:00 p.m., kwaye uPillay wayenosuku olubi kakhulu.
“Ugqibile,” watsho ekugqibeleni, esihla kwitafile yakhe yenkomfa. Ushicilelo lweendaba lwaluyimpendulo kwezinye iindaba eziphoxayo. Kubusuku obudlulileyo, iUnited States, phantsi kobunkokheli bomongameli wayo wokuqala wase-Afrika-waseMelika, yabhengeza ukuba izakwala iNkomfa yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yoHlaziyo lweThekwini malunga nobuhlanga, uCalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, uXenophobia kunye nokunganyamezeli okunxulumeneyo, icaphula izityholo zokuthi ichasene noSirayeli. Inkomfa yayiza kuqalisa ngosuku olulandelayo, umhla wama-20 kuTshazimpuzi ka-2009, kukho uPillay owongameleyo. Eyaziwa ngabagxeki njenge “Durban II,’ le yayikuphela kwendibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo eyayigxile ngokukodwa ekutyhaleni oorhulumente ukuba balwe ubuhlanga ngaphakathi kwemida yabo, umsebenzi owawusele ungxamiseke ngakumbi njengoko iingxaki zemali zaziqhubeka nokubangela ukungavisisani ngokobuhlanga kwihlabathi jikelele.
Ngaphandle kwamabango asemthethweni kaPillay okuba “wothukile kwaye udanile ngokunzulu,’ ukukwaywa kwe-U.S. kwakukudala kulindelwe. Owona mmangaliso umbi yayikukuba, ngobusuku bangaphambi kwenkomfa, yabangela imfuduko kwamanye amazwe. Njengoko sasidibana, amaphephandaba ayenikela ingxelo yokuba iOstreliya, iJamani neNew Zealand ziye zangenelela kolu qhankqalazo. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, ukuba uBarack Obama-uphawu lwehlabathi lonke loloyiso ngokuchasene nobuhlanga-wayengafiki, kutheni befanele? Kwaye kunokuba kubi ngakumbi, uPillay wandixelela. “I-E.U. amazwe ahlanganisana ngentsimbi yesi-6:00 p.m. ngokuhlwanje, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba iNetherlands neItali ziya kurhoxa.’ Yena kunye noSosiba-jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uBan Ki-moon bebefowunela abaphathiswa bamazwe angaphandle imini yonke, bezama ukuthintela yonke iEuropean Union ukuba iphume. ICanada kunye ne-Israel zazikhuphe iinyanga ngaphambili.
Njengoko uPillay wayebalula umonakalo, omnye umncedi wakroba ngentloko emnyango: “Abadanisi bafikile.’ Umkomishinala omkhulu, ijaji yaseMzantsi Afrika eyayinomoya ongalawulekiyo, ngequbuliso wavuya: “Sifanele siye kukhangela!’ . Abadanisi, ababencokola bezolula kwiatrium yemarble yasePalais, babengamalungu eSurialanga, igqiza elidume kakhulu laseMzantsi Afrika elidibanisa iintlobo ezintathu zomjuxuzo ebezingalindelekanga: uhlanga lwamaZulu, isiko lamaNdiya, “negumboot,” umdaniso woqhankqalazo owazalelwa apho. Imigodi yaseMzantsi Afrika. U-Pillay wayebamemile ukuba badlale kule nkomfa ngethemba lokuba ukudibana kwabo kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kuya kukhuthaza abathunywa kwintsebenziswano enkulu.
Wayeza kufuna lonke uncedo awayenokulufumana. Iinzame zokulandela iNkomfa Yehlabathi Yobuhlanga, eyabanjelwa eThekwini, eMzantsi Afrika, ngowama-2001, iye yakhokelela kolona thethathethwano lwalungenabuqhophololo embalini yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, nabaququzeleli bazama ukwanelisa uluhlu oluguquguqukayo. Iimfuno ezivela e-United States-ezona zingquzulwano ngqo noxinzelelo oluvela kumazwe amaSilamsi-ngelixa iqela lamaqela oxinzelelo lwe-pro-Israel lenza konke okusemandleni ukutshonisa indibano. Kuyo yonke loo nto uPillay wahlala enethemba, esoloko egxininisa ukuba kwenziwa inkqubela phambili ebalulekileyo. Kodwa ngale mvakwemini yangeCawa, enxibe i-sari enemibala ye-tangerine engaqhelekanga kunesambatho sakhe esiqhelekileyo, umkomishinala omkhulu uzivumele ixeshana elingephi. Kufana nokuhlatywa ngalo lonke ixesha xa ndisiva umntu erhoxa.’
Kwakothusa ukubona uPillay edanile. Lo ngowasetyhini owathi njengegqwetha eliselula waphumelela iimeko ezingcono zasentolongweni kumatsha ntliziyo awayechasene nocalucalulo awayevalelwe eRobben Island, emva koko waba ngowasetyhini wokuqala ongengomlungu kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yoMzantsi Afrika, emva koko wabizwa ngokuba ngumongameli weInternational Criminal. Inkundla yaseRwanda. Xa kuthelekiswa nokujongana nenkqubo yobulungisa bocalucalulo kunye namatyala embubhiso, ukuququzelela inkomfa yobuhlanga bekufanele ukuba kube yimpepho.
Kwaye idiplomacy kwimiba ethile ebalulekileyo yayihambe kakuhle, uPillay neqela lakhe bahlala befumanisa ukuyekelela apho kwakungekho kwakubonakala kusenzeka. Kodwa eyona nto uPillay wayengayilungiselelanga ngokupheleleyo yayiliphulo lohlaselo lohlobo lwe-Swift Boat elathi labeka umbono walo kwinkomfa nakuye buqu, imfazwe yolwazi eyayiqhutywa ngeepokotho ezinzulu kunye nokungakhathali ngokupheleleyo kwinyani. Wayekhe wadibana nolwazi olungeyonyani ngaphambili, watsho uPillay, “kodwa yayingelophulo langabom.’ Ekugqibeleni wafumanisa ukuba ezona zinto wayecinga ukuba zazibalulekile—imibhalo yokwenene yamaxwebhu, izivumelwano ekuye kwathethwana ngazo phakathi kwamazwe—zazingenamsebenzi kangako. Yayiyidabi lemibono eyayiza kuxonxa imbali.
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Yonke inkomfa ye-U.N.—nokuba kubafazi okanye iimbacu okanye izixhobo zebhayoloji—ijolise ekuveliseni “isibhengezo sokugqibela’ esimele indibano ekuvunyelenwe ngayo kwimvumelwano. Umsebenzi omninzi wenziwa kwiinkomfa zamalungiselelo (“prepcoms,’ nge-U.N. lingo), yaye amazwi okugqibela abethelelwa kweso siganeko ngokwaso. INkomfa yoPhononongo yaseThekwini yayahlukile. Kwakukho umnqweno onzulu wokuzisa urhulumente ka-Obama etafileni kangangokuba phantse onke amazwe angamalungu eZizwe Ezimanyeneyo avumelana ngombhalo wesibhengezo sokugqibela ngaphambi kokuba inkomfa ivulwe. Ithemba lelokuba, luthe lugqityiwe uthethathethwano, u-Obama wayenokuqinisekiswa ukuba akukho nto imangalisayo kwaye uza kuthumela igqiza kwinkomfa. Isindululo awathi onke la mazwe—kuquka i-Iran neSiriya—avumelana naso asizange siwele nakuphi na oko iSebe likaRhulumente lalikuchaze “njengemigca ebomvu.” Lalingathethi kwaphela kuSirayeli okanye kumaPalestina. Kwaphoswa phantsi kuko konke ukukhankanywa “kokunyeliswa konqulo’ (imvume evela kumazwe amaSilamsi ebezama ukuthintela imifanekiso “enyelisayo’ yobuSilamsi). Kwaye zonke iimbekiselo zokurhweba ngamakhoboka kuwela iAtlantiki “lulwaphulo-mthetho olufanele imbuyekezo lususiwe, kwakhona phantsi koxinzelelo lwe-U.S.
Ukonwabela isivumelwano ngakumbi, inkomfa ayizukubandakanya iQonga le-NGO. Ezo ntlanganiso “zemibutho yasekuhlaleni” ziqhelekile kwiindibano ezinkulu zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, ukususela kwiNgqungquthela yaseRio Earth ukuya kwiNkomfa Yamabhinqa yaseBeijing. EDurban ngo-2001, nangona kunjalo, iQonga le-NGO alizange liphelise ingxwabangxwaba. Ngabathathi-nxaxheba abangaphezu kwama-8,000, i-UN ayizange izame nokukhupha ulawulo. Yajika yaba yinto ekhululekileyo kubo bonke, kunye neManyano yamaGqwetha yama-Arabhu ikhupha incwadana equlathe Umhlaseli-imifanekiso yeekhathuni zamaYuda anempumlo enegazi, phakathi kwezinye iziganeko. Ngeli xesha, ukuqulunqwa kwe-manifesto ye-NGO bekuyinkqubo ekrakra, ephela ngolwimi olufanisa iZionism nobuhlanga kunye nesigqibo somanduleli kaPillay, owayengumongameli wase-Ireland uMary Robinson, ukugxeka esidlangalaleni uxwebhu.
Ezi yayizintsilelo zokwenyani, kodwa abakhi-mkhanyo abaninzi benkomfa bavakalelwa kukuba i-UN, ngokususa iQonga le-NGO kunye nokuthatha ezona ngxaki zinento yokwenza nobuhlanga etafileni, ihambe kakhulu kakhulu ukukholisa i-United States. Okubi nakakhulu, iqhinga alizange lisebenze: emva kokuphumelela ngokumangalisayo ukuwenza buthathaka uxwebhu, i-US yakhetha ukukwala kunjalo, ithatha abaninzi abasebenzisana nayo nayo. Kumbutho waseMelika wamalungelo oluntu, owawuthathe inkomfa yokuqala yaseThekwini njengembali yotshintsho, ugwayimbo lolona lungcatshi lucacileyo luka-Obama ukusukela oko wathatha isikhundla (nokuba uninzi lweenkokeli ezintsundu zinikela kuphela ukugxeka uMongameli esidlangalaleni). Ingcaciso esemthethweni eyanikelwa liSebe likaRhulumente yayikukuba isibhengezo esitsha, nangona “siphuculwe ngokuphawulekayo,’ sisangqina kwakhona. kwi toto iThekwini Declaration and Programme of Action (DDPA) ukususela ngowama-2001.’ Oku kubonakala ukuba yayingomnye “umgca obomvu.”
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Kwiiyure ezimbalwa emva kokuba ndiphumile kwi-ofisi kaPillay, i-BBC World Service yaqhuba icandelo lokutyhila kweso siBhengezo saseThekwini sokuqala. Umamkeli-ndwendwe yayinguJulian Marshall, yaye enye yeendwendwe zakhe yayinguYigal Palmor, isithethi soBulungiseleli Bangaphandle bakwaSirayeli. UMarshall waqala ngokubuza ukuba yayiyintoni na yonke le ngxushungxushu: “Kutheni uSirayeli engayi kwinkomfa yocalucalulo yobuhlanga yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo?’ UPalmor waphendula wathi “kungenxa yokuba asiyonkomfa yobuhlanga yeU. kanye njengomanduleli walo.’ Waxelela uMarshall ukuba “kwinkomfa edluleyo, uSirayeli wakhethwa njengelona lizwe linobuhlanga emhlabeni, mhlawumbi phantse libe lelona lizwe lizaliswe lucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga’ yaye la mabango akazange enziwe ngeentetho ezimbalwa ezixhokonxayo kodwa kwiintetho ezimbalwa ezikhuthazayo. isibhengezo esisemthethweni senkomfa.
Ngeli xesha uMarshall wamisa uPalmor, esithi ebefunda laa maphepha angamashumi amathandathu ananye eDurban Declaration kwaye akazange afumane nto kuwo elingana nengcaciso kaPalmor. Waqhubeka ke esenza into engazange yenziwe yintatheli ngaphambili. Ucaphule, ixesha elide, amagatya athile kwiSibhengezo saseThekwini sowama-2001 anento yokwenza nokuchaswa kwamaYuda kunye nongquzulwano lwe-Israel-Palestine, lawo kwakucingelwa ukuba atyhola uSirayeli “njengelona lizwe linobuhlanga emhlabeni” kwaye ayengenabulungisa kangangokuba urhulumente waseUnited States akakwazanga ukuya kuyo nayiphi na inkomfa “ebaqinisekisayo kwakhona. Nazi ezo ndinyana zibalulekileyo:
Isiqendu 58: Siyakhumbula ukuba ukuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo akunakuze kulityalwe;
Umhlathi 61: Siyakuqonda ngenkxalabo enzulu ukwanda kwe-anti-Semitism kunye ne-Islamophobia kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, kunye nokuvela kweentshukumo zobuhlanga kunye nobundlobongela obusekelwe kubuhlanga kunye neengcamango zocalucalulo ngokuchasene noluntu lwamaYuda, amaSilamsi kunye nama-Arabhu;
Umhlathi 63: Sixhalabile ngemeko yabantu basePalestine phantsi kolawulo lwangaphandle. Siyaliqonda ilungelo elingenakohluthwa labantu basePalestine lokuzikhethela kunye nokusekwa kweLizwe elizimeleyo kwaye siyaliqonda ilungelo lokhuseleko kuwo onke amaZwe akulo mmandla, kubandakanywa noSirayeli, kwaye sicela onke amazwe ukuba axhase inkqubo yoxolo kwaye azise. kwisigqibo sokuqala.
Njengoko uMarshall wayefunda ezi ngxelo, nganye nganye yayingakhubekisi kwaye ibhetyebhetye ngakumbi kuneyangaphambili, uPalmor waya ecaphuka. “Andiqinisekanga ukuba sithetha ngenkomfa enye,’ watsho, “kuba nangona ndingenaso isicatshulwa phambi kwam, ndikhumbula ngokuthe ngqo iingcaphulo ezithile ezazichasene ngokupheleleyo nezo nizicaphulayo. ndisandula ukucaphula. Ngoko simele ukuba sithetha ngamaxwebhu amabini awahlukeneyo.’
Kwaye oko, ubuncinci, kwakuyinyani ngokupheleleyo: uPalmor noMarshall babethetha ngamaxwebhu amabini ahlukeneyo kunye neenkomfa ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Kwakukho inkomfa yaseThekwini awayebhekisa kuyo uMarshall, leyo ngokwenene yenzeka, emajukujukwini nakwixesha, yaza yavelisa isibhengezo sokugqibela apho uMarshall wayefunda khona. Kwaye ke kwakukho inkomfa apho uPalmor wayebhekisela kuyo-i-nightmarish anti-Semitic "intiyo-fest" ephekwe yi-Iran neSiriya ngenjongo yodwa yokucima uSirayeli kwimephu. Loo nkomfa ayizange ibekho, yiyo loo nto izicatshulwa uPalmor athi uzikhumbula ngokuchanekileyo azikho ngokwenene.
Kumphezulu, kwakubonakala ngathi u-Obama, ngokukwala, wayevele wanikezela kumandla ephulo lolwazi olungachanekanga: kwakungakhathaliseki nokuba iDurban yayingenabulungisa kuSirayeli okanye ukuba ngokwenene “yayiyintiyo’; eyona nto yayibalulekile kukuba abagxeki bayo baqinisekise ihlabathi ukuba kunjalo, besenza ezakhe iimbono zika-Obama zingabi namsebenzi. Kodwa kukwakho nenye into enokwenzeka. U-Obama usenokuba wayesazi kanye ukuba kwenzeke ntoni eThekwini, kwakunye nokuba ithetha ukuthini na kwiinkokeli zamalungelo oluntu kunye namatshantliziyo achasene nobuhlanga kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwaye inokuba yile ngxoxo kanye u-Obama wayezimisele ukuyiphepha. Kaloku into eyenzeka eThekwini ngo-2001 kukuba amawakawaka oongqondongqondo, abezopolitiko, namatshantliziyo badibana babalisa ibali elitsha ngoonobangela kunye nonyango lobuhlanga. Inkomfa yokuqala yaseThekwini yayingengoSirayeli kuphela, njengoko uPalmor nabanye abaninzi besitsho; yayininzi kakhulu ngeAfrika, ilifa eliqhubekayo lobukhoboka, kunye namatyala amakhulu angahlawulwayo izityebi eziwatyala amahlwempu. Libali apho oorhulumente baseNtshona abangazange bakhululeke, kodwa mhlawumbi alukho ulawulo olubonisa isoyikiso esikhulu kunolo olukhokelwa nguBarack Obama. Ngenxa yokuba ibali elibaliswe eDurban lingumceli mngeni ophambili kwintsomi abantu baseMelika ebebaliselana mva nje—eli limalunga nokungena “kwixesha lasemva kobuhlanga”, apho umongameli wabo ogqwethekileyo efakwe kwindima ephambili.
Thekwini kunye neLifa lobukhoboka
Ukubamba iNkomfa Yehlabathi Yobuhlanga yowama-2001 kwindawo eyayisabizwa ngokuba “nguMzantsi Afrika Omtsha” kwabonakala kungumbono owoyikekayo. Yiyiphi indawo engcono yokubhiyozela zonke izinto ezithandwa yi-U.N.: i-multiculturalism, ukungabi nobundlobongela, i-multilateralism, kunye noluntu. Kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, le mikhosi ibihlangene nabantu baseMzantsi Afrika ukoyisa ucalucalulo. Ngoku babeza kudibana kunye kwakhona, kwimeko yoloyiso-phezu kwentlekele, ukuze boyise izinto ezimbalwa eziseleyo zehlabathi zocalucalulo—izinto ezifana nogonyamelo lwamapolisa, ukungalingani kwemisebenzi ethile, ukunqongophala kokhathalelo lwempilo olwaneleyo kwabo bambalwa, kunye nokungabikho koncedo lwezempilo olwaneleyo. ukunganyamezeli abaphambukeli. Ukungavunywa okufanelekileyo kuya kubonakaliswa ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kolingano, kwaye uxwebhu oluneenjongo ezintle luthembisa ukuba utshintsho luya kusayinwa ngendlela ethandwa kakhulu. Oko, noko, koko oorhulumente baseNtshona babelindele ukuba kwenzeke.
Babephazama. Kwiminyaka esixhenxe emva konyulo oluyimbali olwazisa iAfrican National Congress kulawulo, abemi boMzantsi Afrika babeqalisa ukujongana nenyaniso entsha enzima. Kumashumi eminyaka omzabalazo wokulwa ucalucalulo, iANC yazibophelela ukuba inkululeko ayizukuthetha kuphela ilungelo labantsundu “nabebala’ lokuvota nokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo. Oko bekuya kuthetha ukuba ubutyebi belizwe obabufunjwe ngoohlohlesakhe abamhlophe ekugqibeleni buya kwabelwana, buzise amanzi, umbane, izikolo ezisemgangathweni, izindlu ezisemgangathweni ezilokishini, nomhlaba olimekayo kumafama antsundu asemaphandleni. Le projekthi inkulu yophuhliso yayiza kuxhaswa ngemali, ngokutsho koxwebhu lokusekwa kwe-ANC-iFreedom Charter-ngokwenza amatye anqabileyo oqoqosho lwengcinezelo: iibhanki kunye nemigodi.
Kodwa, njengabanye oorhulumente abaninzi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, xa i-ANC yaqalisa ukulawula, yaguquka ngokumangalisayo. Kunokuba ixhase ngemali uphuhliso eyayiluthembisile ngokufakwa kuzwelonke, okanye ngokufuna imbuyekezo kwizinhanha ezaziphumelele ngexesha localucalulo, iANC yagqiba ekubeni itsale imali entsha ngotyalo-mali lwangaphandle. Ngo-2001, iziphumo zovavanyo lwentengiso yasimahla yaseMzantsi Afrika zazisele zicacile: abantu abaninzi babephila kwintlupheko egqithisileyo kunangeminyaka yocalucalulo. Ukwenza iinkampani eziluncedo zibe nomtsalane kubathengi babucala, urhulumente wayewanyusa kakhulu amaxabiso amanzi nombane, kunye nerenti. Imisebenzi yayihambela kude nonxweme ngenxa yemithetho emitsha yokurhweba ngokukhululekileyo, kwaye umhlaba wawusagxininiswe ezandleni zabamhlophe abambalwa.
Xa iNkomfa yeHlabathi yoCalucalulo yobuhlanga yafika eThekwini, uninzi lwabathunywa lothuswa sisimo sasezitalatweni: amashumi amawaka abahlali angenele uqhanqalazo ngaphandle kweziko lenkomfa, bephethe iimpawu ezithi ukungabinamhlaba = ubuhlanga kunye nocalucalulo olutsha: izityebi namahlwempu. Ukuphoxeka koMzantsi Afrika, nangona kuphawuleka ngakumbi ngenxa yoloyiso lwakutsha nje lwedemokhrasi, bekuyinxalenye yendlela ebanzi yehlabathi, eyayiza kuchaza inkomfa, ezitratweni nakwiiholo zendibano. Ehlabathini lonke, amazwe asakhasayo aye achonga oko kubizwa ngokuba yimigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ye-Washington Consensus njengendawo engaphezulu nje komzamo wokubuyisela igama elitsha, indlela yokuba amagunya obukoloniyali asemantla aqhubeke nokuhlutha ubutyebi bamazwe asemazantsi ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kukunyuswa kanzima. yobukoloniyali. Malunga neminyaka emibini ngaphambi kweDurban, imanyano yamazwe asakhasayo ayizange ivume ukukhulula ngakumbi uqoqosho lwawo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekuwohlokeni kweengxoxo zeWorld Trade Organization eSeattle. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, umbutho omtsha owawufuna ijubhile yamatyala waphazamisa iintlanganiso zonyaka zeBhanki yehlabathi kunye ne-International Monetary Fund eWashington. I-Durban yayiluqhubekeko lwemvukelo yasemazantsi, kodwa yongeza enye into kumxube: i-accounting entsha.
Nangona yayiyinyani into yokuba amazwe asemazantsi atyala amatyala kwiibhanki zangaphandle nakumaziko abolekisa ngemali, yayiyinyani into yokuba ngexesha lobukoloniyali—ilanga lokuqala lokudityaniswa kwehlabathi—ubutyebi baseMantla bakhiwa, ubukhulu becala, kumhlaba wemveli obiweyo kunye nelizwe lakwamanye amazwe. umsebenzi wasimahla obonelelwa lurhwebo ngamakhoboka. Abaninzi baseThekwini bema ngelithi xa la matyala mabini ayequkwa kwizibalo, eneneni yayiyeyona mimandla ihlwempuzekileyo ehlabathini—ingakumbi iAfrika neCaribbean—ekwathi yaba ngababolekisi-mali namazwe azizityebi awayenetyala. Zonke iinkomfa ezinkulu ze-U.N. zithande ukudityaniswa kumxholo, kwaye eThekwini umxholo ocacileyo yayikukuhlaba ikhwelo lokubuyisela. Umyalezo ogqwesileyo wale ndibano yayikukuba nangona eyona miqondiso ibonakala yobuhlanga yayinyamalele kakhulu—ulawulo lobukoloniyali, ucalucalulo, ucalucalulo ngokwendlela kaJim Crow—iyantlukwano enzulu yobuhlanga iya kuqhubeka kwaye yande de amazwe kunye namaqumrhu azuze ingeniso kwiinkulungwane zokumiselwa ngurhulumente. ucalucalulo lubuyise inxalenye yemali abayityalayo.
Oorhulumente baseAfrika nabaseCaribbean beza eDurban namabango amabini aphambili, bekhawuleziswa kuthotho lweentlanganiso zamalungiselelo. Eyokuqala yayiyeyokuvuma ukuba ubukhoboka kunye nobukoloniyali ngokwayo zenza “ulwaphulo-mthetho olunxamnye noluntu” phantsi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Imfuno yesibini ibiyeyokuba amazwe enze kwaye azuze kolu lwaphulo-mthetho aqalise ukulungisa umonakalo. Uninzi lwabantu bonke bavuma ukuba ukulungiswa kufuneka kubandakanye uxolo olucacileyo kunye nokungathandabuzekiyo ngobukhoboka, kunye nokuzibophelela ekubuyiseleni izinto ezibiweyo kunye nokufundisa uluntu malunga nomlinganiselo kunye nefuthe lokuthengiswa kwekhoboka. Ngaphezulu nangaphaya kwezi zenzo zomfuziselo ngakumbi, kwabakho impikiswano enkulu. UDudley Thompson, owayesakuba nguMphathiswa wezangaphandle waseJamaica nowayeyinkokeli yexesha elide kumbutho wePan-African, wayechasa naliphi na ilinge lokwabela inani elikweli tyala: “Akunakwenzeka ukuba kubulawe izigidi zabantu, ookhokho bethu,’ watsho. Amazwi aphambili embuyekezo endaweni yoko athetha “ngetyala lokuziphatha’ elinokusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokulungelelanisa ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusuka ekucinyweni kwamatyala e-Afrika angaphandle ukuya ekusungulweni kwenkqubo enkulu yophuhliso lweAfrika ngokuhambelana nesiCwangciso seMarshall saseYurophu. Into eyayivela yayiyimfuno yeSivumelwano esitsha esinamandla soMzantsi wehlabathi.
Ezi ngcamango zazingeyonto intsha, kodwa zahambela phambili eThekwini zinesimo sengqondo esitsha ngokucacileyo: Amazwe aseAfrika ayengasayi kuphinda acele isisa, engasayi kuphinda acele ukuba “axolelwe” amatyala awo; babeza kuthethathethana namazwe azizityebi njengabalinganayo. Ngaphambi kowama-2001, uThompson, ngoku oneminyaka engamashumi asithoba anesibini, wandixelela ukuba, imbuyekezo ‘yayingumbhalo osemazantsi.’ Kodwa “uDurban wayibeka etafileni kwaba kanye.’
Ewe babebaninzi oorhulumente base-Afrika ababemelwe eDurban ababenelungelo elincinane lokuziphatha elifunekayo. Urhulumente worhwaphilizo kaRobert Mugabe eZimbabwe, umzekelo, wasebenzisa ikhwelo lokubuyisela imbuyekezo ngokunikezela ngenkani umhlaba kubahlobo bakhe, kwaye amanye amazwe ase-Afrika, afana neSudan neGabon, akugxeka ukurhweba ngamakhoboka okuwela iAtlantiki nanjengoko evumela ukugcwala kwabantu. . Ukanti phezu kwako nje uhanahaniso olungenakuphepheka, kwabakho okungekho sikweni kokwenene okwaxoxwayo eThekwini, okuye kwachazwa nje yimanyano yamazwe aseAfrika yothethathethwano: “Amanye amaqela awayethwaxwe zezinye izibetho nokungekho sikweni aye afumana uxolo oluphindaphindiweyo oluvela kumazwe awahlukeneyo, kunye nolwazelelelo. Ukurhweba ngamakhoboka kuwela iAtlantiki, nangona kwakusaziwa ngokubanzi njengesiphoso esimasikizi, kwakusafuneka kuthathwe njengolwaphulo-mthetho.
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Amazwe ase-Afrika kunye neCaribbean ebebambe iingqungquthela ezikumgangatho ophezulu malunga nembuyekezo ishumi leminyaka, eneziphumo ezincinci. Eyona nto yabangela ukuba kuqhambuke iDurban kukuba impikiswano efanayo yaqalisa ngaphakathi eUnited States. Iinyani ziqhelekile, ukuba azihoywa. Nanjengoko ubuhlanga busiya buphela, nanjengoko umntu ontsundu eqhawula umqobo wemibala phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo, unxulumano phakathi kobuhlanga nentlupheko luhleli lwendele nzulu. Abantu abantsundu eUnited States basoloko benemilinganiselo ephakame ngokumangalisayo yokufa kweentsana, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukungaqeshwa, nokwasulelwa yiHIV, kunye nemivuzo ephantsi, iminyaka yokuphila, namaxabiso okuba nekhaya. Owona msantsa mkhulu, nangona kunjalo, ukwixabiso elipheleleyo. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, usapho oluqhelekileyo lwabantsundu lwalunemali elingana nesibhozo kumndilili wesizwe. Ixabiso eliphantsi lithetha ukufikelela okuncinci kwityala lemveli (kwaye, njengoko besiya kufunda kamva, i-subprime mortgages ngaphezulu). Kukwathetha ukuba iintsapho zincinci ngaphandle kwamatyala ekufuneka zigqithiselwe ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye, ukuthintela umsantsa wobutyebi ukuba uzivalele ngokwawo.
Ngexesha elifutshane, inyathelo lokuqinisekisa bekufanele livale umsantsa. Kodwa phakathi kwiminyaka yee-Nineties, iinkundla zaziyigweba ngocalucalulo, kwaye, nangayiphi na imeko, yayisele ikrazukile nje phezulu. Ukwenza izinto zibe mbi ngakumbi, ngowe-1996 i-Clinton Administration yasungula “uhlaziyo lwentlalontle,’ uhlaselo olukhulu kwiinkonzo ezimbalwa ezifumaneka kwiintsapho ezihlwempuzekileyo zabantsundu. Kwakulo mongo apho inani elikhulayo labaphengululi base-Afrika-baseMelika baqala ukuxoxa ukuba ekuphela kwendlela yokunyanzela urhulumente wase-US ukuba enze utyalo-mali olufunekayo kwizikolo ezihlwempuzekileyo kunye neendawo zokuhlala yayikukucwangcisa olu tyalo-mali njengembuyekezo.
Ngo-2000, uRandall Robinson wapapasha Ityala: Yintoni iMelika eyityala kwabaMnyama, eyayisithi “ibutho elimhlophe . . . imele ifikelele ebukhobokeni kwaye ilivume ityala layo kumaxhoba exesha lobukhoboka.’ Le ncwadi yaba yibhayibhile yombutho, yaye kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa ikhwelo lembuyekezo laliqalisa ukubonakala njengomzabalazo omtsha wokuchasana nocalucalulo. Abafundi bafuna ukuba iidyunivesithi ziveze amaqhina azo embali kurhwebo lwamakhoboka, amabhunga esixeko aqalisa ukubamba iindibano zovakaliso-zimvo malunga nembuyekezo, kwaye izahluko zoMdibaniso weSizwe wabaNtsundu kwimbuyekezo eMelika (N’COBRA) ziye zavela kwilizwe lonke. Ngeli xesha, onke amaqela amakhulu amalungelo oluntu aphume exhasa umthetho oyilwayo we-Democratic Congressman u-John Conyers ecela ukusekwa kwekhomishini yokufunda imbuyekezo, kunye noCharles Ogletree, unjingalwazi odumileyo we-Harvard Law (kunye nomnye wabacebisi abasondeleyo bakaBarack Obama), wabeka. kunye iqela lamagqwetha abalaseleyo ukuzama ukuphumelela amatyala okubuyisela kwiinkundla zase-U.S.
Ngentlakohlaza ka-2001, ukulungiswa kwaba ngumxholo oshushu kwimiboniso yeentetho kunye namaphepha e-op-ed. Kwaye nangona abachasi bebesoloko bebonisa imfuno njengabantsundu abafuna i-handouts evela kurhulumente, uninzi lwabaxhasi bembuyekezo babecacile ukuba bafuna izisombululo zeqela: iimali zokufunda ngobuninzi, umzekelo, okanye utyalo-mali olukhulu kukhathalelo lwempilo oluthintelwayo. Ngexesha iDurban ijikeleza ekupheleni kuka-Agasti, inkomfa yayisele ibambe umoya we-Woodstock emnyama. Amaqela amancinane angoontamo-lukhuni afana ne-December 12th Movement kunye ne-National Black United Front achithe iinyanga eqokelela imali yokuthenga amatikiti enqwelo-moya angama-400 okuya eMzantsi Afrika. Babiza igqiza labo ngokuthi The Durban 400. Amatshantliziyo aye eDurban esuka kumazwe ali-168, kodwa elona gqiza likhulu lisuka eUnited States: malunga nama-3,000 abantu, malunga nama-2,000 kubo bengama-Afrika aseMelika. UCharles Ogletree wanyusa izihlwele ngentetho enamandla: “Le yintshukumo engenakumiswa. Akukho bamangali abayi kuqwalaselwa. Ndiyathembisa ukuba siza kubona imbuyekezo ebomini bethu.’
EThekwini, lo mbutho waseMelika uqhubeka uzithemba wadibana nobizo lwembuyekezo oluvela e-Afrika kunye neCaribbean, kunye nemfuno enye, enezihlunu ephakame kwinginginya yabathunywa: Ukuba ufuna ukuphelisa ubuhlanga, sihlawulele oko ukubileyo. Imfuno yentlawulo yabonakala isosulela, kwaye yathatha iindlela ezininzi. Abantu bomthonyama babefuna kuhlonelwe izivumelwano ezaphukileyo. Abalimi baseBrazil, abaninzi abaphuma ebukhobokeni, bathi ubuhlanga abusokuze bulungiswe ngaphandle kokwabiwa komhlaba kwakhona kubo. Kwaye abaqhankqalazi boMzantsi Afrika ngaphandle, bedinwe kukulinda i-ANC ukuba ifezekise izithembiso zayo, bafuna imbuyekezo kulwaphulo-mthetho localucalulo.
Kuzo zonke ezi ndlela zahlukeneyo kodwa ezinxibeleleneyo, ukuchasa ubuhlanga kwatshintshwa eDurban ukusuka kwinto ekhuselekileyo nekhululekileyo ukuze abantu abakumgangatho ophezulu bamkele into eqhumayo, eyoyikisayo, kwaye enokuba nexabiso elikhulu kakhulu. Oorhulumente baseMntla Melika nabaseYurophu, abanamatyala kolu hlaselo lutsha, babebaninzi kakhulu kwaye kwiinyanga ezingaphambi kwenkomfa bazama ukuqhubela uthethathethwano kwindawo ekhuselekileyo. "Kungcono sijonge phambili kwaye singakhombeli ngasemva," utshilo uMcebisi wezoKhuseleko kuZwelonke uCondoleezza Rice. Yayilidabi eloyiswayo. IThekwini, ngokutsho kuka-Amina Mohamed, usothethwano oyintloko wemibutho yaseAfrika, “yayiyindibano yaseAfrika nembali.
Kwabakho impazamo enye. Kwiinyanga ezintandathu phambi kwentlanganiso eDurban, kwinkomfa yamalungiselelo ase-Asia eTehran, amazwe ambalwa amaSilamsi acela ulwimi kwidrafti yawo yesiBhengezo saseThekwini esachaza imigaqo-nkqubo yakwaSirayeli kwimimandla eyayithinjiwe “njengohlobo olutsha localucalulo” kunye “nohlobo localucalulo. ukutshatyalaliswa kohlanga.’ Kwandula ke, kwinyanga ngaphambi kwenkomfa, kwabakho impembelelo entsha yotshintsho eyayiza kubamba imixholo ephambili yamazwe ngamazwe. Ezinye iimbekiselo zokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo zabekwa ngoonobumba omncinane, kwisininzi (“intshabalalo’), zaza zadityaniswa “nokuhlanjululwa kohlanga kwabemi bama-Arabhu kwiPalestina engokwembali.’ Iimbekiselo “zokwanda kokuchaswa kwamaYuda nezenzo zobutshaba nxamnye namaYuda” zazikho. idityaniswe namabinzana athetha “ngokwanda koqheliselo lobuhlanga lobuZiyon,’ yaye ubuZiyon bachazwa njengombutho “osekelwe kubuhlanga nakwiingcamango zocalucalulo.
Kukho impikiswano eqinileyo emele yenziwe ukuba inkqubo yezomthetho yakwaSirayeli—enemithetho eyahlukileyo kwaneendlela zamaSirayeli namaPalestina ahlala kwiWest Bank, enika izibonelelo yaye iwakhaba ngawo omane amalungelo abemi asekelwe ubukhulu becala kunxulumano lonqulo—idibana nenkcazelo yamazwe ngamazwe yocalucalulo (apartheid). kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, owayesakuba ngumongameli uJimmy Carter wayeza kusebenzisa igama elifanayo ukuchaza ulwahlulo kwimimandla ehlaselweyo). Kodwa xa sithatyathwe ngokubanzi, olu lwimi lucetywayo—ngokuzama ukujongela phantsi ukubaluleka kokuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo nokuhlambulula amagatya aphathelele inkcaso yobuYuda—kwaba nelizwi elicacileyo lokukhanyela oko.
Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ngokuvuselela i-equation ye-Zionism kunye nobuhlanga obuye bayikrazula i-UN kangangamashumi eminyaka, amazwe amaSilamsi aziphakamisa ngoko nangoko iimfuno zama-Afrika. Njengoko uNicole Lee, umlawuli okhoyo ngoku weQonga leTransAfrica, wandixelelayo, kukho ulwazi olunzulu eThekwini lokuba “ukuba ubeka ubuZionism ematyaleni, yiloo nto kuphela onokuyenza. kwilifa lobukhoboka kukuba izigwebo zeZionism zazitsala ingqalelo yonke yeendaba ngaphandle kokuba babengenalo ithuba lokuyenza ibe yidrafti yokugqibela. Amazwe amaSilamsi awazange afumane iivoti, yaye uMary Robinson, usosiba-jikelele wale ngqungquthela, wayekubeke kwacaca “ukuba asinakubuyela kulwimi lobuZiyon njengobuhlanga.’ Ngamafutshane, amagatya acetywayo ayengenathemba lincinane lokunceda abemi basePalestina. , kodwa baye bakhonza omnye, umsebenzi oqikelelwayo ngokupheleleyo: banika urhulumente wase-US isizathu esifanelekileyo sokubaleka kuloo ndawo.
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Igqiza elisemthethweni laseMelika eDurban belikhokelwa nguE. Michael Southwick, owayesakuba ngunozakuzaku e-Uganda kunye nosekela Nobhala welizwe phantsi kukaColin Powell. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kule ndibano, uSouthwick wabiza intlanganiso yabo bonke abantu baseMerika ababekho kwinkomfa yeU.N. Wabaxelela ukuba urhulumente waseMelika urhoxa ngokusesikweni eDurban ngenxa yamagatya akwaSirayeli. Igumbi uninzi lwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika laqhuma ngezikhalo kunye ne-boos. Amapolisa oMzantsi Afrika amgxotha uSouthwick phambi kokuba aphendule nayiphi na imibuzo; bamxelela ukuba banexhala lokuqhambuka kodushe.
Ngelo xesha, uninzi lwamaqela angamaYuda ase-US ancoma ukuhamba-hamba njengomgaqo ochasene ne-anti-Semitism. Uninzi lwabathunywa baseThekwini, nangona kunjalo, babona izinto ngendlela eyahlukileyo: ngokombono wabo, i-US ayizange ifune ukuba yinxalenye yezi ngxoxo, kwaye yayibambe amagatya malunga noSirayeli-apho wonke umntu wayesazi ukuba akayi kusinda kwiingxoxo- "njengesizathu esincinci," kumazwi kaDudley Thompson.
USouthwick, ngoku osele esidla umhlala-phantsi kwaye ethetha ngokungafihlisiyo ngeTheku okokuqala, wandixelela ukuba abo bathandabuzayo banyanisile ubukhulu becala. UNobhala kaRhulumente u-Powell wayethambekele ekuthatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo eThekwini, wathi, kodwa abanye, ngokukodwa uMncedisi oKhethekileyo kuMongameli u-Elliott Abrams, babechasa ngokuqinileyo. UMongameli Bush waye wabhengeza ukuba i-U.S. ayizukuthatha nxaxheba kwinkomfa “ukuba nje iza kukhetha uSirayeli.’ U-Southwick uthi ngokuphindaphindiweyo waxelela i-White House ukuba wayemiselwe ukuba angaphumeleli (ngoku uyibiza ngokuthi “yimishini yokuzibulala’) . Wayeqinisekile ukuba unokulukhupha ulwimi olukhubekisayo kuxwebhu lokugqibela, kodwa ukuze enze oko, wachaza, kwakufuneka abe nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwinkomfa. Akacengi mntu.
I-akhawunti yaseSouthwick yenza kucace ukuba isigqibo soLawulo lweBush lokuphuma eDurban senziwe, ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko, ngaphambi kokuba inkomfa ivule-kungekhona ekuphenduleni okusemthethweni kwiziganeko ezichasene namaSemitic. Ngaphezu koko, u-Southwick wayelungile: emva kokuba emkile, lonke ulwimi olukhubekisayo lwachithwa kumjikelo wokugqibela weengxoxo. Kungenxa yoko le nto, kwiinkcukacha ezikhutshelwe ngaphandle ngokufanelekileyo ngabagxeki baseThekwini, umphathiswa wezangaphandle kwa-Israel uShimon Peres wasincoma isiBhengezo saseThekwini ngelo xesha “njengokufezwa komyalelo wokuqala kwaSirayeli” kunye “nokwehla okubuhlungu kwe-Arab League.’
Ekugqibeleni, ngaphandle kokuhamba, iAfrika ayizange ivinjwe ukuhlangana kwayo nembali. ISibhengezo sokugqibela saseThekwini saba luxwebhu lokuqala olunomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe olwathi “ukuba ubukhoboka norhwebo lwamakhoboka lulwaphulo-mthetho olunxamnye noluntu yaye bekufanele ukuba lusoloko lunjalo, ngokukodwa urhwebo ngamakhoboka awela iAtlantiki.’ Olu lwimi lwalungaphezulu kunokomfuziselo. Xa amagqwetha ayefuna ukufumana imbuyekezo yobukhoboka kwiinkundla zaseMelika, owona mqobo mkhulu wawusoloko ingummiselo wokusikelwa umda, owawusele uphelelwe kudala. Ukuba ubukhoboka “yayilulwaphulo-mthetho olunxamnye noluntu,’ noko ke, lwalungathintelwa ngumthetho—into uSouthwick wandixelela yona, awayeyixhalabele kakhulu ngelo xesha.
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