Akukho nto ingaqhelekanga kum umntu.” Le dictum idumileyo, evela kuMarx oselula, uMartin Duberman kunokuthiwa ukho ebomini bakhe nasemsebenzini. Ngokuqinisekileyo, uMarty - njengabo bethu banelungelo lokumazi nokumthanda bambiza - uhlala ekhawuleza ukubonisa ukuba iqhawe lakhe ngu-Emma Goldman, kungekhona uMarx okanye uLenin.
Umbhali-mbali ophumelele ibhaso, umbhali wezincoko, umbhali wemidlalo yeqonga, kunye nombhali wenoveli, uDuberman uye waba yenye yezibane ezikhanyayo zenkcubeko ye-queer ukusukela oko waba yingqondi yoluntu yokuqala yaseMelika yodidi lwenkulumbuso ukuchonga ngentliziyo yakhe yonke intshukumo yenkululeko yesini esakhulayo ekuqaleni. 70s - eneneni, ixesha elide wayekuphela kwento yokwenza. Kodwa akenzanga nje njengombhali, eneencwadi ezilishumi elinambini kwityala lakhe, kodwa njengetshantliziyo. Wanceda wafumana into ngoku National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Gay Academic Union, kunye Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund - kwaye, kakhulu emva koko, waba umoya wokuqhuba emva kokuqaliswa Queers for Justice Economic, eyenzile yeoman. basebenze egameni labona bahluthwe kakhulu kuluntu lwe-LGBT, ingakumbi abantu bebala, bevala isithuba kwabo baneemfuno zabo zingahoywayo yintshukumo yamaziko aqhelekileyo. Kodwa njengobomi bakhe bonke, u-Pologetic radical of the left, uMarty ebephambili kuyo yonke intshukumo ebalulekileyo yentlalo ebomini bakhe, ngosiba lwakhe kunye nomntu wakhe.
Ubhale ngeengxaki zezopolitiko kunye nezobuqu kwimiqulu emithathu yeememori ezimenze waba ngumzekelo, imodeli yokuzigxeka yokungafihlisi kweSartrean, kwaye waqonda ukuba is ezopolitiko - phambi kokuba ibe yenye yeembono eziphambili zefeminism. Enye yezo ncwadi, “Cures: A Gay Man’s Odyssey” (1991), iye yaba yimbali yamandulo, kuba isixelela ngomzabalazo wakhe wenkalipho wokoyisa ubutyala obufakwe kuninzi lwabantu abathandana nabantu abathandana ngobulili obufanayo kunye ne-heterotyranny yenkcubeko yase-US ngokunjalo. ukuthuthunjiswa okungenangqondo kwengcali yengqondo enkulu ngexesha apho uthando kunye nomnqweno wesini esifanayo zahlala zilulwaphulo-mthetho kunye ne-pathologized. Libali lokunqoba kwakhe kunye nokuvela kwakhe njengendlovukazi ekhululekileyo kunye nemfazwe onomzekelo oye waphefumlela izizukulwana zesini esifanayo.
Uqhubekile nokubalisa isaga yakhe engaqhelekanga kwimiqulu emibini ebalulekileyo yeenkumbulo - ka-1996 "Midlife Queer: Autobiography of a Decade, 1971-1981" kunye ne2009's "Waiting to Land: A (kakhulu) Memoir yePolitiki, 1985-2008," ubalise ngendlela awathi wasebenzisa ngayo iwonga lemfundo yakhe ukuze agqobhoze isilingi yelavenda aze afumane izifundo zamafanasini zigqalwe njengoqeqesho olusemthethweni eyunivesithi. Ngomzabalazo wakhe weminyaka elishumi, ngokuchasene nochaso olukhulu, waseka inkqubo yokuqala enjalo kulo naliphi na iziko lemfundo ephakamileyo laseMelika-iZiko leZifundo zesini kunye neGay kwiDyunivesithi yesiXeko saseNew York (CUNY), awathi wasebenza njengomlawuli weqela lemfundo ephakamileyo. ishumi leminyaka. Yiyo loo nto eyaziwa nje ngokuba "nguBawo weZifundo zeGay."
UDuberman naye wanikela inxalenye enkulu yobomi bakhe ekucazululeni iyantlukwano yobuhlanga phakathi kwabantu abamnyama nabamhlophe baseMelika - ukusuka kwizifundo zakhe zobuvulindlela zentshukumo yokulwa nobukhoboka, abamnyama nabamhlophe, eyatshintsha ngonaphakade indlela ababhali-mbali abayibona ngayo; kumdlalo wakhe we-1960s owabethayo, othi, "E-White America," eyayisebenzisa iijenali kunye neeleta zabantu abamnyama ukubalisa ibali lonyamezelo kunye nokusinda kwabo ebukhobokeni kunye nenkulungwane eyalandelayo yobuqhophololo eyalandelayo; kumantyi wakhe wonyaka ka-1988 ngobomi bukaPaul Robeson, owathi waveza iinkalo ezininzi ezingaziwayo ngobomi bomdlali weqonga nemvumi, kuquka nokubandakanyeka kwakhe ngokunzulu kwiintshukumo zaseAfrika ezichasene nobukoloniyali.
Izenzo zobugorha ziye zaphinda zaba ziimpawu zobomi bukaMarty Duberman. Ekuphakameni kwemfazwe yaseMelika eVietnam, wayekhokela "Ababhali kunye nabahleli beSibhambathiso seRhafu yeRhafu," wenqaba ukuhlawula irhafu yomdibaniso ukuyixhasa ngemali. Ukudinwa kukuzama ukuvusa izazela zabantwana abakhutshiweyo nabanethamsanqa oohlohlesakhe, Washiya isitulo esikhuselekileyo kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton, eshiya iindawo zayo ezicwangcisiweyo kunye ne-cosseted precincts, ukuya kufundisa abantwana beeklasi zokusebenza e-CUNY - apho i-brand yakhe ekhethekileyo ye-scholarship kunye ne-activism yayifuneka kakhulu kwaye apho ngoku ngunjingalwazi obalaseleyo wembali. abasakhulayo. Bambalwa abafundisi bemfundo ephakamileyo ababenombono owaneleyo wokwenza idini elithelekisekayo kwabo bakumgangatho ophantsi.
Eqatshelwa ngoontanga bakhe - kwanabo bangavumelaniyo nezopolitiko zakhe ezibukhali - njengomnye wababhali-mbali ababalaseleyo baseMelika, wanikwa iMbasa yeAmerican Historical Association's Lifetime Achievement Award ngomsebenzi wakhe wonke omangalisayo nohlukeneyo.
Ngayo yonke le nto nangaphezulu, asikokubaxa xa sisithi ubomi bukaMarty Duberman bebubobuqhawe. Nangona ngoku sele eneminyaka engama-80, ubudala abuzange bubune italente yakhe okanye buthomalalise ubugqwirha bakhe obuhlala buluhlaza, kwaye umsebenzi wakhe uhlazisa uninzi lwabaphengululi abancinci.
Ngo-2007, wasinika i-biography ephawulekayo kaLincoln Kirstein, indlovukazi eyayinamandla ashukumisayo kubugcisa nenkcubeko yaseMelika isiqingatha senkulungwane. Umthamo uphumelele ukunconywa okubalulekileyo jikelele.
Kunyaka ophelileyo, wapapasha "Intsalela Esindisayo: Ubomi obugqibeleleyo bukaBarbara Deming kunye noDavid McReynolds," i-biography engaqhelekanga kunye ne-scintillating ephindwe kabini yamatsha ntliziyo aphambili asekhohlo awayengabo kwaye abandlela zabo zawela kuninzi lwezizathu ezifanayo.
Ngoku, iNew Press isandula ukupapasha incwadi yamva nje kaMarty: "Howard Zinn: Ubomi ngasekhohlo," ibhayiloji enobuchule yombhali onempembelelo kakhulu "yeMbali yaBantu baseUnited States," ebalisa ibali laseMelika ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu. endaweni ephezulu ezantsi kwaye yaba yeyona ithengiswa kakhulu.
Ukhetho lukaZinn, owasweleka ngo-2010, lubonakala luyinto yendalo kuMarty, njengoko omabini la madoda ayengamatsha ntliziyo kunye nabaphengululi. Njengoko uDuberman echaza kwintshayelelo, watsaleleka ukuba abhale ngeZinn kuba “sasibambelele kwiinkolelo ezifanayo kwimibandela emininzi yoluntu. Iimbono zethu zadibana malunga nobulungisa bomzabalazo omnyama kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni kwemfazwe yaseVietnam. Sabelana ngokuncoma - ukuthembeka kwethu kubuyela emva naphambili - kuzo zombini i-anarchism kunye ne-socialism. Sayicekisa iyantlukwano eyendeleyo neqhele ukungavunywa kweli lizwe, ukwanda kobutyebi bobutyebi ezandleni zabambalwa, nokuzigwagwisa nokutshatyalaliswa komgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US. Sikhethe ukufundisa ngencoko hayi ngokubaxelela, kwaye sabelana ngembono ethandabuzayo malunga nembali ebizwa ngokuba 'yinjongo'."
Ukubhala i-bio eqingqwe kakuhle yeZinn yayingengomsebenzi ulula, kuba wayewatshise ngabom onke amaphepha aphathelele kubomi bakhe bobuqu, eshiya kuphela intsalela yezopolitiko. Kodwa ngophando lwakhe olucokisekileyo, uMarty uye wazichaza iinyani kwaye wasinika umfanekiso opheleleyo, iintsumpa kunye nazo zonke.
UZinn, udiza ukuba, wafaka usiba lwakhe kwi-inki yokuthanda abantu abathandana nabantu abathandana namanye amadoda xa ubutshantliziyo bakhe bumenza ukuba agxothwe kwiKholeji yaseSpelman, ehlasela umongameli wale kholeji ngokunyamezela abaninzi “abanxaxhayo” kwifakhalthi ngelixa bemgxotha. UDuberman uthi uZinn akakwazanga ukuqonda iintshukumo zobufanasini okanye zobufazi.
UMartin Duberman ungomnye weengqondi zoluntu ezithandekayo nezibalulekileyo zeli lizwe - kwaye xa ethetha, ingqalelo kufuneka ihlawulwe ngabaqondayo phakathi kwethu. Yiyo loo nto, ngesihlandlo sokupapashwa kwencwadi yakhe yamva nje (nezinye ezimbini ezilungiselelwe), iGay City News yacinga ukuba kubalulekile ukumbuza ngeminye imiba evuthayo ejongene neMelika kunye neMelika. Phulaphulani, bantu!
DOUG IRELAND: Njengoko usazi, andingomlandeli omkhulu ka-Obama, ebendihlala ndimbambile njenge-trimmer enethuba, kodwa ndothukile kwaye ndiphazanyiswe linqanaba apho iphulo localucalulo eligqunywe ngabantu baseRiphabhlikhi. intshukumo nabavoti abamhlophe, ngakumbi abasebenzi. Njengomnye wabafundi abakhokelayo bobuhlanga eMelika, ulivavanya njani eli phulo likamongameli kunye nomoya weli lizwe engxakini?
UMARTIN DUBERMAN: Ndicinga ukuba kuninzi kakhulu ucalucalulo oludadayo nolufihliweyo kwilizwe lethu, kangangokuba ndiyakholelwa ukuba uninzi lwabavoti abamhlophe abaxengaxengayo bebefuna isizathu sokuvotela uRomney. Ingxoxo yokuqala yabanika yona. Umsebenzi ka-Obama ongacacanga, ngokudityaniswa nokumodareyitha okubonakalayo kuka-Romney, kweza njengesipho esikhulu kubavoti abanjalo. Ngoku banokuzixelela ngokukhululeka ukuba ngokwenene umfo omhlophe ngoyena mntu ubalaseleyo.
Eso sizathu siphambili, ngokokubona kwam, kutheni ingxoxo-mpikiswano yokuqala yaba nefuthe elikhulu kangaka, iguqula uRomney waba ngumphambili omtsha. Yiyo loo nto abantu abaninzi bengayihoyi iRomney entsha “ephakathi” ephikisana nerekhodi yakhe (kunye neyeqela lakhe) kwimiba efana nokuqhomfa kunye “neemeko esele zikho” kwi-inshurensi yezempilo. Yiyo loo nto bengayihoyi ukusilela kukaRomney kwenkcazo ngexesha lengxoxo kunye nokujika kwakhe ngasekunene ukusukela kwingxoxo. Abavoti abaninzi abaye bafika ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba lakhe abazange bathande "umntu omnyama" kwaye bavuyiswa kukuba banesizathu sokungamvoteli.
UNIKEZIWE: Sithini isikhalo sakho ngalo mbutho wanamhlanje wamaziko wanamhlanje, othe kule minyaka idlulileyo ukhe waphambuka kwipolitiki yenkululeko ekudala uyixhasa?
MD: U-Elizabeth Birch unokungasayi kuphinda abe kwi-Helm ye-Human Rights Campaign, kodwa imigaqo-nkqubo yakhe yokufanisa iphumelele apho nakwezinye iindawo kwintlangano yesizwe ye-gay. Oku ndikubona njengentlekele, kodwa yinto eqikelelwayo. Thina badlali basekhohlo sisenokuba sasicinga ngenye indlela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, kodwa ngoku sifundile ukuba abantu bethu abamelanga mbutho wevanguard. Bona ufuna ukujoyina umkhosi. Bona Kholelwa “kubungcwele” bomtshato kunye nesidima esigqwesileyo somtshato. Bafuna ukugqalwa njengabemi baseMerika abathanda ilizwe, abamelwane abahlonelwayo namakholwa aboyika uThixo. Kwinqanaba elithile le-semi-conscious okanye inqanaba lokungazi, basenokwazi ukuba bona are yahlukile kubantu baseMelika abaqhelekileyo - ngokwahlukileyo ngokufanelekileyo - kodwa abasafuni ukuyivuma.
Oku ndikubona njengengqondo yobuxoki. Siyazi kwindawo ethile emathunjini ethu ukuba siphuma kwimbali yengcinezelo kwaye loo mlando ibumbe kuthi isethi eyahlukileyo yemilinganiselo kunye nemibono. Eyona nto iphambili, ibola kukungalingani kwenkqubo yethu, ikwimfuno emandla yokuqonda kwethu okukhethekileyo. Senza ntoni ke? Sibaxelela ukuba elona phupha lethu kukufana nabo, ukuba konke esikucelayo kukubhalisa kumgca wamachaphaza. Asifuni nto enye - ngoko siyabaxelela - kunokuba bazinze kubudlelwane bomtshato bendabuko kunye nokujoyina umatshini wokubulala owaziwa ngokuba ngumkhosi. Ukuma okulolo hlobo kwindawo eyayisakuba luluntu olukreqileyo yinkohliso elihlazo, ukukhanyela amandla ethu okubhukuqa ukuze simele uluntu olunobulungisa ngakumbi, ukumelwa kakubi kwembali yethu kunye nelifa lemveli. Ukuba sifuna ukunyaniseka kwiziqu zethu nakwixesha elidlulileyo, besiya kwenjenjalo mngeni ukuba nomfazi omnye ngokwesondo njengento efanelekileyo, ngafuni stereotyping ngokwesini kunye nobuhlanga, kunye deplore iifomula zobuthixo ezinikezelwa yicawa kunye norhulumente njengezikhokelo zokuziphatha.
Kodwa... kobu bomi bufutshane, kuyaqondakala ukuba abantu abathandana nabasetyhini bangathanda ukulahla ihlazo kunye netyala - kwaye kungaphezulu kwentsalela - bathwala "njengabanxaxhayo" kwaye bamkeleke njengabantu abaqhelekileyo. Asiqhelekanga, asizizo iikopi zekhabhoni zesiqhelo. Kodwa oh! - sikulangazelela kangakanani ukubakho. Abo bethu bafuna ukwala iindidi ezithintelweyo zokuziphatha okwamkelekileyo kwaye bavuselele imeko yethu yamaziko, banokulindela ukujongwa njenge lutshaba - thina, hayi iNgelosi uMoronayi kunye namacwecwe akhe egolide.
UNIKEZIWE: Ukuba okona kubi kakhulu kwenzeka, kwaye ayikuphela nje ukuba uRomney wonyulwa kodwa amaRiphabhlikhi aphinde athathe iSenethi, njengoko kubonakala ngathi kunokothusa oko kunokwenzeka, ayizukutyhila njengelilize isicwangciso esijolise ekufikeleleni kwimibutho ebalaseleyo yama-gay kwaye iyalele ukubuyela ekuququzeleleni njengeyona nto iphambili ekugxilwe kuyo. ?
MD: Ngokufutshane, ukuba uRomney uphumelele, abo-abamhlophe abaninzi abaphakathi-ababeka i-ajenda yemibutho evelele yama-gay ngandlela-thile baya kufumana indlela yokwenza uxolo kunye namandla-akunjalo. Sele beziqhelile kakhulu. Ndiyathemba ukuba andilunganga, ngethemba ukuba uninzi lwama-gay luya kuhlangana ne-Occupy. Ndinqwenela ukuba ndibone nabuphi na ubungqina bokuba oko kuyenzeka.
UNIKEZIWE: Ungalivavanya njani isikhokelo sezifundo zesitabane kwezi ntsuku, ezihlala ziphambuka kwinkcazo yethiyori enxulumene kancinci okanye esecaleni kuphela kubomi obuphilwayo babantu abathandabuzayo?
MD: "Ukufaneleka" yintaka engaqhelekanga. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amane okanye edlulileyo, ngubani owayenokucinga ukuba izifundo ze-gay zinento exabisekileyo yokwenza igalelo kwisayensi yezentlalo kunye noluntu? Nangona kunjalo namhlanje Ezinokwenzeka Ukufaneleka kwimiba eyahlukahlukeneyo njengobuhlobo, uthando, inkanuko, umzali, ubudlelwane bukhulu - oko kukuthi, if abaphengululi kunye nootitshala abathandanayo baya kugxininisa ukungafani kweembono zethu, kunye if ihlabathi eliqhelekileyo, elibonakala lisisithulu kwiindlebe zombini, liya kufunda ukuva.
UNIKEZIWE: Ndihlala ndikhathazwa kukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kwabaselula abancinci ngembali yabo yezopolitiko neyenkcubeko. Kutheni le nto le mbali - eneneni, yonke imbali - ibalulekile, kwaye yintoni ukusetyenziswa kwayo? Zeziphi iindawo zembali engaqhelekanga apho kusekho umsebenzi omninzi ekufuneka wenziwe?
MD: Iingoma nezithe ngqo kweli lizwe ziyimbali. Kungakhathaliseki ubudala, isini, imvelaphi yobuhlanga kunye nobuhlanga, abantu baseMerika bajonga ixesha elidlulileyo njengento engathandekiyo kwaye ingabalulekanga. Abantu baseMelika bacinga ngoku kwaye banolwazi oluncinci malunga nendlela amava angaphambili ayiphembelele ngayo indlela yokuziphatha yangoku. Uninzi lwabantu baseMelika bathatha iipatheni zokuziphatha abazibona ngoku zibajikelezile njengehlabathi liphela - njengoko bezisoloko zikho ngalo lonke ixesha nakwinkcubeko. Abanalwazi lokuba imilinganiselo yethu yangoku kunye namaziko anjani na kwaye ahamba ixesha. Andiyiboni le nto itshintshayo kungekudala.
UNIKEZIWE: Zeziphi ezona ncwadi zibalulekileyo ze-gay kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo ngokombono wakho?
MD: Zinqabile iincwadi ezivula amehlo. Ndingazidwelisa ezi zilandelayo kwezimbalwa: “IPolitiko enyakazayo: imvakalelo kunye ne-ACT UP’s Fight Against AIDS” kaDeborah B. Gould; kaCathy J. Cohen ethi “Imida Yobumnyama”; Ingoma kaLisa M. Diamond ethi “UkuNcincika ngokweSondo: Ukuqonda Uthando nomnqweno wabasetyhini”; Lisa Cohen's "Yonke into esiyaziyo: Ubomi obuthathu"; Ingoma kaBarbara Ransby ethi “Ella Baker kunye neNtshukumo yeNkululeko yabaNtsundu”; kunye nekaJefferson Cowie ethi “Stayin’ Alive.”
UNIKEZIWE: Ufundela ukonwaba ntoni kwezi ntsuku?
MD: "IHolo yeNgcuka" kaHilary Mantel kunye "Nokunyusa imizimba."
DI: Yeyiphi imiba apho intshukumo yanamhlanje ye-gay inika ithuba elifutshane kwingozi yethu?
MD: Abakatshintshi kakhulu. Intshukumo ye-gay isanikezela ngokufutshane kwinani lobuhlanga, ucalucalulo, kunye nocalucalulo ngokwesini phakathi kwethu.
UNIKEZIWE: Mna ngokwendalo kwaye uhlalutyo alunathemba, kodwa imibhalo yakho ibisoloko ibonisa ukuba nethemba elingagungqiyo malunga nomoya womntu. Yintoni ekunika ithemba ngekamva lethu elimangalisayo kwezi ntsuku zinzima? Kwaye unomyalezo othile ongathanda ukuwubhekisa kwabaselula?
MD: Owu, ithemba lam liyaqina, kulungile! Kude kufike i-Occupy Wall Street, ngendingazange ndinike iplagi nickel kumathuba elizwe lethu lekamva elinenkqubela. Kwaye ke, ewe, kukho iindaba zasebusuku - icandelo eSyria lilodwa lanele ukufihla phantsi kwesigqubuthelo.
UNIKEZIWE: Ngaba unayo incwadi okanye iprojekthi entsha engqondweni okwangoku?
MD: Ngentwasahlobo, iThe New Press iza kupapasha "uMartin Duberman Reader: IMbali ebalulekileyo, iBiographical and Autobiographical Writings." Ngoku ndibhala i-biography emibini kaMichael Callen kunye no-Essex Hemphill, bobabini abasweleke kanye phambi kokuba kukhululwe i-protease inhibitors. Ukuba nabani na unee-anecdotes okanye imathiriyeli yogcino — imbalelwano, njl.njl. — malunga nokuba yeyiphi na indoda, ndingathanda ukuva ngayo [imeyile ikhuselwe].
UNIKEZIWE: Ngaba kukho enye into ongathanda ukuyisusa esifubeni sakho?
MD: Nceda, wonke umntu, nivotele u-Obama wethu ongenasiphako. Ukuba uRomney uyaphumelela, umnatha wethu wokhuseleko osele ulinganiselwe uya kusikwa ube ziiribhoni. Sele kukude kakhulu ukubandezeleka phaya; masingongezi kuyo.
HOWARD ZINN: UBOMI BANGASEKHOHLO | NguMartin Duberman | Ushicilelo olutsha | Amaphepha angama-400 | $26.95
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