Incwadi entsha kaMark Mackinnon ivula ngebali lezakhiwo ezibini ezinkulu eziqhunyiswe ngabanqolobi. Umongameli, kude kube lelo xesha, inkokeli engathandekiyo enobudlelwane obunzulu kunye ne-arhente yezobuntlola yelizwe, ubamba le ntlekele ngokuqalisa imfazwe ngokuchasene nabanqolobi. Ngequbuliso edume ngogwayimbo lwakhe oluqinisekileyo, umongameli uthumela imikhosi kwilizwe elincinane lamaSilamsi elalihlala, laze lashiywa lulawulo lwangaphambili. Usebenzisa ukungxamiseka kwemfazwe njengesizathu sokumanyanisa amandla, ebiza iilaki zakhe kwizikhundla eziphambili. "I-oligarchs" yelizwe, uMackinnon ubhala, aqhubela phambili ekusekeni inkqubo "yedemokhrasi elawulwayo," apho inkohliso yokuzikhethela kunye nomnqweno odumileyo wozinzo kugubungela into yokuba izigqibo ezisisiseko zenziwa ngendlela engenademokhrasi kunye namandla ahlala. igxile ezandleni zabambalwa.

Mackinnon, ngoku oyintloko ye-ofisi kuMbindi Mpuma Globe kunye ne-Mail, ngokuqinisekileyo uthetha ngeRussia, kunye nomongameli wayo, owayesakuba yiarhente ye-KGB uVladimir Putin-nangona ukuba uMackinnon uqaphela ukufana nelinye ilizwe, akatsho njalo. Ilizwe lamaSilamsi yiChechnya kwaye uhlaselo lwabanqolobi lwaluchasene nezakhiwo ezimbini zokuhlala kwidolophu yaseRyazan, i-200km kumzantsi-mpuma weMoscow. Kwaphakanyiswa imibuzo malunga nokubandakanyeka kweKGB.

Incwadi kaMackinnon Imfazwe eNtsha eCold: iiRevolutions, ulonyulo olugwenxa kunye nePolitiko yePipeline kwindawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union.

Phantse ngaphandle kokukhetha, iintatheli zaseCanada zikufumanisa kulula kakhulu ukunqumla i-PR spin kunye nobuxoki obusemthethweni xa begubungela oorhulumente bangaphandle-ingakumbi xa abo rhulumente bebonwa njengabakhuphisana neCanada okanye iqabane layo elisondeleyo, i-US. Kodwa xa umbandela ukufuphi nekhaya, ukuqonda kwabo okugxekayo kuthi shwaka ngequbuliso.

UMackinnon ukhathazwa yile ntlungu ixhaphakileyo kuneentatheli ezininzi. Omnye ufumana ingqiqo yokuba lukhetho olwenziwayo, kodwa luseluvavanyo.

Kule minyaka isixhenxe idlulileyo, iSebe leLizwe lase-US, iSoros Foundation kunye nemibutho eliqela engamahlakani baye baququzelela uthotho “lweenguqulelo zedemokhrasi” empuma Yurophu nakwindawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union. Yaye, ebudeni baloo minyaka, “inguquko-mbuso” nganye, enoba ibizama okanye iphumelele, iye yachazwa ziintatheli njengemvukelo ezenzekelayo yabemi abathanda inkululeko abafumana ukhuthazo nenkxaso yokuziphatha kubazalwana noodade babo baseNtshona.

Ubungqina bokuba le nkxaso ikwabandakanya amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi, ukugxuphuleka kukhetho lwabagqatswa kunye notshintsho kwimigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe angaphandle neyasekhaya sele ifumaneka ngokubanzi. Ukanti, kule minyaka isixhenxe idlulileyo, olu lwazi phantse lucinezelwe ngokupheleleyo.

Mhlawumbi obona bungqina bucacileyo bokucinezelwa bafika xa i-Associated Press (AP) yabhala ibali ngoDisemba 11, 2004-ekuphakameni kwe "Orange Revolution"-iphawula ukuba uLawulo lweBush lunike i-65 yezigidi zeedola kumaqela ezopolitiko e-Ukraine, nangona kunjalo. akukho nanye eyaya “ngqo” kumaqela ezopolitiko. Le ngxelo yatsho, ngamanye amaqela. Uninzi lwemithombo yeendaba eCanada-ngokukodwa i Globe kunye ne-Mail kunye ne-CBC-zithembele kwi-AP, kodwa akukho namnye oqhube ibali. Kwangolo suku lunye, i-CBC.ca yapapasha amanye amabali amane kwi-AP malunga nezidubedube zezopolitiko zaseUkraine, kodwa ayizange ibone kufanelekile ukuba iquke elo liphande ngokukhawuleza inkxaso-mali yase-US.

Ngokufanayo, iincwadi zikaWilliam Robinson, u-Eva Golinger kunye nabanye baye baveza inkxaso-mali yase-US yamaqela ezopolitiko phesheya, kodwa ayizange ixoxwe yi-press corporate.

Indima yaseCanada ayizange ixelwe de kube yiminyaka emibini enesiqingatha kamva, xa-ngokuhambelana nokukhululwa kwe IMfazwe Entsha Yomlomo-I Globe kunye ne-Mail ekugqibeleni wabona kufanelekile ukupapasha iakhawunti, ebhalwe nguMackinnon. Iofisi yozakuzo yaseKhanada, iMackinnon yanikela ingxelo, “ichithe isiqingatha sesigidi seerandi ikhuthaza ‘unyulo olunobulungisa’ kwilizwe elingenamda neKhanada neliqabane elingakhathaliyo kwezorhwebo.” Inkxaso-mali yaseKhanada yabakhi-mkhanyo bonyulo yayibikiwe ngaphambili, kodwa into yokuba imali ibe yinxalenye yomzamo olungiselelwe ukuphembelela unyulo.

Ngenxa yezizathu ezihlala zifihlakele, abahleli be Globe wagqiba, emva kweminyaka esixhenxe cwaka, ukuvumela Mackinnon ukuxelela uluntu malunga noko imali Western sele ukuya kwindawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union. Mhlawumbi baphenjelelwe kukhetho lukaMackinnon lokubhala incwadi malunga nesihloko; mhlawumbi kwagqitywa ekubeni kukhutshwe ikati ebhegini.

Yiakhawunti enika umdla. IMackinnon iqala eSerbia ngo-2000, apho iNtshona, emva kokuxhasa ngezimali amaqela aphikisayo kunye "nemithombo yeendaba ezimeleyo" ebonelela ngothotho lweendaba ezigxeka urhulumente-kunye nokuwisa iitoni ezingama-20,000 zeebhombu kwilizwe-ekugqibeleni baphumelela ukuwisa okokugqibela. ukubamba ngenkani ngokuchasene ne-neoliberalism eYurophu.

UMackinnon uchaza ngokweenkcukacha indlela inkxaso-mali yaseNtshona-inzame ekhokelwe ngusozigidigidi uGeorge Soros-yaye yaya kwiindawo ezine eziphambili: i-Otpor (i-Serbian 'yokuchasana'), intshukumo yolutsha enzima yabafundi esebenzisa igrafitti, ithiyetha yasesitratweni kunye noqhanqalazo olungenabundlobongela kwijelo. iimvakalelo ezimbi zezopolitiko ngokuchasene norhulumente waseMilosevic; I-CeSID, iqela labahloli bonyulo ababekho ukuze “babambe uMilosevic ethatha inxaxheba ukuba ukhe waphinda wazama ukugqwetha iziphumo zonyulo”; I-B92, isikhululo sikanomathotholo esibonelela ngokuzinzile kweendaba ezichasene nolawulo kunye ne-edgy rock stylings ye-Nirvana kunye neClash; kunye neeNGOs ezidibeneyo zanikwa inkxaso-mali yokuphakamisa "imiba"-leyo iMackinnon ibiza ngokuba "iingxaki ngamandla-oko kukuthi, njengoko kuchazwa ngabaxhasi bamaqela aseNtshona." Umzi wozakuzo waseKhanada eBelgrade, uthi, yayiyindawo yeentlanganiso ezininzi zabaxhasi.

Ekugqibeleni, amaqela aphikisayo awahlukeneyo kwafuneka amanyane. Oku kuququzelelwe nguNobhala welizwe wase-US ngelo xesha uMadeline Albright kunye noMphathiswa wezaNgaphandle waseJamani uJoschka Fischer, abaxelele iinkokeli eziphikisayo ukuba zingaqhubeki, kodwa zijoyine "imanyano yedemokhrasi" kunye negqwetha elingaziwayo uVojislav Kostunica njengokuphela komgqatswa ochasayo kumongameli. . Iinkokeli ezichasayo ezixhaswa ngemali yaseNtshona, ezazingenalo lukhulu kulo mbandela, zavuma.

Isebenzile. UKostunica uphumelele ivoti, abahloli bonyulo bakhawuleza babhengeza ingxelo yabo yeziphumo, ezasasazwa ngeB92 kunye namanye amajelo osasazo axhaswa yiNtshona, kwaye amashumi amawaka agalela ezitratweni ukuze aqhankqalaze ukuzama kukaMilosevic ukuvota kumboniso okhokelwa ngumbutho. pseudo-anarchist iqela Otpor. U-Milosevic, ephulukene "neentsika zenkxaso" kwiinkundla, amapolisa kunye ne-bureaucracy, warhoxa ngokukhawuleza emva koko. "Kwiinyanga ezisixhenxe kamva," ubhala uMackinnon, "uSlobodan Milosevic wayeza kuba seHague."

"I-revolution" yaseSerbia yaba ngumzekelo: ingxowa-mali "yeendaba ezizimeleyo," ii-NGO kunye nababukeli bonyulo; nyanzela inkcaso ukuba imanyanise malunga nomgqatswa omnye okhethiweyo; kunye nokuxhasa ngemali kunye nokuqeqesha iqela elisebenzisa ipeyinti, elithanda inkululeko labafundi abanomsindo abadityaniswa yinkqubo ngaphandle kokuchasana nolawulo. Imodeli isetyenziswe ngempumelelo eGeorgia ("i-Rose Revolution"), e-Ukraine ("i-Orange Revolution") kwaye ayiphumelelanga eBelarus, apho i-denim yayisisimboli esikhethiweyo. IMfazwe Entsha Yomlomo inezahluko nganye kwezi, kwaye iMackinnon ihlolisisa ngokunzulu kwiinkcukacha zamalungiselelo enkxaso-mali kunye nemibutho yezopolitiko eyakhiwe ngenkxaso yaseNtshona.

IMackinnon ibonakala ngathi ineenkohliso ezimbalwa malunga nokusetyenziswa kwamandla e-US. Ithisisi yakhe iyonke yeyokuba, kwindawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union, i-US isebenzise “uguqulo lwedemokhrasi” ukuqhubela phambili umdla wayo we-geopolitical; ukulawulwa kokunikezelwa kweoli kunye nemibhobho, kunye nokuhlukaniswa kweRashiya, okhuphisana naye oyintloko kummandla. Uqaphela ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi-iAzerbaijan kunye neTurkmenistan, umzekelo-ingcinezelo yolawulo ifumana inkxaso enyanisekileyo ye-US, ngelixa kuphela oorhulumente baseRashiya abahlangeneyo bakhethwa kunyango lokukhuthaza idemokhrasi.

Kwaye ngelixa iMackinnon inokuba nembeko kakhulu ukuyikhankanya, iakhawunti yakhe iphikisana kakhulu nengxelo evavanywa rhoqo ngabahleli bakhe kwaye ibhalwe ngoogxa bakhe. UMilosevic, umzekelo, akayena "uButcher waseBalkan" weendaba zaseNtshona. ISerbia "yayingengobuzwilakhe obucacileyo obuhlala buboniswa kumajelo eendaba aseNtshona," ubhala uMackinnon. Ngapha koko, yayifana nenguqulelo yokuqala 'yedemokhrasi elawulwayo' [yeRussia kaPutin]. Uthetha ngokungafihlisiyo ngemiphumo yokuqhushumbiswa kweziqhushumbisi kunye nezohlwayo eSerbia, ezaba mbi kakhulu.

Kodwa ngezinye iindlela, iMackinnon iginya yonke ipropaganda. Uphinda umgca we-NATO osemthethweni e-Kosovo, umzekelo, ukutyeshela ukuqaphela ukuba i-US kunye nabanye babexhasa ngezimali imikhosi ye-autocratic ethengisa iziyobisi njenge-Kosovo Liberation Army, umxholo weengxelo ezininzi ezilahlekisayo, ezincomayo ngoogxa bakaMackinnon malunga ne-2000.

Ngokusisiseko, iMackinnon iyayihoya indima ephambili yeNtshona ekupheliseni uzinzo eYugoslavia emva kokuba urhulumente wayo engazange avume ukuphunyezwa kohlaziyo lwe-IMF olwaludala usizi. UMackinnon ufumana amava kwaye axoxe ngemeko yokupheliswa kozinzo-ngo-privatization kuninzi lwamazwe awagubungelayo, kodwa kubonakala ngathi akakwazi ukuwulandela umva kumthombo wawo oqhelekileyo, okanye awubone njengomgaqo-nkqubo we-US kunye neYurophu yangaphandle.

Owayesakuba lilungu lePolitburo yaseRashiya uAlexander Yakovlev uxelela uMackinnon ukuba abezobupolitika baseRashiya “balutyhalele kude uhlaziyo lwezoqoqosho ngokukhawuleza kakhulu” bedala “uqoqosho olunolwaphulo-mthetho nalapho abahlali baye bafanisa amagama athi 'nenkululeko' 'nedemokhrasi' norhwaphilizo, ubuhlwempu nokungabi nakuzinceda. .”

Kwelinye lawona maxesha amangalisayo kule ncwadi, uYakovlev oneminyaka engama-82 ubudala uthatha uxanduva, esithi: “Kufuneka sivume ukuba le nto iqhubekayo ngoku ayilotyala labo bayenzayo… Thina sinetyala. Senze iimpazamo ezinzulu.”

Kwilizwe likaMackinnon, ukudilizwa okukhawulezayo kunye nokuthengiswa kwabucala kuqoqosho oluqhutywa ngurhulumente-olushiye izigidi zihlwempuzekile kwaye ziphelelwe lithemba-yinkcazo yothando lwabantu baseRussia nabaseBelarussia noomongameli abanamandla abanqanda inkululeko, bejongela phantsi inkcaso, balawule imithombo yeendaba kunye. gcina uzinzo, uzinzo. Kodwa ngandlel' ithile, umbono ongemva kwentshabalalo eqhutywa yi-IMF ayenzi ukuba ibe kuhlalutyo lukaMackinnon malunga nezizathu ezibangela "iMfazwe eNtsha yoMlo."

UMackinnon uqaphela eyona midla yokwenyani yase-US: ioyile kunye nomlo wamaMelika wempembelelo yengingqi kunye neRussia. Kodwa into esindayo kwiakhawunti yakhe kukunganyamezeli okuphangaleleyo koorhulumente abathi bafune ukuzimela geqe kwaye bagcine ukukwazi ukwalathisa uphuhliso lwabo lwezoqoqosho.

Amandla kunye nezopolitiko zemibhobho yinkcazo evakalayo yomdla wase-US kumazantsi e-republic yaseSoviet. Usenokuba wongeze ukuba i-US yasebenzisa iGeorgia njengendawo yokudlala ngexesha lemfazwe yase-Iraq. Xa kuziwa eSerbia, uMackinnon unyanzelekile ukuba athembele kwiakhawunti engenakwenzeka ye-NATO eqhuba umsebenzi wokuziphatha wokuthintela ukubulawa kwabantu. Ibango alisenangqondo, linikwe ubungqina obukhoyo, kodwa lihlala lixhaphakile kumaphephandaba aseNtshona.

UMackinnon ukhankanya iHaiti, iCuba kunye neVenezuela ngokudlula. Kuzo zonke ezi ndawo, kuye kwenziwa amalinge okubhukuqa oorhulumente. EVenezuela, ubhukuqo-mbuso lwasemkhosini olwaluxhaswa yi-US lwabhukuqwa ngokukhawuleza. E-Haiti, i-Canadian- kunye ne-US-ekhokelwa yi-coups yakhokelela kwintlekele yamalungelo oluntu eqhubekayo kwaye unyulo lwakutsha nje luqinisekisile ukuba iqela eliye lachithwa lihlala lithandwa kakhulu kunenye indlela evezwe ngabaphezulu kwezoqoqosho. ECuba, iinzame zokubhukuqa urhulumente ziye zawa phantsi kangangesiqingatha senkulungwane.

Ukucacisa ezi nzame zongezelelweyo, ezinobundlobongela ngakumbi "kwinguqu yolawulo," akwanelanga ukukhankanya umdla wokoqobo. IVenezuela ineoyile eninzi, kodwa imithombo yendalo yaseCuba ayiyenzi ibe yi-asethi enkulu yeqhinga, kwaye, ngalo mgangatho, iHaiti nangaphantsi. Ukucacisa ukuba kutheni urhulumente wase-US ebonelele ngezigidi zeedola kumaqela ezopolitiko, ii-NGOs kunye namaqela aphikisayo kula mazwe kufuna ukuqonda i-ideology ye-neoliberal kunye nemvelaphi yayo kwiMfazwe Yomlomo nangaphezulu.

Oku kuninzi kuya kubonakala ukuba uMackinnon wongeze umxholo wembali ofunekayo kwiakhawunti yakhe yeendlela zanamhlanje zokutshintsha kolawulo. Kwincwadi yakhe Ukubulala Ithemba, William Blum amaxwebhu phezu 50 US ungenelelo koorhulumente bamazwe angaphandle ukususela 1945. Imbali ibonise ezi kakhulu anti-idemokhrasi, ukuba akukho ntlekele ngqo. Kwanohlaziyo oluncinane lukarhulumente lwentlalo-ntle yedemokhrasi kumazwe amancinane loyiswa luhlaselo lomkhosi.

Ukuba idemokhrasi yokwenyani ibandakanya ukuzimisela-kwaye ubuncinci isakhono sethiyori sokwala ukunyanzeliswa kwe "Washington Consensus" okanye i-IMF-ke naluphi na uvavanyo lokunyuswa kwedemokhrasi njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US kufuneka ujongane nale mbali. Iakhawunti kaMackinnon ayenzi kwaye ihlala iphantse yazinza njengembali.

Isahluko sokugqibela se IMfazwe Entsha Yomlomo, enomxholo othi “Afterglow,” inikezelwe ekuhloleni imiphumo yokugqibela yokukhuthazwa kwedemokhrasi kwiiriphabliki zangaphambili zeSoviet. Sesona sahluko sibuthathaka sikaMackinnon. UMackinnon uzibekela umda ekubuzeni ukuba izinto zingcono na ngoku kunangaphambili. Isakhelo sombuzo sithoba okulindelekileyo kwaye sidodobalisa kanobom ukucinga kwedemokhrasi.

Ukuba ubani uzibekela bucala ezi ngqwalasela, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba umdla wokwazi umenze abe ngcono umfundi. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba izinto ezilungileyo zinokubakho ngenxa yeentshukumisa ezigxekayo? Ababhali benkululeko abafana noMichael Ignatieff kunye noChristopher Hitchens benza iingxoxo ezifanayo ekuxhaseni imfazwe yase-Iraq kwaye uMackinnon udlala ngengcamango xa ezibuza ukuba ngaba abaphembeleli abancinci baseSerbia nase-Ukraine babesebenzisa i-US, okanye ukuba i-US yayisebenzisa.

Ngaba izinto zaba ngcono? Ulwazi oluvezwa nguMackinnon kwimpendulo yakhe alucacanga kakhulu.

Uthi eSerbia, ubomi bubhetele kakhulu. Uhlaziyo alukhange luzise izibonelelo ezininzi kubomi bemihla ngemihla bamaSerbs, umqhubi weteksi uxelela uMackinnon. Noko ke, ubhala athi, “Ixesha lokunqongophala kwepetroli nelokugxothwa kwabafana ukuba baye kulwela ‘iSerbia Enkulu’ lalisele lidlule yaye intsini nomculo owawuphalala kwiivenkile zokutyela zaseBelgrade zazithetha ngethemba elalingazange libonwe. phantsi kolawulo oludala.”

Kule meko kunye nezinye ezininzi, iMackinnon ithenga umgca wepropaganda osasazwe kakuhle ngaphandle kokujonga iinyani. Ephambuka kwiinkcukacha zobuchule azizisayo kwingxelo yakhe ye-ins kunye nokuphuma konyuso lwedemokhrasi, uMackinnon ubonakala ekholelwa ukuba yayiyinkqubo yedemon eyenziwe nguMilosevic- hayi izohlwayo zoqoqosho okanye ukuqhushumba kunye nokutshabalalisa uninzi lwemizi-mveliso ephantsi korhulumente waseSerbia. iziseko ezingundoqo-ezikhokelele kunqongophalo lwepetroli. UMackinnon uyala amaSerbs ukuba ajongane nendima yawo emfazweni, ngelixa evumela umkhankaso wokuqhushumba kwe-NATO, owashiya iitoni ze-uranium ephelelweyo, wakhukulisa iDanube ngamakhulu eetoni zeetoni zeekhemikhali ezinobuthi, kwaye zatshisa iitoni ezingama-80,000 zeoyile ekrwada (ngaloo ndlela ukunqongophala kwepetroli) , ngaphandle kwekhonkco.

EGeorgia, iMackinnon iphinda ithembele kubomi basebusuku kwisixeko esilikomkhulu njengesalathiso sentlalo-ntle yedemokhrasi yelizwe. "Isixeko sasizaliswe yimvakalelo yokuba izinto ziqala ukuhamba kwicala elifanelekileyo ... iindawo zokutyela zaseJapan, ii-pubs zaseIreland kunye neebhari zewayini zaseFransi zazibonakala kuzo zonke iikona." Imisebenzi yokuzonwabisa yabaphezulu kwezoqoqosho yileyo kanye; zininzi iindlela zokugweba intlalo-ntle yelizwe, kodwa ukuthembela kwizinto ezibonwayo nezandi zabemi basezidolophini abanezithende ezizithende bezonwabisa ngaphandle kokubandakanywa kwezinye iindlela kuyinto ekhethekileyo.

UMackinnon uthi xa edlulisa ukuba urhulumente oxhaswa ngaseNtshona waseSaakashvili ubangele "ukuncipha kwenkululeko yeendaba," kodwa "lunyuse uqoqosho."

E-Ukraine, "amaphephandaba kunye nezikhululo zikamabonwakude ziyakwazi ukugxeka okanye ukuhlekisa nabani na ezifunayo," kodwa uYuschenko owayexhaswa ngaseNtshona kwintengiso yasimahla wenza uthotho lweempazamo kunye neentshukumo ezingathandwayo, ezibangele ukusilela okukhulu kunyulo kwiqela lakhe kwiminyaka embalwa emva “imvukelo” eyabafaka egunyeni.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, imithombo kaMackinnon-ngaphandle komqhubi wekhebhu engaqhelekanga-ibonakala ibandakanya ngokupheleleyo abantu abafumana inkxaso-mali eNtshona. Abagxeki abazimeleyo, ngaphandle kokwaluphala kunye nokususwa kwabo babesakuba ngabezopolitiko, phantse abekho kwingxelo yakhe.

Sekunjalo, umbuzo: ngaba iNtshona yenza okulungileyo? Kumaphepha okugqibela, iMackinnon iyalingana kwaye ayinazigqibo.

Amanye amazwe "akhululekile kwaye angcono," kodwa inkxaso-mali yaseNtshona yenze ukuba kube lula ukuba oorhulumente bengcinezelo bacinezele imikhosi eya kuba yidemokhrasi. E-Kazakhstan, eTurkmenistan naseAzerbaijan, ugxeka ukungabikho kwemali yokunyuswa kwentando yesininzi, ukushiya ii-NGOs zendawo kunye namaqela aphikisayo ejinga. Ubalula oku kungahambelani namalungiselelo apho iimfuno zaseMelika zikhonzwa ngcono ngoorhulumente bengcinezelo. Kwezinye iindawo zesahluko, ufumana ukukhuthazwa kwedemokhrasi iyonke kuyingxaki.

Ngaxa lithile, ugqabaza esithi “uncedo [amaziko ase-US] alunike amaqela ezopolitiko kumazwe anjengeUkraine ngelungekho mthethweni ukuba iNGO yaseUkraine ibinika uncedo olunjalo kwiiDemocrat okanye iiRiphabhlikhi.” Omnye ucinga ukuba abantu baseCanada abayi kuchukumiseka ukuba iVenezuela, umzekelo, inike izigidi zeedola kwi-NDP. Ngokwenene, ithemba libonakala lihlekisa njengoko kungenakwenzeka ... kwaye akukho mthethweni.

Ulwazi lukaMackinnon lucebisa, nangona engayithethi ngokuthe ngqo, ukuba ukudibanisa umbono "wedemokhrasi" kunye nenkululeko yawo kunye nenkxaso-mali yaseNtshona kunye nokungenelela okukhokelwa yi-US kulawulo lwamazwe kunokwenzeka ukuba kujongele phantsi iinzame ezisemthethweni kwidemokhrasi. Ngokomzekelo, abantu abaphikisayo eRashiya baxelela uMackinnon ukuba xa behlanganisene ukuze babonise imiboniso, abantu badla ngokubajonga ngentiyo baze babuze ukuba ngubani obahlawulayo ukuze beme esitratweni. Kwimeko enye, uMackinnon ubonisa ukuba ingxelo evela kurhulumente ogunyazisiweyo ebanga ukuba abaphikisi bangama-pawn aseNtshona ifile.

Uvavanyo lukaMackinnon alulandeli obu bungqina kwisigqibo sayo; akaphambuki kwimbono yokuba ukulungelelaniswa nokuba yi-US okanye iRashiya kuphela kweenketho zamazwe akulo mmandla.

Ngelixa ukulungelelaniswa nobukumkani obunye okanye obunye kunokubonakala kungenakuthintelwa, ubuqili bukaMackinnon baseRussia-okanye-US bususa ezinye iindlela zokukhuthaza idemokhrasi. IMackinnon ayihoyi, umzekelo, isiko leminyaka emininzi yomanyano olusezantsi kunye nemikhosi yedemokhrasi kumazwe-ubukhulu becala eLatin America-apho oozwilakhe babehlala bexhaswa ngemali kwaye bexhobile ngurhulumente wase-US. Ezo ntshukumo beziqhele ukunqanda ucinezelo olugqithisileyo kunokuxhasa iinguqu zedemokhrasi, kodwa oku kungabikho kwamandla kubalelwa, ubuncinci ngokuyinxenye, kukunqongophala kosasazo lweendaba ezivela kwiintatheli eziqhelekileyo ezifana noMackinnon.

Ukuba ubani uxhalatyiswe kukwenziwa kwezigqibo ngedemokhrasi, ngokuqinisekileyo ukwaxhalatyiswa kukukwazi kwamazwe ukwenza izigqibo ngaphandle kokugxunyekwa kwamagunya angaphandle. IMackinnon nayo ayithethi ukuba ukuzimela kunokwenziwa njani. Umntu unokuthelekelela ukuba kuya kubandakanya ukunqanda ukungenelela okukhankanywe ngasentla.

IMfazwe Entsha Yomlomo Iphawuleka ngengxelo yayo ethe kratya yokusebenza kwangaphakathi yokukhuthaza idemokhrasi kunye nembono yabo bafumana inkxaso-mali. Abo bafuna uhlalutyo oluzisa olo ngxelo lucokisekileyo kwiinjongo zalo zokwenyani kunye neziphumo, nangona kunjalo, kuya kufuneka bajonge kwenye indawo.

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