Ngokunikwa izakhono zakhe zonxibelelwano loluntu, ukuba uBjorn Lomborg wayesebenzele iBush-Cheney White House, umhlaba usenokucinga ukuba uSaddam Hussein wase-Iraq wayenezixhobo zokutshabalalisa. Oku kungenxa yokuba akuzange kubekho nabuphi na ubungqina bokuxhasa amabango abalulekileyo kaLomborg malunga nokufudumala kwehlabathi, kodwa usekumabonakude kunye namaphephandaba ephikisa ukuba ukufudumala kwehlabathi akukho ntlekele kwaye ihlabathi alifuni ukubeka phambili ukuncitshiswa kwe-greenhouse- ukukhutshwa kwegesi. Ngokombono ojonga imigaqo-nkqubo yokuhlela yemibutho yeendaba ezinkulu zase-US njengendlela yokuchaza impumelelo yamabango omabini e-WMD njenge casus belli ngokuhlasela iincwadi ze-Iraq kunye neLomborg malunga nokufudumala kwehlabathi, ikhonkco phakathi kwephulo le-Iraqi WMD kunye nephulo lemozulu yaseLomborg alikho kude.
ULomborg ngokwenene waqalisa iphulo lakhe lozakuzaku koluntu—ukusa kwinqanaba elithile, indlela echubekileyo yokubhekisa kwi-disinformation—ngoSeptemba 10, 2001, eyayilusuku olusemthethweni lokupapashwa kwencwadi yakhe eUnited States. I-Environmentalist ethandabuzayo. Ulawulo lukaBush lwasungula idiplomacy yalo yoluntu malunga ne-Iraqi WMD ngokukhawuleza emva kwe-11 Septemba 2001. Kanye njengemibutho yeendaba yase-US, kuquka ENew York Times kwaye i Wall Street Journal, yamkele amabango olawulo lukaBush malunga nezixhobo zase-Iraq zokutshabalalisa abantu abaninzi ngexabiso eliphantsi, kwaye ngokungagxekiyo badlulisela loo mabango kuluntu lwase-US iminyaka, iindaba zeendaba zase-US, kubandakanya Maxesha kwaye i Journal, baye baxhasa iLomborg ukususela ekuqaleni (nangona ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nenqanaba elahlukileyo). Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, omabini amaphulo eBush kunye neLomborg abe negalelo elikhulu kwiminyaka elishumi elahlekileyo ye-2001-2010, xa imfazwe kwaye ingekuko ukuthomalalisa kwemozulu yayingumgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokugxila kweendaba. Ngo-2010, sisagxile ekulweni ezo mfazwe, kwaye sisathandabuza imfuneko yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-greenhouse.
Ngokubhekiselele kwindlela amajelo eendaba azityeshela ngayo iingxaki ezinzulu nge-Lomborg's scholarship, ndibhale ngokubanzi malunga nendlela iindaba zeendaba zase-US ezingabuhoyi ngayo ubungqina obukhoyo ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwe-Iraq ngo-Matshi 2003 ebonisa ukuba uSaddam Hussein wayengenakwenzeka ukuba abe nenkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya.
[i] Oku kuquka iingxelo ezakhutshwa yi-International Atomic Energy Agency zokuba yatshabalalisa inkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya yase-Iraq kamsinya nje emva kwemfazwe yokuqala yaseGulf ngowe-1991, kunye nePhaneli ye-Amorim kaMatshi 1999 yanikela ingxelo kwiBhunga Lokhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Iphaneli ye-Amorim, iqela elonyulwe liBhunga ngo-1998 ukuba lihlole isimo se-Iraqi WMD, linike ingxelo:
Uninzi lwemisebenzi ye-IAEA ebandakanya ukutshabalalisa, ukususwa kunye nokwenza ukuba kungabi nabungozi bamacandelo enkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya yase-Iraq, ethe yatyhilwa yatshatyalaliswa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, yagqitywa ekupheleni kuka-1992. NgoFebruwari 1994, i-IAEA yagqiba ukususa e-Iraq. yazo zonke izixhobo zenyukliya ezisebenzisekayo, isibaso sereactor. Ngokwesiseko seziphumo zayo, i-Arhente [IAEA] iyakwazi ukuchaza ukuba akukho nto ibonisa ukuba i-Iraq inezixhobo zenyukliya okanye naziphi na iimali ezinentsingiselo zezixhobo zenyukliya ezinokusetyenziswa okanye ukuba i-Iraq iwagcinile nabuphi na ubunakho obusebenzayo (izixhobo okanye ihardware) ukwenzela. ukuveliswa kwezinto ezinjalo.
[ii]
Ngaphaya koko, i-IAEA ngokwayo, ilandela izindululo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko ezingama-687 (1991) kunye ne-1051 (1996), yakhupha iingxelo ezingaphezulu kwamashumi amathandathu ukusuka ku-1991 ukuya ku-2003 ezibhale umzamo wayo oyimpumelelo wokudiliza nokutshabalalisa inkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya yase-Iraq.
[iii] Kwaye kwisiteyitimenti esikhutshwe nge-27 kaJanuwari 2003, i-IAEA yaphinda yaqinisekisa iziphumo zengxelo yePhaneli ye-Amorim ka-1999 kunye neengxelo ze-IAEA ezizezakhe zangaphambili, kwaye yagqiba kwelokuba imeko ebhengeziweyo yenkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya yase-Iraq ngo-1998 njengengasebenziyo ayizange itshintshe ngexesha lokungabikho. yabahloli be-UN e-Iraq ukusuka ngasekupheleni kuka-1998 ukuya ekupheleni kuka-2002.
[iv] Imibutho emikhulu yeendaba yase-US ayizihoyanga okanye izichaze kakubi ezi ngxelo, nangona inika ingxelo ngokuthobelayo kunye nokuhlela ukuba i-Iraq inenkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya esongela i-United States.
Kwakhona nge-27 kaJanuwari 2003, uHans Blix, owayeyintloko ye-UNSCOM wayengumhloli wezixhobo ze-UN e-Iraq ngelo xesha, wathi:
Ukuphunyezwa kwesigqibo [seBhunga lezoKhuseleko] esingunombolo 687 (1991) nangona kunjalo kwazisa iziphumo ezininzi zokuthotywa kwezixhobo. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba zininzi izixhobo ezitshabalalisayo [eIraq] zatshatyalaliswa phantsi kwesi sigqibo kunezo zatshatyalaliswayo ebudeni beMfazwe yeGulf [1991]. Izixa ezikhulu zezixhobo zekhemikhali zatshatyalaliswa phantsi kweliso le-UNSCOM phambi kuka-1994. Ngelixa ibango lase-Iraq—ngobungqina obuncinane—ukuba yatshabalalisa zonke izixhobo zebhayoloji ngokuzimeleyo ngo-1991, kuqinisekile ukuba i-UNSCOM yatshabalalisa amaziko okuvelisa izixhobo zebhayoloji ezinkulu ngo-1996. yatshatyalaliswa kwaye imathiriyeli enokuqhekeka yasuswa e-Iraq yi-IAEA.
Ngelixa ezi ziphumo zokuhlasela kwangaphambili ngabalawuli be-IAEA kunye ne-UNSCOM bezingezizo iziqinisekiso ze-ironclad zokuba i-Iraq ayinayo inkqubo yezixhobo zenyukliya ezisanda kuvela okanye ezifihlakeleyo okanye naziphi na izixhobo zokutshabalalisa, bachaza imbali yokuphononongwa ngokusondeleyo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwe-WMD eyaziwayo. iinkqubo, ngelixa kungabikho bungqina bokuba i-Iraq yayinayo nayiphi na i-WMD ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Nangona kunjalo umgaqo-nkqubo ogqithiseleyo kunye nokuchasana kweendaba, ngaphandle kokubonelela ngobungqina obuthembekileyo, kukuba i-Iraq yayinezixhobo zokutshabalalisa kwaye kwafuneka ukuba ihlaselwe ngenxa yoko.
Kwingxelo yabo yamabango e-Iraqi WMD, imibutho enkulu yeendaba yase-US ayizange inike ingqwalasela encinci kwiingxelo ezibambekayo ezikhutshwe ngamaqela okuhlola ahlangene ne-UN-i-IAEA kunye ne-UNSCOM-ngelixa benika ubungqina obungafanelekanga kwiingxelo ezininzi zabaxhasi bemfazwe abaphikisana ne-ad nauseam. ukuba iIraq yayinezixhobo ezitshabalalisayo. Kwaye amaphepha omhleli awazange aphinde acele umba wokuba uhlaselo lwase-US e-Iraq luya kwaphula umthetho we-UN Charter's cardinal rule othintela ukusetyenziswa kunye nokoyikiswa kwamandla ngamazwe, ngaphandle kokuphendula "kuhlaselo oluxhobileyo" njengoko luchazwa ngumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Kwaye njengomvuzo wokuphazamisa egameni lemfazwe engekho mthethweni esekelwe kumabango alahlekisayo okanye enziweyo, abafana noWilliam Kristol bawongwa ngokunyuswa komsebenzi, kubandakanywa kwimeko yakhe isimemo esivela ENew York Times ukubhala ikholamu eqhelekileyo kwiphepha layo le-Op-ed.
Ukuze kuqondwe indlela imibutho emitsha emitsha eUnited States ekugubungela ngayo ukufudumala kwehlabathi, umntu kufuneka atshintshe kuphela iindidi ezisisiseko kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe wemvumelwano owalela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwimvumelwano yenzululwazi yamazwe ngamazwe enika ingxelo ngengxaki enzulu yehlabathi eyenziwe ngumntu. ukufudumala, ukusuka kumajelo eendaba aququzelela amabango obuxoki e-neo-con malunga ne-Iraqi WMD ukuhambisa amabango obuxoki bemozulu-ethandabuzayo malunga nezizathu zendalo zokutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nomntu ofana noWilliam Kristol owabetha amagubu emfazwe kakhulu kumntu onjengoBjorn Lomborg, ogxininisa kuyo yonke indawo yeendaba enokwenzeka ukuba ukufudumala kwehlabathi ayisiyo ntlekele, kwaye ikwavuzwa ngobungqina obuvela
ixesha iphephancwadi kunye ne
Guardian phe phandaba.
[v]
Enoba umbandela yimfazwe okanye ukufudumala kwehlabathi, imigaqo-nkqubo yokuhlela yemibutho emikhulu yeendaba—engasekelwanga kwimilinganiselo yomthetho okhanyiselweyo okanye yenzululwazi okanye nasekunikeni ingxelo ngezibakala—ihlala ingatshintshi. Ukubhala ngeminyaka yee-1960, abadumileyo
ENew York Times Umbhali, uGay Talese, wagqabaza esithi “kwanezisongelo zokusinda kwehlabathi zazibonakala zingaluphazamisi uxolo lwangaphakathi lwehlabathi.
Maxesha'isakhiwo.
[vi] Kuyafana nanamhlanje, ubuncinci njengoko kugwetywe ngu
Maxesha' ukugubungela iimfazwe ezinkulu kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu okwenziwe ngumntu. I
Maxesha' umgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlela?njengoko wasekwa kule minyaka ilikhulu idluleyo ngabo bapapashi kunye nabahleli abanempembelelo “njengokungakhethi buso” (Adolph Ochs), “non-crusading” (Arthur Hays Sulzberger), kunye “nocentrist” (Abe Rosenthal)—oluseta umgangatho weshishini ngokubanzi wokuhanjiswa kweendaba kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ufuna ukuba kuthintelwe ukuthatha icala, nokuba elinye icala libonisa ukuvumelana okukhanyiselweyo malunga nokuthintela imfazwe endlongondlongo okanye ukugcinwa kwemozulu eyenza impucuko yabantu, njengoko sisazi, kunokwenzeka.
Oku kunjalo, kwingxelo yabo yokufudumala kwehlabathi, imibutho emininzi yeendaba, kwinqanaba leziko, ayinakubonakala ichaza umahluko phakathi kovavanyo lwezenzululwazi lwe-UN-affiliated Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). malunga nokufudumala kwehlabathi okwenziwa ngumntu kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo, yintoni uninzi lwenzululwazi epapashiweyo ephononongwe ngoontanga, kwaye yintoni izazinzulu zemozulu ezikhulu ziye zathi, ngokuchasene noko abantu abathandabuzayo bemozulu kunye nabakhanyelayo, kunye nobungqina obuncinane, bagxininisa ukuba yinyani.
The New York Times ngokwayo ngumzekelo wenqaku. Kwiminyaka yoo-1990, xa i Maxesha' UWilliam K. Stevens wayemisela umgangatho ophezulu wezobuntatheli wokugubungela ukufudumala kwehlabathi (embono yam engazange ifaniswe ukususela) Maxesha Iphepha lomhleli lihlaziywa ngapha nangapha malunga nokuba ukufudumala kwehlabathi ngumbandela onzulu na ofuna inyathelo elinzulu, ngamanye amaxesha kwanakwinqaku lomhleli elinye, njengoko eli nqaku lomhleli likaNovemba 1993 libonisa:
Isicwangciso esitsha sikaMongameli uClinton sokulawula ukufudumala kwehlabathi sikhangeleka kakhulu njengento uGeorge Bush angayiphupha ngayo ngaphezu kwayo nantoni na ephuma entliziyweni ka-Al Gore, isazela sokusingqongileyo soLawulo. Esi sicwangciso sixhomekeke kakhulu kwizenzo zokuzithandela, sihamba lula kumanyathelo olawulo kwaye sihlala sithe cwaka kwingxaki enzima kakhulu yento emayenziwe ukuphelisa ukwanda okukhulu kokukhutshwa kwerhasi yegreenhouse emva kokuphela kwenkulungwane. Nangona kunjalo, isicwangciso yimpendulo efanelekileyo kwingxaki ekude enemilinganiselo engaqinisekanga. Lo ayingomba uMongameli kufuneka achithe imali eninzi kwezopolitiko okanye kwezoqoqosho okwangoku.
[vii]
Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, kunye nesayensi yemozulu ecacileyo, indawo yokuhlela ye Maxesha, sithetha ngokwamaziko, sisebuthuntu, ngenkxaso ecacileyo yomhleli-iphepha ngokubanzi kwisayensi yemozulu yemvumelwano kunye nesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe malunga nokunciphisa okunyanzeliswayo kwi-greenhouse emissions, kodwa ngokugqithisileyo kunye nogutyulo oluphazamisekileyo nguSteven, u-Andrew Revkin. Nangona uRevkin ekhuphe amabali amaninzi abalulekileyo anefuthe lokukhusela inzululwazi yemozulu, uqhelaniso lwakhe lokuhlela lulonke (luhambelana nomgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlela Maxesha), uye wazibeka njenge-centrist yokutshintsha kwemozulu ngaphakathi kwephiko lasekhohlo ukuya kwi-right-wing continuum, kunye nezazinzulu kunye neengcali zokusingqongileyo ngakwesobunxele kunye nabakhanyeli bemozulu kunye namashishini e-fossil ekunene.
Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwesi sikhokelo somhleli, xa incwadi kaBjorn Lomborg ka-2007, Yipholise: ISikhokelo se-Environmentalist ethandabuzayo kwi-Global Warming, yapapashwa ekwindla 2007, uRevkin wayibeka kwiziko (enyanisweni kunye naye) kwisikali esisekhohlo ukuya ekunene. Kwinqaku elinesihloko esithi, "Imicelimngeni kokubini eKhohlo nasekunene ekuFudumeni kweHlabathi," uRevkin waqala ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Kangangeminyaka emininzi, idabi lokucinga nokwenza malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu okubangelwe ngumntu kunye namafutha eefosili iye yaqhutywa ikakhulu njengomdlalo okhwazayo phakathi kwezopolitiko kunye nokusingqongileyo ekhohlo nasekunene. Ekhohlo lithi ukufudumala kwehlabathi yingxaki yexesha lokwenyani efuna iindlela ezikhawulezayo zokutsala umsi kunye neegesi ze-tailpipe ezibamba ubushushu, kwaye i-oyile enkulu, amalahle amakhulu kunye nezinto ezichasene nolawulo zilahla iplanethi. Ilungelo lithi ukufudumala kwehlabathi kwindawo ethile phakathi kwenkohliso kunye nokucaphukisa okuncinci, kwaye iphikisa ukuba ukunxanelwa kwenkululeko kwimimiselo ephezulu kuya kuqhuba ubutyebi baseMelika kumazwe asakhasayo kwaye icime i-injini yefosili enika amandla uqoqosho.
Ngaphakathi kwalo mxholo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba iLomborg (ngokungafane) ivume ukufudumala kwehlabathi okwenziwe ngumntu ngelixa ixoxa ukuba yayingeyiyo intlekele elindelekileyo kwaye akufuneki sibeke phambili ukuncitshiswa kokukhutshwa kwegreenhouse, uRevkin ubeke iLomborg's. Pholisa ngaphakathi "kwinkampu yophakathi" "kumdlalo wokukhwaza" phakathi kweengcali zendalo ezisekhohlo kunye nabaphikisi baphiko lasekunene:
Kwale nkampu inye kuhlala iBjorn Lomborg. Isazi-manani saseDanish, uMnu. Lomborg wenze umsebenzi wokucela umngeni kwezona meko zoyikekayo zendalo esingqongileyo kwaye uxoxa ngecalculus esebenzayo elinganisa iingxaki ezifana nentlupheko, izifo kunye nemozulu enye kwenye ukumisela indlela yokutyala imali encinci. Incwadi yakhe yokuqala ethi, “The Sceptical Environmentalist,” yambeka kuluhlu lwemagazini ye-Time yabantu abali-100 abanempembelelo ngo-2004 kwaye yamenza inkwenkwezi phakathi kwezopolitiko kunye neebhodi zokuhlela. Kwincwadi yakhe emfutshane entsha, "Cool It: The Sceptical Environmentalist's Guide to Global Warming," uMnu. Lomborg uphinde aphendule ingxoxo yakhe yangaphambili ngokugxininisa ngakumbi. Uzama ukugqobhoza uninzi lwento athi yintsomi yokusingqongileyo, njengokutshabalala okusemnyango kweebhere ezimhlophe.
[viii]
Kunikwe indlela kaRevkin, nokuba i-scholarship ye-Lomborg yayinabo nakuphi na ukuqinisekiswa kobunyani akuhoywa okanye akunamsebenzi; eyona nto ixhalabisayo kukuba inokubekwa njani kwinqwelo-moya yomgaqo-nkqubo wokuhlela ekhupha imvumelwano ekhanyiselweyo yezenzululwazi kumda wezopolitiko ongasekhohlo “kwi-centrism” kaLomborg. I-Da Vinci Code symbology apha yalowo wayesakuba yi-Greenpeace-environmentalist wajika waba ngumntu othandabuzayo ngoko ke iphakamisa inzame yovavanyo lwenzululwazi yeminyaka engamashumi amabini ye-IPCC kunye namashumi eminyaka omsebenzi yimibutho ethembekileyo yokusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yovavanyo olufana nokaRevkin (nangona uRevkin ingenguye yedwa umntu okhohlakeleyo kolu balo), ubuqhophololo “bobume bemekobume obuthandabuzayo” bubekwe kakuhle “kwiziko” “kwingxoxo-mpikiswano” yemozulu phakathi kwezazinzulu “zephiko lasekhohlo” kunye neengcali zokusingqongileyo. kunye nabakhanyeli bemozulu abalungileyo.
NjengoKristol, othe wenza iphulo eliphakamileyo lokubulala iintsholongwane kwincwadi, amanqaku, kunye nokuvela kweendaba egameni lohlaselo lwase-US e-Iraq, uLomborg unikwe ufikelelo ngesisa kwiindawo ezisasaza iindaba eziphambili ukuphinda iinkcazo malunga nokufudumala kwehlabathi kwiincwadi zakhe. Iingqikelelo zinokuchazwa njengezichanekileyo, zichane kancinci kodwa zilahlekisa, azichanekanga kwaphela, zilahlekisa ngokupheleleyo, okanye ziyilwe, amabango abaluleke kakhulu ibe ngawona afanele ukulahlekisa okanye ukuyilwa.
Ukulungisa i-scholarship ye-Lomborg kunye nempumelelo yakhe njengoko iququzelelwe yimibutho yeendaba, izavenge ezine ezilandelayo zolu chungechunge ziya kugxila kumsebenzi wakhe njengoko ugutyungelwe Wall Street Journal iphepha lomhleli, njengoko lipapashwe kwiphephandaba laseBrithani, i Guardian, apho uLomborg yi-quasi-columnist, kwi ENew York Timeskwaye kwimpendulo yakhe kwincwadi yam, Inkohliso yaseLomburg: Ukumisela iRekhodi eNgqongileyo malunga nokufudumala kwehlabathi (Yale University Press, Matshi 16, 2010), ukuba uLomborg wathumela kwiWebhsayithi yakhe ngoFebruwari 23.
UHoward Friel ngumbhali we Inkohliso yaseLomburg: Ukumisela iRekhodi eNgqongileyo malunga nokufudumala kwehlabathi (YUP), kunye ne-coauthor kunye noRichard Falk we Ingxelo yePhepha: Indlela iNew York Times ewuchaza ngayo ngendlela engeyiyo uMgaqo-nkqubo wase-US waNgaphandle (Verso, 2004), kunye (kunye noFalk) we I-Israel-Palestine kwiRekhodi: Indlela iNew York Times eyichaza ngayo ingxabano kuMbindi Mpuma (Verso, 2007).
[i] Jonga uHoward Friel noRichard Falk,
Ingxelo yePhepha: Indlela iNew York Times ewuchaza ngayo ngendlela engeyiyo uMgaqo-nkqubo wase-US waNgaphandle (ENew York: Verso, 2004).
[ii] Bona “iNgxelo yePhaneli yokuQala Eyisekiweyo Ngokungqinelana neNqaku likaMongameli weBhunga lezoKhuseleko ngowama-30 kuJanuwari 19999 (S/1999/100), Ngokuphathelele ukuthotywa kwezixhobo kunye neMiba yangoku neyexesha elizayo yokuBeka esweni nokuQinisekisa,” S/1999/356, 27 Matshi 1999.
[v] Ngoluhlu olupheleleyo kunye neenkcazo ezipheleleyo, bona iphepha leWebhu likaLomborg ku
http://lomborg.com/.
[vi] I-Gay Talese,
UBukumkani namandla (Cleveland: The New American Library, 1969), 7.
[vii] UHlelo, "Ukufudumala ukuya kwiGlobal Warming,"
ENew York TimesNge-6 kaNovemba ka-1993.
[viii] "Imiceli mngeni kokubini eKhohlo nasekunene kwiGlobal Warming,"
ENew York TimesNge-13 kaNovemba ka-2007.
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