Iekuvulweni kwencwadi yakhe, URaza Sí, uMgra No, UJimmy Patiño ubalisa ngentlanganiso eSan Diego ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970 phakathi kukaHerman Baca, inkokeli yasekuhlaleni yeChicano, kunye noBert Corona, itshantliziyo lezabasebenzi laseMexico laseMelika ixesha elide elizinze eLos Angeles owayesebenza njengomnye wabacebisi bezopolitiko beBaca. "Kufuneka singene kulo mba wokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe," utshilo uCorona kuBaca, emxelela ukuba "lo mbandela uza kuba nathi kude kube ngunyaka ka-2000." Yayiyingcebiso eyayibonakala ingenangqondo kuBaca kumxholo wentshukumo enkulu yeChicano ngelo xesha. Njengoko uPatiño echaza, "I-activism yaseChicano yayingakhathali ekuqaleni ngabafuduki baseMexico, ukufuduka kunye nemiba yobume bomthetho. Njengoko imbambano yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe yathi yavela ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1960 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1970, abaninzi abaphembeleli bemibutho basabela ngokungafihlisiyo, ngokungabafuni, kwanentiyo ngakubaphambukeli.”
Kwisithuba seminyaka embalwa, ukungaboni ngasonye, ukuchasa, kunye nobutshaba malunga nokudibanisa intshukumo yeChicano nokufudukela kwamanye amazwe kwanyamalala kakhulu, kwaye amalungelo abaphambukeli aba yinkxalabo ephambili yentshukumo yeChicano. Ngokwenene, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970, uBaca kunye nombutho awayeza kuwufumana aze awukhokele kamva, iKomiti yamaLungelo eChicano, yayifuna ukuba kupheliswe i-US Border Patrol kunye ne-arhente eyayingumzali ngelo xesha, i-Immigration and Naturalization Service. Igxininise kuphuhliso lweSan Diego nakwindawo eyingqongileyo, iPatiño iphonononga izinto ezininzi ezikhokelele kutshintsho, iphucula ukuqonda kwethu iMexico-U.S. imida kunye nemizabalazo enxulumene nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe kunye nolawulo lwemida kwinkqubo. Kwangaxeshanye, umbhali ubonelela ngokutya okubalulekileyo kokucinga kule mihla ngokucela umngeni kumfundi ukuba acinge ukuba ukuhla kokupheliswa kokupheliswa kuthetha ntoni na namhlanje, kunye nendima enokwenziwa ngokutsha kwezopolitiko ezibukhali ekujonganeni nobundlobongela beziko lokufudukela e-U.S. kunye nolawulo lwemida.
Iqela labasebenzi, umanyano olunqamlezileyo olwathi intshukumo yeSan Diego's Chicano yaza lwamkela lukhule luphuma kumhlaba ochumileyo. Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1920, iUnited States yavelisa “inkqubo yokufuduka esekelwe ekugxothweni” eyayidla ngokujolisa abantu baseMexico nabaseMexico-baseMelika kuMzantsi-ntshona weU.S. Abantu baseMexico-baseMerika kumazantsi eKhalifoniya basabela ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana neLeague of United Latin America Citizens yagxininisa ubumi baseU.S. bamalungu ayo ukukhusela amalungelo abo. Okuchasene, El Congreso de Pueblos de Habla Española (iCongress of Spanish-speake Peoples) ilandele ipolitiki yomanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe, umanyano lwabasebenzi. Yasekwa eLos Angeles ngo-1939, CongressEzopolitiko zibandakanya "ukuzibandakanya okucacileyo nezopolitiko zaseMexico, iinkcazo zezazisi zaseMexico e-United States, kunye nokwamkelwa kwabantu abangahlaliyo njengamalungu oluntu kunye namava enkcubeko kunye namava eklasi." Umanyano lombutho aluzange luphelele kubantu bomnombo waseMexico. Ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, umzekelo, uLuisa Moreno, omnye wabaseki be-El Congreso, kunye nabanye abaninzi ngaphakathi kumbutho bathetha esidlangalaleni ngokuchasene nokuvalwa kwabantu baseJapan baseMelika.
IMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye neMfazwe Yomlomo yabona ukunyuka kwezopolitiko zeRed Scare. Ngaloo nto kwafika uhlaselo oluchasene "nabavukeli" kunye nokugxothwa eMexico kwabaququzeleli abaninzi abaphambili kunye nabaphembeleli, okwakhokelela ekubhubhisweni kuka-El Congreso. Nangona kunjalo, eminye imibutho yavela emva kwayo kwimida yaseSan Diego-Tijuana kwaye yathatha ibhena yabasebenzi. Ezi ziquka uHermandad Mexicana Nacional kwaye, emva kwexeshana, isahluko sendawo se-MAPA (uMbutho wezoPolitiko waseMexico waseMelika), umbutho oqulunqwe ngamalungu amaninzi aqeqeshiweyo naphakathi. Ngelixa iipolitiki zemibutho zahlukile-ukusuka kwinkululeko ukuya kwi-radical-maxa wambi basebenza ngokubambisana, benceda ukugcina uluntu lwaseMexico olunezopolitiko ngamaxesha e-1950 kunye ne-1960.
Ngokunyuka kwentshukumo yeChicano ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960, ezi zandulelayo zaziza kungqineka zibalulekile ekulawuleni “ipolitiki yezizwe ngezizwe, yokucalucalulana kwabemi bobuzwe ngexesha lokuphinda kubuzwe ubuzwe bobuhlanga.” Ngokwemida yaseSan Diego-Tijuana, ukusekwa kwi-1968 ye-CASA (i-El Centro de Acción Social y Autónomo), ekuqaleni njengesahluko seHermandad, yayingundoqo. Yasekwa eLos Angeles nguBert Corona, uChole Alatorre, kunye nabaphembeleli be-MAPA, i-CASA igxile ekukhuseleni amalungelo avela kwamanye amazwe kunye nomdla wabasebenzi abasuka kwamanye amazwe, ngokukodwa, banikwe isiseko sejografi, abo baseMexico.
Okunye okusembindini kukwanda okubalulekileyo kokufudukela emantla okuwela imida ukusuka eMexico ukuya eUnited States. Njengoko uPatiño enika ingxelo, abemi baseMexico abasuka kwamanye amazwe eUnited States banda besuka kuma-454,000 ngowe-1950 ukuya kutsho malunga nezigidi ezi-2.2 ngowe-1980. nokungalingani okunxulumene nokukhula okukhulu koqoqosho lwaseMexico kwiminyaka yee-1964 neyee-1960—ebizwa ngokuba nguMmangaliso waseMexico—konke kwanceda ekuqhubeni abantu, kuquka amanani akhulayo amabhinqa, ukuya emantla.
Oku kwenzeka ngexesha, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1970, ukukhula kwamagosa kunye, ngokunxulumene nokuxhalaba koluntu eUnited States malunga nokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe “okungekho mthethweni” kunye “nokungabikho kolawulo” kumda weU.S.-Mexico. Idityaniswe nokukhula okuthe chu kumapolisa aseMexico-U.S. imida kwiminyaka yoo-1970 kunye neyee-1980, oku kwakuthetha ukuba ungquzulwano phakathi “kwabangekho mthethweni” nabasemagunyeni nalo lwanda. Kukwanjalo ke nokuxhatshazwa ngabasemagunyeni.
Yayingengobantu ababengengobemi bodwa ababefumana uncedo olunjalo. Ngenxa yobuhlanga obukhoyo kwimida yemida-ingakumbi kwiSan Diego enkulu, eyayikhethekile ngelo xesha ngokuba "yidolophu esemdeni" eyayininzi yabamhlophe-iChicanos yayihlala iphathwa ngenkohlakalo eqhutywa lubuhlanga ezandleni zamapolisa asekuhlaleni. UBaca, itshantliziyo laseChicano kwintshayelelo kaPatiño, wachaza idolophu yakowabo, isiXeko seSizwe, esikufuphi neSan Diego, “njengesimemo,” “esilinganisa… Uqhube wathi: “Bendisoloko ndibaxelela abantu ukuba isiXeko sikaZwelonke asinalo isebe lamapolisa. … Inomkhosi ohleliyo.”
Umsindo wokuxhatshazwa kunye noxinzelelo oluvela kumaxhoba-ingakumbi abafuduki abangagunyaziswanga-kuncede ukukhula kunye nokwandisa intshukumo yeChicano ngaphakathi nakwiSan Diego. "Ngenxa yesidingo sokusinda," ubhala uPatiño, "abafuduki baseMexico, ngakumbi abo bangabhalwanga phantsi, batyhalela iChicano / amatsha ntliziyo ukuba enze umbono obalulekileyo wezopolitiko kulawulo lokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe." Yayiyimbono eyaziswa bubundlobongela obuqhelekileyo be-US-Mexico yohlulahlula kulwahlulo lweentsapho, kunye nemingcipheko eyenzele abo bahlala kunye nabasebenza kwimida yemida. Ikwangumbono ongabelananga ngabaninzi kuluntu lwaseMexico-Amerika naseMexico. Oku kukhokelele ekungavisisani kunye nokwahlukana kunye nezopolitiko ezihlangene neDemocratic Party, kunye noCésar Chávez kunye nabasebenzi baseFama baseUnited, ngubani ophumeleleyo ukuchasa abaphambukeli, iipolitiki ezithintelayo iminyaka emininzi. Ecaphula umbhali-mbali UNeil Foley, iPatiño ibonisa ukuba loo mahluko ubonakaliswe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, “isivumelwano sikaFaustian nobumhlophe” samaMerika aseMexico.
Kwi-Corona, i-Baca, kunye namahlakani abo, ulawulo lobuhlanga kunye nokungabikho kokusesikweni okukhoyo kwimida yemida kwakubotshelelwe ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nokusebenza kobukapitali. Ukuzoba kumsebenzi we Cedric Robinson, I-Patiño isebenzisa ingcamango ye ubukhapitali bobuhlanga ukucacisa indlela abacinga ngayo. Ngokwale mbono, ukunyuka kongxowankulu akubotshelelwanga ngokungenakuhluzwa kuphela kwimveliso yokwahluka komgangatho, kodwa nakwintlalontle (ehlala yandulela ubungxowankulu kwaye ayinakuncitshiswa kuyo). Le yantlukwano ngokwentlalo, njengobumi, isini, nobuhlanga, iququzelela ubudlelwane bolawulo nokuthotyelwa kunye namanqanaba awahlukeneyo okuxhatshazwa, ukuvelisa oko uPatiño akubiza ngokuba “luluhlu olunamanqanaba ngamaqela.” Yiyo loo nto, ukwenziwa ngokungekho mthethweni kwabanye abantu kwandisa ukuba sesichengeni kwezentlalo noqoqosho, ukuxhaphazeka, kunye nokulahlwa.
Ingcinga enjalo yakhokelela abaninzi kulo mbutho ukuba bathathe isigqibo sokubhangisa. Oku kwakhula ngokuyinxenye kwipragmatism, njengendlela yokunciphisa "ukungalingani" kwezentlalo kunye nejografi okuveliswa kunye nokuxhatshazwa kobunkunzi. Njengoko uCorona wacacisa, “Eyona ndlela yokunqanda ukuxhaphazwa kwabasebenzi kweli cala lomda kukubanika onke amalungelo esinawo thina sizalelwe apha. Ilungelo ... lokungagxothwa, ilungelo lokumanyanisa uqoqosho, ilungelo lokuququzelela iimanyano.” Ungenelelo lwaphesheya-nokuba bubukrelekrele baseWashington okanye izixhobo zasemkhosini okanye ngokwemidla yenkampani yase-US-kwaye kwathethelela isikhundla sokubhangisa. Ngaloo ndlela, “uBaca waqiqa ngelokuba urhulumente waseUnited States wayebophelelekile ukuba avumele abantu abakumgangatho wabasebenzi baseLatin America nabanye ukuba bafudukele eUnited States ngenxa yokuba ‘baye bavumela iChase Manhattan ukuba ibe yintlekisa kwihlabathi lesithathu.’ Oku kwathethelela isicombululo sokunikwa uxolelo olukhawulezileyo kubantu abaninzi. nabani na ongengommi 'umntu okanye oxhomekeke kuye ... nokuba ungene ngomzuzwana omnye'. Ukuma okunjalo kubonise ukwanda kwezopolitiko zentshukumo yeChicano-okanye ubuncinci izakhi zayo-ukuze idibanise iinkxalabo zabantu baseLatin America ngokubanzi kunye nabo bonke abafudukayo ababalekela ukuhlaselwa kwenkunzi kunye nobukhosi kumazwe abo.
UBaca kunye noCorona ekugqibeleni baye baxabana. Ngexesha lokuphunyezwa koMthetho woHlaziyo lokuNgenelela kunye noLawulo luka-1986 (I-IRCA), uCorona wamkela imali evela kurhulumente wase-US yokubamba iiklasi kwaye aqhube ukufikelela ukunceda abantu abangabhalwanga ukuba babhalise ngokusemthethweni imeko yabo. KuBaca, ukusebenza kunye nelona ziko lijongene nengcinezelo yabantu babo-oko wayekubiza ngokuthi "iGestapo yabantu baseMexico" - "ayizange yenze ingqiqo yezopolitiko," kodwa yakhonza kuphela ukuba ibe semthethweni inkqubo yokukhutshwa kunye nokulawula.
UPatiño, unjingalwazi onxulumene neChicano kunye neLatino Studies kwiYunivesithi yaseMinnesota, akathathi nqanaba lokungavumelani phakathi kweBaca kunye neCorona. Nangona kunjalo, ubonakalisa uvelwano ngento eyenziwe nguCorona. Ngapha koko, ucebisa ukuba uCorona kunye nombutho wakhe basebenzise imali ngendlela enemveliso ethetha neemfuno zengingqi yabo. Nangona kunjalo, ukwagxininisa ukuba into ebaluleke kakhulu ilahlekile ngokuhla kwemibutho efana neKomiti yamaLungelo eChicano ngokugxininisa ukuzimisela koluntu (kwaye ngoko ukwala kwayo ukwamkela imali evela kurhulumente okanye iziseko ezinikwe kakuhle. ). Ugxininiso ekusebenzeni inkqubo yokuxolelwa enxulumene ne-IRCA, u-Patiño uphikisana, waba nefuthe lokubambisana elaphambukisa amandla kwipolitiki yenguqu-ngomzekelo, ukugxila "ekuncothuleni ulawulo lokugxothwa." Ilifa le cooption kukuqeqeshelwa kunye nokucwangciswa kwabaninzi kwindawo yamalungelo angaphandle kunye nemida.
Ngokukodwa namhlanje, ipolitiki ye "Raza Si, Migra Hayi" (abantu bethu ewe, i-Border Patrol no) ibonakala ifana nefantasy-inikwe ukuba ingakanani ingcamango kunye namandla ezinto eziphathekayo zomda kunye nolawulo lobupolisa abasuka kwamanye amazwe lukhule. Ukwenza umzekelo omnye: ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1970, kwakukho malunga nama-2,000 amagosa aPatrol Border aseU.S. Namhlanje, aliphinda ngaphezu kweshumi elo nani. Asiyonto nje yazenzekela ukuba ukukhula okunjalo kudityaniswe nokuhla okuphawulekayo kwezopolitiko zokubhangisa-iifowuni (ezineentsingiselo ezahlukeneyo) "ukubhangisa i-ICE" nangona kunjalo-ukurhoxa kwizigxeko zokwenyani zomphambukeli kunye nezixhobo zamapolisa asemdeni, kwaye, endaweni yoko, kugxininiso "kuhlaziyo." Kodwa oku kuncipha akuyompembelelo kuphela; ikwangumba onegalelo ekwehleni kokubhangisa. Icaphula inzululwazi yezopolitiko Alfonso Gonzales, uPatiño ubhala athi, “Abahlaziyi benkqubo yokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe…bavaleleke ngaphakathi umdlalo wokulalanisa okungapheliyo,” nto leyo ebakhokelela ekubeni bamkele ngokufanelekileyo ingqiqo kunye nezenzo zobungxowankulu behlabathi kunye nelizwe lokhuseleko lwelizwe lase-U.S., kunokuba bacele umngeni kubo ngqo.
UJimmy Patiño akenzi lula okanye azukise intshukumo yeChicano kumazantsi eCalifornia. Ngokwenene, ugcina iliso elibukhali elomeleleyo kulo lonke, ephonononga imizabalazo yayo yangaphakathi kunye nokuchasana, kwaye eyithatha emsebenzini ngamanye amaxesha, phakathi kwezinye iingxaki, izenzo zayo zedemokhrasi ezingonelanga, kunye ne-patriarchy egcwele intshukumo. Oko kwathiwa, akukho mbuzo omncinci wokuncoma kwakhe kwisigxina sezopolitiko esinamandla, esinemigaqo esithathwe nguBaca kunye namahlakani akhe, kunye nobunzulu benkolelo kaPatiño yokuba uhlalutyo olufanayo kunye nombono lufuneka kakhulu namhlanje.
Njengoko ubundlobongela olwenziwa egameni lokhuseleko lwelizwe lasekhaya kwiindawo zabaphambukeli kunye nemida ehlala ikhula iqhubeka ikhula, sisikhundla esinzima kakhulu ukungavumelani.
UJoseph Nevins ufundisa ijografi kwiKholeji yaseVassar. Phakathi kweencwadi zakhe kukho Ukufela Ukuphila: Ibali lokuFudukela e-US ngeXesha loCalucalulo lweHlabathi (IiNcwadi zezibane zeSixeko, i-2008), kunye UkuSebenza koMgcini-sango kunye naNgaphaya: Imfazwe “kwizinto ezingekho semthethweni” kunye nokwenziwa kwakhona koMda wase-US-Mexico (Indlela, i-2010).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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