ECO-APOCALYPSE NGOKU
“Akukho Ngayiphi Indlela Ihlabathi Lifanele Lizithathele Ngayo Ezi Mingcipheko”
Ngaphantsi nangaphaya kokuhamba kweziganeko zangoku, kubandakanywa ukunyuka kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwe-Occupy Wall Street (OWS) Movement kunye nesoyikiso esiqhubekayo sokudodobala kwe-double-dip ebangelwa yintlekele ye-Euro, isoyikiso sokuqala kwikamva elihloniphekileyo nelinqwenelekayo liba. qatha ngakumbi. Ngayo nayiphi na i-akhawunti efanelekileyo, loo ngozi kukuwohloka kwendalo kwiinkalo ezininzi[1] kwaye kakhulu utshintsho lwemozulu oluyintlekele olubangelwa zizityebi eziBambalwa inkqubo yengeniso yepetroleum-addicted. Uphononongo olukhutshwe yiMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) izazinzulu ngentwasahlobo ka-2009 lwaqhubela phambili olona modeli lubanzi lwakha lwakhiwa kutshintsho lwemozulu yehlabathi. Le ngxelo yabonisa ukuba “ngaphandle kwenyathelo elikhawulezileyo nelinamandla, le ngxaki [kungekudala] iya kuba nkulu ngokuphindwe kabini kunaleyo yayiqikelelwa kwiminyaka emithandathu eyadlulayo.” Isazinzulu somhlaba esidumileyo esikhokela ingxelo ye-MIT sathi "akukho ndlela ihlabathi linokuthi lithathe ngayo okanye lithathe le mingcipheko" yokuqhubeka nokutyhala imvulophu yesakhono seatmosfera ukuze sifunxe ngokukhuselekileyo iigesi ze-greenhouse kwaye saxoxa ukuba "elona xabiso lincinci lokukhetha ukuthoba umoya. Umngcipheko kukuqala ngoku kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe uguqule inkqubo yamandla ehlabathi kumashumi eminyaka ezayo ukuya kwitekhnoloji ephantsi okanye engunothi yokukhupha igesi eluhlaza. ”[2] Sithetha nje eDurban, eMzantsi Afrika, njengaseCopenhagen, eDenmark kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo (bona icandelo lesi sincoko esinesihloko esithi “'UKUBHEPHA KA-OBAMA' ngezantsi), i-Conservative, i-Wall Street-friendly yolawulo luka-Barack Obama.[3] usebenza emva kwemiboniso ukuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu luyaqhubeka kwindlela eyingozi eyalunyukiswa ngayo zizazinzulu ezikhokelayo zehlabathi kwiyunivesithi yesayensi ye-Empire.[4]
“Ayiseyiyo Isisongelo Sekamva”
Noninzi lwezona nzululwazi zemozulu zingenathemba ziye zanempazamo xa zaziqala ukukhala ii-alam malunga ne-anthropogenic (eveliswa ngumntu) ukufudumala kwehlabathi ekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980s nasekuqaleni koo-1990. Ezi ngcaphephe zabonakala zicinga ukuba “incopho” apho ubomi bomntu babusengozini enkulu yayiziinxalenye zekharbon diokside ezingama-550 kwisigidi esisesibhakabhakeni (ngokuphinda kabini umlinganiselo wembali weenxalenye ezingama-275 kwisigidi ngasinye.) Eyona ndawo ichanekileyo yokulinganisa inqaku, esandula ukufunyanwa, isondele kuma-350, ibhenchmark esiyidlulisileyo. Ngoku sikwiindawo ezingama-390 kwisigidi ngasinye kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba siza kubetha ama-650 ngaphambi kokuwa kokugqibela ngaphandle kotshintsho olusisiseko kwiipatheni zethu zokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Kwangoku, kwi-390 siye sabangela inani elibi kunye nesetyhula enobungozi "imiphumo yeempendulo" eyenza ingxaki yokufudumala. Njengombhali okhokelayo wokusingqongileyo kunye nomlweli welizwe uBill McKibben wabhala kwincwadi yakhe eyolisayo nebalulekileyo ka-2010. Umhlaba: Ukwenza Ubomi Kwiplanethi Entsha Enzima, ukunyibilika komkhenkce weArctic “kuthabathel’ indawo isipili esimhlophe ngokubengezela” esibonisa imitha yelanga ibuyela emajukujukwini “ngolwandlekazi olububhulowu olubuthuntu olutsala inkoliso yaloo mitha.” Imikhenkce engaphakathi kunye neepakethe zekhephu kwii-Himalayas, Andes, Sierras, naseRockies ziyahlehla, zisongela amanzi asekhaya nawehlabathi kunye nokutya. “Zinyibilika ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, yaye kumashumi eminyaka amanzi afumaneka kwiibhiliyoni zabantu abahlala emazantsi omlambo anokuncipha”[5]
Ukunyibilika kwe-artic tundra kunye ne-clathrates yolwandle enomkhenkce kukhupha izixa ezikhulu zemethane, eyona nto ibamba ubushushu kunye negesi elumkisa imozulu. Ukunyibilika kobulembu obungasentla be-peat bukhupha ubuninzi bekhabhoni. Izazinzulu ziye zanikela ingxelo yokuba imigxobhozo esemantla namachibi ahlala engakhenkcezi ngexesha lasebusika ngenxa yokuba i<em>methane igrumba isuka ezantsi. Ngaphaya kwesixa esikhulu sekhabhoni esithe sayikhupha kumhlaba omdala saza sayimpompa kulowo omtsha (oko uMcKibben awubiza ngokuba “nguMhlaba”) ngemibhobho yethu yomsila kunye neetshimini, ngoku siqalisa “iibhombu zekhabhoni” zangaphakathi. Siyibangele kodwa "asiyikhuphi ngokuthe ngqo loo methane" kwaye "asinakuyivala." Ukwenza izinto zibe mbi ngakumbi, ukuthamba okubangelwa bubushushu kwe-permafrost kunye nokoma kobulongwe buvula umhlaba omtsha osemantla ekugrunjweni kweoli. Kwaye njengoko izisele zokugqibela zepetroleum efikeleleka lula ziphela kwixesha elitsha "leoli ephezulu," utshilo uMcKibben, siya kuthembela ngakumbi "ekusetyenzisweni kwethu kweyona mafutha elityebileyo, amalahle amadala amadala. Kwaye isiphumo esithile sokusebenzisa amalahle amaninzi siya kuba…kukwanda kokufudumala kwehlabathi, kuba ingawona mafutha amdaka amdaka, avelisa ikharbon diokside yeoli ngokuphindwe kabini.”[6]
Ngeli xesha imarike ekhulayo yemveliso ye-bio-fuel engasebenzi kakuhle idibanisa nokufudumala ukuqhuba ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwihlabathi, okwandisa ukufudumeza kwemozulu kwaye kubangele ukhukuliseko, udaka, kunye nezikhukhula. Ukufudumeza kwemozulu kuvumela ooqongqothwane abathile abaziwayo ukuba batshabalalise imithi ethile ukuba “ebusika” baze bachume, nto leyo eyingozi kumahlathi, athi abe sesichengeni somlilo, wona wona akhuphe ikharbhon emoyeni. Ukuhlehla kwehlathi lemvula lase-Amazonian - enkulu “Imiphunga yesijikelezi-langa” (okwangoku “ukusomisa kwimida yayo kwaye sisongelwa kumbindi wayo”) sivalela iLatin America kunye nebhanti lombona lase-US imvula eqhelekileyo efuneka ngamandla kwaye isusa enye yeesinki zekhabhoni ezikhupha ioksijini (amahlathi afunxa kwikhabhoni kwaye khupha umoya we-oxygen). “Umntla Merika omkhulu uyafa kwisithuba seminyaka.” [7] Ukubola kwehlathi ngokwalo ngumthombo omkhulu wokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni.
Ukusuka kwiPeriphery ukuya kwiCore
Uluhlu kunye nokunxibelelana kwe "negative feedback looops" eyingozi iyaqhubeka kwaye iqhubeke. Yaye iyaqhubeka ngoku: “ukufudumala kwehlabathi,” uphawula oko uMcKibbben, “ayisesiso isisongelo sentanda-bulumko, ayisosisongelo sexesha elizayo, ayisosisongelo konke konke. Yinyani yethu” ngeendlela “esele ziwonakalisa amawaka obomi mihla le”[8] kwiindawo ezihlwempuzekileyo zehlabathi apho iingxaki zokutya ezinxulumene nemozulu kunye nokudilika kwendalo zicinezela kakhulu kwaye abantu banokhuseleko olumbalwa. Ingcali yenzululwazi yeSebe laseMelika iprojekthi yendlala enxulumene nokutshintsha kwemozulu eyingozi ngokwaneleyo ukuba ichaphazele ibhiliyoni yabantu kumashumi eminyaka ezayo. Ukufudumala kwehlabathi kudale ukuvela kwakhona komkhuhlane wedengue obulalayo kuMzantsi-ntshona we-Asia kunye ne-Latin America-sisiphumo senyani yokuba ingcongconi ethwala intsholongwane ye-dengue yondla kakhulu kwaye iqandusele intsholongwane ngokukhawuleza kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ezona ziphumo zimbi ziviwa ziintlungu ezikhethekileyo kwihlabathi “elisakhasayo,” apho inkitha yabantu ingabona bantu basesichengeni sokwanda kwezifo, ukunqongophala kokutya, izikhukula, imozulu embi, nezinye iintlekele zendalo. Izidubedube zokutya zaqhambuka kumazwe angamashumi amathathu anesixhenxe ahluphekayo ngo-2008 ukuphendula ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso okutya okulandela ukuqhambuka kwemarike ye-biofuels (eqhutywa kukunyuka kwamaxabiso e-oyile) ngaloo nyaka.[9]
Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokudinwa okunxulumene nemithombo ye-fossil yehlabathi sele kuvakala kakhulu kwihlabathi elityebileyo. Baba negalelo kwiNkanyamba uKatrina (2005) kunye nobushushu bobushushu buka-2003 obabulala amakhulukhulu eYurophu kwaye banyanzela utyalo-mali lweziseko ezingundoqo oluxabisa kakhulu (umz. ukuphuculwa kwedike enkulu kunye nolunye uphuculo eNetherlands naseVenice) kunye nezinye iindleko kumazwe atyebileyo. Ibrush enxulumene nemozulu kunye nemililo yamahlathi iye yashiya amawakawaka abaninimzi kunye nabahlali bezindlu kwaye babulala amakhulukhulu kwihlabathi elityebileyo. IsiXeko saseNew York sichitha izigidi silindele ukunyuka kwamanqanaba olwandle. Ngokutsho kohlolisiso olwenziwa yiHarvard’s Center for Health and Global Environment nguSwiss Re (inkampani yeinshorensi enkulu ehlabathini) kwiminyaka esixhenxe eyadlulayo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu okuza kwenzeka kungekudala kuya kubangela ukwanda kwezaqhwithi nezinye iziphazamiso eziya “koyisa indlela yokuguquguquka. amandla ezizwe eziphuhlileyo; iindawo ezinkulu kunye namacandelo [aziyi] kukhuseleka; utyalo-mali olukhulu [luya] konakala; kunye neemarike [ziya] konakala…. iindawo zehlabathi ezihambele phambili [ziya kuba] namava eemeko ezikhulayo zelizwe kangangexesha elide ngenxa yeentlekele zemvelo nokwanda kokuba sesichengeni ngenxa yamaxesha afinyeziweyo okubuya kweziganeko eziqatha.” The ukuxhaphazwa ngokugqithisileyo kwemithombo ye-oyile kwanceda ukudodobala kwezimali zika-2008 ngokunyusa amaxabiso egesi ukuya kwinqanaba elanceda ukujongela phantsi ixabiso lezindlu zasezidolophini ngokunyusa iindleko zokuhamba zokuhamba zokuhlala kwezo zindlu zokuhlala.[10]
Imozulu ephambeneyo, iRekhodi yokuNyibilika kunye nokuKhutshwa
Ukususela ekubeni incwadi kaMcKibben yaphuma entwasahlobo ka-2010, iimpawu zentlekele yemozulu eqhubekayo ziye zanda. Iintlekele zemozulu ezazifudula zingaqhelekanga ziye zanda kwihlabathi jikelele, ukusuka izikhukula eziyintlekele eAsia , Ostreliya, kunye ne-Afrika ukuya kwiinkanyamba ezinamandla kwiPasifiki kunye nochungechunge oluphawulekayo lweziqhwala, izikhukhula, amaza obushushu, imbalela, imililo yasendle, iinkanyamba ezinamandla kunye nezinye izaqhwithi zomoya (kubandakanywa nesivunguvungu esimangalisayo somoya e-US West - isiganeko esibeka abatshutshisi kwiLake Taho kwiveki ephelileyo) eUnited States ababulale abantu abaninzi kwaye baxabisa iibhiliyoni zeerandi. Kwiiveki ezimbini ezidlulileyo, iPhaneli yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ephumelele iBhaso likaNobel kwi-Intergovernmental Change (IPCC) yakhupha ingxelo enxulumanisa ukufudumala kweplanethi-anthropogenic kunye nemozulu embi. iziganeko ezifana nembalela, izandyondyo zemvula, iinkanyamba, namaza obushushu nokunyuka ngokuyingozi amaqondo olwandle. Ngoku ka UMichael Oppenheimer, isazi ngemozulu kwiYunivesithi yasePrinceton kunye nombhali oyintloko wale ngxelo intsha, “Umoya oshushu, ofumileyo ngumoya obangela iintlekele. Njengoko umhlaba usiya usiba shushu, umngcipheko uya usiba phezulu. ” The I-World Meteorological Organization kwaloo veki inye ikhuphe ingxelo ebonisa ukuba u-2011 ibe ngunyaka weshumi wobushushu kwirekhodi, ukuba umkhenkce wolwandle lwe-Arctic uphantsi kakhulu kulo nyaka, kwaye i-13 yeyona minyaka ishushu kwirekhodi yenzeke. kwiminyaka eli-15 edlulileyo. Uphononongo olupapashwe ngenye imini ngaphambi kokuba i-Thanksgiving ichaze ukuba ilahleko yangoku engazange ibonwe ngumkhenkce wolwandle IArctic luphawu lotshintsho lwemozulu oluphenjelelwa ngumntu. Iindlela ezisuka kumashumi amathathu eminyaka adlulileyo zibonisa ukuba kungekudala kunokubakho “iArctic engenamkhenkce” ehlotyeni, ingxelo yophononongo.[11]
Eyona nto inkulu ye-Artic yokunyibilika komkhenkce eyenzeka kulo nyaka, ekhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwe-1.67 yeekhilomitha zesikwele seplanethi yomkhenkce. Bloomberg/IVeki yoShishino, ephethwe yi-One Percent kwaye inegama le-.001 ekhulwini le-mega billionaire kunye ne-Wall Street titan Michael Bloomberg - i-12th Esona sityebi saseMelika esayalela ukuba kugxothwe kurhulumente wamapolisa akumgangatho ophezulu we-OWS kwindima yakhe njengoSodolophu waseNew York - ngokuzolileyo uxela iindaba ezivela kwijenali yesayensi. indalo:
“Umkhenkce wolwandle lweArctic uchaphazela imozulu yehlabathi, ekubeni ama-80 ekhulwini okukhanya kwelanga abuyela emajukujukwini. Xa umkhenkce unyibilika ehlotyeni, utyhila umphezulu wolwandle, ofunxa malunga nama-90 ekhulwini okukhanya, ufudumeza amanzi, ngokutsho kweNational Snow and Ice Data Centre. Oko kuchaphazela iipatheni zemozulu….'Uyandisa imitha efunxwa ziilwandlekazi, leyo yenye yezona ndlela zinamandla zokunika ingxelo ngemozulu,' utshilo uKinnard. 'Ngokuya uba ngumkhenkce wolwandle ulahlekelwa, kokukhona ufumana amandla amaninzi elwandle, nto leyo efudumeza umoya.[12]
Uphononongo olupapashwe kwimagazini kaDisemba 2011 yejenali ephononongwe ngabalingane Uhlobo lweTshintsho lwemozulu ifumanise ukuba ukukhutshwa kwekharbon diokside esehlabathini lonke ngokutshiswa kumafutha eefosili kunyuke ngesiqingatha kwiminyaka engama-20 edluleyo. Kulo nyaka uphelileyo, ukukhutshwa kwamafutha efosili kunyuke ngerekhodi le-5.9 ekhulwini, nto leyo ethe yanyuka iyonke ukusukela ngo-1990 (isiseko sokubala ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo phantsi kokuphelelwa kungekudala. Iprotocol yaseKyoto) ukuya kuma-49 ekhulwini. UGqr. Corrine Le Quéré, umalathisi weZiko likaTyndall loPhando ngoTshintsho lweMozulu kwi-University of East Anglia, kunye nombhali isifundo, waxelela Guardian ukuba amashumi amabini eminyaka edlulileyo abone inkqubela encinci kuphela kumzamo wokusika imingcipheko yokutshintsha kwemozulu: "Kuye kwakho imizamo yokusebenzisa amandla ahlaziyiweyo ngakumbi kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kodwa oko kubonisa ukuba kude kube ngoku, imiphumo ibe yincinci," [13]
"I-Marginal" inobubele kakhulu. Njengoko umbhali wendalo esingqongileyo uMark Lynas waphawula kwiminyaka emine eyadlulayo: “zonke iinzame zethu-zorhwebo lwekhabhoni, ukucima izibane, iProtocol yaseKyoto, njalo njalo-zibe nesiphumo esibonakalayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku: ngaphantsi ko-zero. "[14]
I-Physics kunye neKhemistry Musa ukuthobela: Ukubaleka iGenesis ngasemva
Wamkelekile kwisangqa sekhabhoni esikhohlakeleyo esinokuba sisifo sokufa koluntu. Sele isusa ngaphezulu kwezinye ezimbalwa njengoko “siqhuba iGenesis sibuya umva, sisusa ukudala.”[15] Isithathu kwisine seendawo ezinkulu zoonombombiya kwiAntarctic zinokunyamalala kungekudala ngenxa yokuwohloka kobomi baselwandle okubangelwa yimpembelelo eyintlekele yeArctic melt kwiphytoplankton- intliziyo yekhonkco lokutya kulo mmandla. Njengoko uMcKiben exoxa Umhlaba, ebhalwe ngo-2009 kwaye yakhululwa ngentwasahlobo ka-2010, konke oku kwenzekayo ngoku - kungekhona kwixesha elizayo elikude elihlala "ngabazukulwana bethu." Umhlaba wangaphambili sele ufile, unikezela kulowo ungcolisekileyo nogqwethiweyo (“Umhlaba”) odalwe yinkqubo yala maxesha yaseNtshona yokuxhaphaza ngokugqithisileyo isitokhwe sesijikelezi-langa samafutha efosili. Kwathabatha amazwe atyebileyo iinkulungwane nje ezimbini ukuguqula ngokuyingozi iplanethi eyasinika indawo efanelekileyo yemozulu “indawo eswiti” (enomlinganiselo wobushushu behlabathi obuphakathi kwama-58 nama-60 ngokukaFahrenheit kunye nekharbon diokside kwiinxalenye ezingama-275 kwisigidi ngasinye) uninzi lwe-10,000 iminyaka ebumba impucuko yabantu eyaziwayo. Iziphumo sele zijonge kuthi ebusweni. “le," UMcKibben wacinga, “yeyona nto inkulu kwezakha zenzeka. " [16]
Kukho indawo encinci kusuku ngalunye oludlulayo lokulibazisa isenzo sokunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni. Umba wemozulu kunye nengxaki yokusingqongileyo ngokubanzi yahlukile kwezinye iinkalo zomgaqo-nkqubo xa kufikwa kwisidingo sokuthatha amanyathelo kwikhwelo likaGqr Martin Luther King's Jr lokuba abantu baseMelika baqonde "ungxamiseko oluqatha ngoku." Sijonge kwi-Eco. -Apocalypse ngoku. Impendulo yethu kuloo mbono iye yangena kwindawo yokungaphumeleli, ngaphaya kwamabanga anonobumba. Asikwazi ukulinganisa ukuphuculwa komgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo ngokungathi siqhuba kwindawo evulekileyo, siqhubela phambili iiyadi ezimbalwa ngexesha. Sifikelele kumsantsa omkhulu wendalo: sinokwenza umtsi okanye sakhe ibhulorho ukuya kwikamva elizinzileyo okanye wonke umdlalo ucimile. Ngemiba efana nokhathalelo lwempilo, imali yephulo, amalungelo abasebenzi kunye nokunye, abaqhubela phambili banokukhetha ngokufanelekileyo ukuphumelela oko kuncinci abakwaziyo, ukwahlula umahluko baze baqokelele izixhobo zokuzuza kwikamva kwindlela eya kuhlaziyo olupheleleyo, besazi ukuba ukusilela ukuphumelela. uloyiso olukhulu ngokwenene nolophulayo okwangoku alwenzi inkqubela ingafikeleleki kwixesha elizayo. Izinto zahlukile ngokusingqongileyo kunye nemozulu kuba, njengoko uMcKibben ephawula, “Ukufudumala kwehlabathi… luthethathethwano phakathi kwabantu kwelinye icala kunye nefiziksi kunye nekhemistri kwelinye. Olu luthethathethwano olunzima, kuba ifiziksi kunye nekhemistri aziyekeleli. ”[17]
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