Nceda Uncedo ZNet
Umthombo: Iingxelo ezivela kwi-Economic Front
Sijongene nemingeni emininzi emikhulu. Kwaye siya kudinga imigaqo-nkqubo eyomeleleyo, ekhaliphileyo ukuze sizisombulule ngokufanelekileyo. Ukusombulula ingxaki yethu yokukhathalela abantwana yenye yaloo mingeni, kwaye uphononongo lweenzame zikarhulumente zeMfazwe Yehlabathi II zokuqinisekisa ukufikeleleka nokufikeleleka nokufikelelekayo ukhathalelo lwabantwana olukumgangatho ophezulu lukhomba indlela eya kuhlobo lwesenzo esikhaliphileyo esisidingayo.
Ingxaki yokukhathalela abantwana
Uninzi lwezifundo ziye zafumanisa ukuba iinkqubo zobuntwana ezikumgangatho ophezulu zibonelela ngezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo kuluntu kunye nomntu ngamnye. Omnye ufunyenwe ukuba โNgedola nganye etyaliwe, iinkqubo zobuntwana zonyusa ixabiso langoku lomvuzo womntu ngamnye nge-5 ukuya kwi-9 yeedola.โ Iinkqubo zesikolo samabanga aphantsi jikelele nazo zibekho boniswe ukunika inzuzo ebalulekileyo kubo bonke abantwana, nokuba kuveliswe iziphumo ezingcono kubantwana abahlelelekileyo kuneenkqubo ezivavanyiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, nangaphambi kobhubhane, uninzi lweentsapho Zabalaza ngokunqongophala kweendlela ezinqwenelekayo zokukhathalela abantwana.
Lo bhubhani ngoku udale ingxaki yokukhathalela abantwana. NjengoLisa Dodson noMary King Khomba: โNgokolunye uqikelelo, zinokuba zizigidi ezisisi-4.5 โiindawoโ zokunyamekela abantwana ezisenokulahleka ngokusisigxina yaye ama-40 ekhulwini abo banyamekela abantwana bathi azisayi kuphinda zivulwe.โ I ukungabikho kokhathalelo lwabantwana isithintele kakhulu ukuchacha kwethu kubhubhane. Abasetyhini baphulukene kakhulu nelahleko yemisebenzi kunamadoda ngo-2020, kubandakanya njengabasebenzi bokhathalelo lwabantwana, kunye nengxaki yokhathalelo lwabantwana yenze ukuba kube njalo. kunzima ukuba oomama abaninzi abasebenzayo babuyele emsebenzini. Iindleko zidlulela ngaphaya kobunzima bentsapho obuvela ngokukhawuleza kumvuzo olahlekileyo; kukho ubungqina obunamandla bokuba ixesha elizinzileyo ngaphandle komsebenzi, into ebizwa ngokuba yi-gap yengqesho, iya kubangela imivuzo ephantsi kakhulu yokuphila kunye nokunciphisa izibonelelo zomhlalaphantsi.
Ngetyala lakhe, uMongameli uBiden ukubonile ukubaluleka kokomeleza uqoqosho lwethu. Isicwangciso sakhe seNtsapho saseMelika esicetywayo kubandakanya malunga nama-225 eebhiliyoni zeerandi kwiikhredithi zerhafu ukunceda ukwenza ukhathalelo lwabantwana lufikeleleke ngakumbi kwiintsapho ezisebenzayo. Ngokutsho kwe-White House ishiti yeenyani, iintsapho beziya โkufumana intlawulo yerhafu kangangesiqingatha senkcitho yazo ekunyamekeleni abantwana abafanelekayo abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-13 ubudala, ukuya kutsho kwisimbuku see-$4,000 8,000 kumntwana omnye okanye ii-$XNUMX XNUMX kubantwana ababini okanye ngaphezulu. . . . Ityala linokusetyenziswa kwiindleko ezisusela kwinkonzo yexesha elizeleyo ukuya kunyamekelo lwasemva kwesikolo ukuya kunyamekelo lwasehlotyeni.โ
Kodwa iikhredithi zerhafu aziqinisekisi ubukho beendawo ezifanelekileyo, ezifikelelekayo, ezikumgangatho ophezulu zokunyamekela abantwana ezinabasebenzi abahlawulwa kakuhle nabaqeqeshiweyo abanyamekela abantwana. Kwaye ukuba yiloo nto esiyifunayo ngokwenene, kuya kufuneka siyibonelele ngokuthe ngqo. Yiloo nto kanye eyenziwa ngurhulumente ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ngelixa inkqubo yayo yayikude nemfezeko, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba yayiyilelwe ukuba ibe yeyexesha elifutshane, ibonelela ngomzekelo wohlobo lwesenzo esinamandla, esinobukroti esiya kulufuna ukoyisa ingxaki yethu yangoku yokukhathalela abantwana.
Inkxaso ye-Federal kukhathalelo lwabantwana
Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II urhulumente waseUnited States waxhasa ngemali inkqubo yokunyamekela abantwana eyayixhaswa ngemali eninzi. Ukususela ngo-Agasti 1943 ukuya kutsho ngoFebruwari 1946, i-Federal Works Agency (FWA), isebenzisa iimali zeLanham Act, ibonelele malunga ne-52 yezigidi zeerandi kwiinkonzo zokunakekelwa kwabantwana (elingana ne-1 yezigidigidi zeedola namhlanje) kulo naliphi na iqela loluntu elivunyiweyo elinokuthi libonise imfazwe. -imfuno enxulumene nenkonzo. Kuyo NgoJulayi 1944 incopho, amaziko okunyamekela abantwana angama-3,102 130,000 axhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente, anabantwana abamalunga ne-550,000 600,000, aqhutywa kulo lonke elo lizwe. Ubuncinci bekukho iziko elinye kuwo onke amaphondo ngaphandle kweNew Mexico, eyagqiba ngokuchasene nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, phakathi kwama-XNUMX nama-XNUMX abantwana bafumana inyameko evela UMthetho weLanham uxhasa ngemali iinkqubo zokukhathalela abantwana.
Uluntu lwavunyelwa ukuba lusebenzise imali yegranti yomanyano ukuhlawulela uninzi lweendleko ezibandakanyekayo ekusekeni nasekuqhubeni amaziko abo, kubandakanywa ulwakhiwo lwamaziko nokugcinwa kwawo, imivuzo yabasebenzi kunye nezinye iindleko ezininzi zokusebenza zemihla ngemihla. Kwakufuneka banikele ngemali efanayo, inkoliso yayo ivela kwimirhumo ehlawulwa ngabazali babantwana ababhalise kucwangciso. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ntlawulo ziye zanqunyulwa. Ekwindla 1943, iFWA yaseka isilingi kwimirhumo yeesenti ezingama-50 ngomntwana ngamnye ngosuku (malunga ne-7 yeedola ngoku), eyanyuswa yaya kutsho kuma-75 eesenti ngoJulayi 1945. kakuhle. Lilonke, inkxaso-mali yomanyano yabandakanya isibini esithathwini setotali yolondolozo nokusebenza kwamaziko.
Ekuphela kwemfuneko yokufaneleka yokubhalisa yayiyimeko yokuqeshwa kukamama: kwakufuneka asebenze emsebenzini ogqalwa njengobalulekileyo kwimigudu yemfazwe, yaye oku akuzange kuphelele kwimveliso yasemkhosini. Iiyure zeziko zazohluka, kodwa uninzi lwamkela ishedyuli yokwenziwa kwemini nobusuku, ehlala evulekile iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku, iintsuku ezi-6 ngeveki.
Amaziko wakhonza abantwana abasaqala isikolo (iintsana, abasacathulayo, abantwana ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka emi-5) kunye nabantwana besikolo (abaneminyaka emi-6 ukuya kwe-14 ubudala). NgoJulayi 1944, bamalunga nama-53,000 77,000 abantwana abasaqala ukuya esikolweni nabantwana abakubudala bokuhamba isikolo abangama-74,000. Ukubhaliswa kweminyaka yobudala besikolo bekusoloko kunyuka ngexesha leeholide zasehlotyeni. Nangona kunjalo, kwiinyanga ezininzi, abantwana abasaqala ukuya esikolweni benza uninzi lwabantwana abancedwa ngamaziko axhaswa ngemali yiLanham Act. Ukubhaliswa kwabafundi abangekaqala ukuya esikolweni kwafikelela incopho yabamalunga nama-1945 XNUMX ngoMeyi XNUMX.
Malunga nama-90 ekhulwini amaziko ayegcinwe kwizikolo zikarhulumente, kukho iiprojekthi ezisandulโ ukwakhiwa ezibonelela ngeyona ndawo ilandelayo isetyenziswayo. Nangona iibhodi zezikolo zengingqi zazikhululekile ukwenza isigqibo ngemigangatho yenkqubo-kubandakanywa umlinganiselo wabasebenzi nabantwana, iziqinisekiso zabasebenzi, kunye noyilo lwezibonelelo-iibhodi zezemfundo zelizwe zazinoxanduva lokulawula inkqubo. Umlinganiselo ocetyiswayo wootitshala nomntwana ube ngu-10 ukuya ku-1, kwaye uninzi lwamaziko aluthobela. Ngokutsho kuChris M. Herbst,
Ubungqina obungabhalwanga bubonisa ukuba abantwana abangekafiki esikolweni badlala ngaphakathi nangaphandle; wasebenzisa izinto zokufundisa njengepeyinti, udongwe nezixhobo zomculo; kwaye walala rhoqo. . . . Iinkqubo zabantwana abahamba isikolo zibandakanyiwe . . . imisebenzi yangaphandle, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiiklabhu zomculo nedrama, ukufunda ithala leencwadi, kunye noncedo kumsebenzi wesikolo.
Ngelixa umgangatho uye wahluka-ubukhulu becala isiphumo somahluko kwinkxaso yoluntu kukhathalelo lwabantwana lukarhulumente, ukuzimisela kwezixeko ukubonelela ngenkxaso yemali eyongezelelweyo, kunye nokukwazi kwamaziko ukuqesha iingcali eziqeqeshiweyo ukuba ziphuhlise kwaye zijonge imisebenzi yenkqubo-amaziko enze konke okusemandleni awo ukubonelela ngemfundo yobuntwana ekumgangatho ophezulu. NjengoRuth Peason Koshuk, umbhali wophononongo lwe-1947 lweerekhodi zophuhliso lwabantwana abangama-500, abaneminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwemi-5 ubudala, kumaziko amabini eLizwe laseLos Angeles, ichaza:
Kwezi zimbini. . . izikolo, njengakwezinye iindawo, inkqubo iye yaphuhliswa ukususela ngo-1943, ukuya kwimigangatho eyaziwayo yemfundo yabantwana abaselula. Injongo ibikukusebenzisa eyona migangatho isemgangathweni ekhoyo, kunye nokugcina unxibelelwano olusondeleyo nekhaya kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Iikhosi zoqeqesho oluqhutywa emsebenzini ezithwele ikhredithi yasekholejini zinikezelwe, kubasebenzi bootitshala, kunye nenkqubo yokufundisa umzali encedisana ngokulinganayo eqhutywa ngaphandle kobunzima obukhoyo kwimeko yokhathalelo lomntwana.
Kubekho uphuhliso oluhambelanayo kwiirekhodi ezisisiseko. Uvavanyo lwezonyango lwangaphambi kokungena lufunwa ngumthetho karhulumente ukususela oko kwavulwa iziko lokuqala. NgoDisemba 1943 kongezelelwa ingxelo yophuhliso, eyazaliswa ngumalathisi ebudeni bodliwano-ndlebe olukhawulezileyo nomama ngaphambi nje kokuba kungene umntwana. Elinye iphepha linikezelwe kumava obusana; Ezi zine zilandelayo zigubungela ngokufutshane imbali yokukhula komntwana, kugxininiswa kumava angokweemvakalelo, iingxaki zokuziphatha azinike abazali, ukuba zikho, kunye neendlela zokulawula ezisetyenziswayo, kunye neempawu zokuziphatha zobuqu nentlalo abazixabisileyo nabazinqwenelayo. umntwana. Emva kokungena, amanqaku okuqwalaselwe kunye neengxelo zesiqingatha sonyaka ziqulunqwa ngootitshala. Uvavanyo lobuntlola lukhawulelwe kwiimeko apho kubonakala kubonakaliswe ngokukodwa. Ingxelo yokuvala izaliswa, kwiimeko ezininzi, ngumzali xa umntwana erhoxisiwe. Ezi rekhodi zithathwa njengezona zincinci. Zingqineke ziyimfuneko njengoncedo kootitshala ekwalathiseni umntwana ngamnye nanjengesiseko seenkomfa ezingokuziphatha ekhaya.
2013 isifundo yeziphumo zexesha elide koomama nabantwana ekusetyenzisweni kwamaziko eLanham bafumene ukwanda okukhulu kwengqesho yoomama, kwaneminyaka emihlanu emva kokuphela kwenkqubo, kunye โneziphumo ezilungileyo eziqinileyo neziqhubekayo kwintlalontleโ kubantwana babo.
Ngamafutshane, nangona iintsilelo ezininzi, la maziko eLanham, njengoThalia Ertman ushwankathela,
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ixesha kuphela kwimbali yaseMelika xa abazali babenokuthumela abantwana babo kukhathalelo lwabantwana oluxhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente, kungakhathaliseki umvuzo, kwaye bakwenza oko ngokufikelelekayo. . . .
Ukongeza, la maziko abonwa njengabalulekileyo ngokwembali kuba ebefuna ukujongana neemfuno zabantwana kunye noomama. Kunokuba asebenze nje ngokubamba iipeni zabantwana ngelixa oomama babo besemsebenzini, amaziko okunyamekela abantwana eLanham afunyaniswa enempembelelo enamandla neqhubekayo entle kwimpilo-ntle yabantwana.
Urhulumente wobumbano ukwaxhasa ukhathalelo lwabantwana oluxhaswa ngumqeshi wabucala ngexesha lemfazwe. Owona mzekelo waziwa kakhulu ngu amaziko amabini amakhulu eyakhiwe yiNkampani yeKaiser ePortland, eOregon ukuze ibonelele ngononophelo lwabantwana kubantwana babasebenzi kwiiyadi zabo zasePortland naseOregon Shipbuilding Corporation. La maziko ayemi kanye ngaphambili kwindawo ekugcinwa kuyo iinqanawa, nto leyo eyayisenza kube lula ngoomama ukushiya abantwana babo baze babalande, yaye ayetyandwa ngocwangciso lweeyure ezingama-24. Kwakhona babebakhulu, ngamnye wabo enyamekela abantwana abafikelela kwi-1,125 18 abaphakathi kweenyanga ezili-6 nabaneminyaka emi-5 ubudala. La maziko ayenekliniki yawo yezonyango, indawo yokutyela, neendawo zokudlala ezinkulu, kwaye ayeqeshe abasebenzi abaqeqeshwe kakhulu. Abazali bahlawula ii-$3.75 ngeveki yeentsuku ezintandathu ngomntwana omnye nee-RXNUMX ngomntwana ngamnye owongezelelweyo. Ngomrhumo omncinci owongezelelweyo, amaziko nawo alungiselele isidlo esincinci sabazali ukuba basithathe ekupheleni kosuku lwabo lokusebenza.
Ngelixa iNkampani yeKaiser ifumene indumiso yesizwe kunye nokuxatyiswa kubasebenzi bayo abanabantwana abancinci, la maziko ubukhulu becala ahlawulwa ngurhulumente. Imali karhulumente yahlawulelwa ngokuthe ngqo ukwakhiwa kwawo, yaye uninzi lweendleko zokuqhuba eli ziko, kuquka nemivuzo yabasebenzi, zaqukwa kwikontraka yeendleko kunye neendleko zenkampani nomkhosi.
Amandla ezopolitiko
Bekukho inkcaso emandla kwinkxaso-mali yomanyano yokhathalelo lwabantwana kwiqela, ngakumbi kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-6 ubudala. Uluvo lufakwe kwesi sicatshulwa sisuka kwi-1943 ENew York Times inqaku: "Oyena mama umbi ungcono kunelona ziko libalaseleyo xa ingumba wokhathalelo lwabantwana, utshilo uSodolophu waseLa Guardia." Nditsho neKomishoni yaBasebenzi beMfazwe ekuqaleni yayichasa oomama abanabantwana abancinci abasebenza ngaphandle kwekhaya, nakwinkonzo yemfazwe, echaza ukuba "Uxanduva lokuqala lwabafazi abanabantwana abancinci, emfazweni njengaseluxolweni, kukubonelela ngononophelo olufanelekileyo kumakhaya abo kubantwana babo."
Kodwa iinyani ezingokwasemthethweni zenze esi sikhundla singathandekiyo kurhulumente nakumashishini. Amabhinqa ayefuna imisebenzi, enoba kungenxa yemfuneko yezoqoqosho okanye ngenxa yokuthandโ izwe. Urhulumente, ebalaseliswe liphulo lakhe likaRosie the Riveter, wayezimisele ukukhuthaza ukuqeshwa kwabo kwimizi-mveliso evelisa umzamo wemfazwe. Kwaye, ngaphandle kweemvakalelo zoluntu, inani elikhulu labo bafazi yayingoomama abanabantwana abancinci.
Ukukhula kokubaluleka kwabasetyhini emsebenzini, ngakumbi oomama abanabantwana abancinci, babanjwa emisebenzini iintsingiselo ePortland, eOregon. Amabhinqa aqalisa ukufudukela emkhosini ngamanani amakhulu ukususela ngowe-1942, yaye inani labaqeshwa kumashishini asekuhlaleni lenyuka lisuka kuma-7,000 1942 ngoNovemba 40,000 laya kutsho kuma-1943 25 ngoJuni XNUMX. Igosa elikwikomiti karhulumente yokunyamekela abantwana lanikela ingxelo yokuba โitsheki ezintandathu iindawo zokusebenzela iinqanawa zityhila ukuba inani lamabhinqa asebenza kwiindawo zokuqhuba iinqanawa liye landa ngama-XNUMX ekhulwini kwinyanga enye yaye elo nani liza kwanda ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo.โ
Inani loomama abasebenzayo nalo lalikhula ngokukhawuleza. Ngokutsho kwiBhunga leeNkonzo zeNtlalo, โPhezu kwazo nje izindululo zeKomishoni yaMandla oMkhosi . . . amawaka oomama abaselula abakwiminyaka yabo yamashumi amabini anesithathu baye bamkela imisebenzi kumashishini emfazwe nakwamanye amashishini eMultnomah County. Kumabhinqa angama-8,000 1943 awayeqeshwe kwii-Oregon Shipyards ngoJanuwari, 32, ama-16 ekhulwini awo ayenabantwana, i-XNUMX ekhulwini lawo ayenabantwana abangekayi esikolweni.โ
IPortland yayingeyodwa. Ebudeni bemfazwe, okwesihlandlo sokuqala, abasebenzi abangamabhinqa atshatileyo babengaphezu kwabasebenzi abangamabhinqa angatshatanga. Ngokungakumbi, abaqeshi baqalisa ukuyibona imfuneko yokunyanyekelwa kwabantwana ukuze kulungiswe iingxaki zokungayi emsebenzini. Njengo "umcebisi wabasetyhini" kwi-Bendix Aviation Corporation eNew Jersey wachaza kwiintatheli ngowe-1943, ukunyanyekelwa kwabantwana yenye yezona zinto zixhalabisayo ngokuqeshwa kwabantu abatsha. โSivakalelwa kukuba umama kufuneka abe nosana lwakhe oluncinane ukuba kunokwenzeka. Kodwa abaninzi kubo kufuneka babuye. Abayeni babo basenkonzweni kwaye abakwazi kuqhubana nesabelo sakhe.โ Amabali eendaba, amaninzi angenabungqina, abantwana abashiywe kwiimoto ezipakishiweyo ngaphandle kweendawo zokusebenza okanye bezinyamekela ekhaya, nawo aba negalelo ekwamkelweni okukhulu koluntu lokukhathalelwa kwabantwana.
Ekugqibeleni, urhulumente wathabatha amanyathelo. I-Arhente yeMisebenzi yoMsebenzi yayiyenye yee-arhente ezimbini ezintsha ezithe zasekwa ngo-1939 ukongamela inani elikhulu lee-arhente ezidalwe ngexesha le-New Deal. Ngo-1940 uMongameli Roosevelt watyikitya umthetho weLanham Act, owagunyazisa i-FWA ukuba ixhase ngemali kwaye yongamele ulwakhiwo lweziseko zophuhliso ezifunekayo zikawonke-wonke, ezifana nezindlu, izibhedlele, amanzi kunye neenkqubo zogutyulo, amapolisa kunye nezixhobo zokucima umlilo, kunye namaziko olonwabo, kwiindawo ezinengxaki ngokukhawuleza. ukukhula ngenxa yokwakhiwa kokhuselo. Ngo-Agasti ka-1942, i FWA yagqiba, ngaphandle kwengxoxo-mpikiswano kawonke-wonke, ukuba iziseko zoncedo zikawonke-wonke nazo zithetha ukukhathalelwa kwabantwana, yaze yaqalisa inkqubo yayo yenkxaso kulwakhiwo nokusebenza kweqela lezibonelelo zokukhathalela abantwana.
I-Federal Works Agency, enye i-arhente ephezulu, enoxanduva lokongamela olubandakanya i-Bureau yaBantwana kunye ne-Ofisi yeMfundo yase-US, yachasa inyathelo elitsha le-FWA lokukhathalela abantwana. Ayikwenzanga oko kuphela ngenxa yokuba ikholelwa ukuba ukukhathalelwa kwabantwana kuwela phantsi komyalelo wayo, kodwa nangenxa yokuba iinkokeli zeZiko laBantwana kunye neOfisi yezeMfundo zichasile ukukhathalelwa kwabantwana kwiqela. I-FWA won idabi lezopolitiko, kwaye ngoJulayi 1943, iCongress yagunyazisa inkxaso-mali eyongezelelweyo kwimigudu yokunyamekela abantwana ye-FWA.
Kwaye, njengoko uWilliam M. Tuttle, Omnci. ichaza, uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke lwaba nendima ebalulekileyo kuloyiso:
abaxhasi bokhathalelo lwabantwana baququzelela umzamo onamandla wokuphembelela. Abancedisi babasetyhini bemibutho ethile yamashishini, njengabasebenzi boMbane oManyeneyo kunye ne-United Auto Workers, bahlangene neenkokheli zoluntu kunye namagosa e-FWA kwimigudu. Abanye ababenempembelelo yayingamabhinqa amathandathu angamalungu eNdlu yabaMeli. NgoFebruwari 1944, ummeli uMary T. Norton wanikezela kwiNdlu "isibheno esidibeneyo" semali ekhawulezayo yokwandisa inkqubo yokunakekelwa kwabantwana ngexesha lemfazwe phantsi kwe-FWA.
Ukupheliswa kunye nokubuya umva
Inkxaso yeCongressional yokhathalelo lwabantwana beqela yayisoloko ibotshelelwe kwiimfuno zexesha lemfazwe, isikhundla esabelwana ngaso ngamagosa amaninzi e-FWA. Uloyiso lwe-Allied lukaMeyi 1945 eYurophu lwezisa ukwehla kwemveliso yemfazwe, kunye nokuncipha kwi-FWA yasekuhlaleni yokwamkelwa kwabantwana kunye nohlaziyo. Ngo-Agasti, emva kokuba ukunikezela kweJapan kuzisa imfazwe ekupheleni, iFWA umemezele nokuba yayiza kuyiphelisa inkxaso yayo yemali yamaziko okunyamekela abantwana ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kodwa kungekhona emva kokuphela kukaOktobha 1945.
Phantse ngoko nangoko amawakawaka abantu abhala iileta, athumela iingcingo, aza atyobela izicelo zokuba ucwangciso luqhubeke. Amagosa aseCalifornia, indawo yeendawo ezininzi zokuvelisa ezinxulumene nemfazwe kwaye phantse i-25 ipesenti yabo bonke abantwana ababhalise kumaziko e-Lanham Act ngo-Agasti 1945, nabo balinganisa, bexhasa ngamandla umnxeba. ICongress yanikezela, ikakhulu iphenjelelwa yingxoxo yokuba, njengoko bekuya kudlula iinyanga ngaphambi kokuba onke "amadoda" asemkhosini abuyele elizweni, oomama babengenayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokuqhubeka nokusebenza kwaye bafuna inkxaso yamaziko ukwenza oko. Yamkela imali entsha, kodwa yanele kuphela ukugcina la maziko esebenza de kube sekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1946.
Uninzi lwamaziko lwavalwa ngokukhawuleza kungekudala emva kokupheliswa kwenkxaso yomanyano, nge bonisa kulandela uninzi lokuvalwa. Ingcamango eqhelekileyo yayiyeyokuba amabhinqa ayengakukhathaleli ukuvalwa kwawo, ekubeni uninzi lungakuvuyela ukubuyela ekwenzeni amakhaya. Abasetyhini abaninzi, eneneni, banyanzelwa ukuba baphume emsebenzini, bebandezeleka ngokulinganayo ngenxa yokudendwa kwemizi-mveliso emva kwemfazwe. Kodwa ngo-1947, intatho-nxaxheba yabasebenzi basetyhini yaphinda yakhula kwaye iphulo elitsha laqala lokuhlaziywa kwenkxaso yomanyano kumaziko oluntu okunyamekela abantwana. Ngelishwa, urhulumente wala ukutshintsha isimo sakhe. Ngexesha leMfazwe yaseKorea, iCongress yamkele ibhili yokukhathalela abantwana, kodwa yala ukugunyazisa nayiphi na inkxaso-mali.
Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1954, njengoSonya Michel Ichaza, "ICongress yafumana indlela yokunyamekela umntwana enokuthi iphile ngayo: ukuncitshiswa kwerhafu yokunyamekela abantwana." Nangona ukuxhuzulwa kwerhafu yokunyamekela abantwana kuye kwanika isiqabu ngokwezimali kwezinye iintsapho, akuzange kwenze nto ukuqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwenkathalo yomntwana efikelelekayo, ekumgangatho ophezulu. Imbali yokunakekelwa kwabantwana ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini yenza kucace ukuba oku kuguqukela kumgaqo-nkqubo werhafu osekelwe kwiimarike ukusombulula iingxaki zokunyamekela abantwana kubonisa inyathelo elikhulu lokubuyela emva kwabasetyhini abasebenzayo kunye nabantwana babo. Yaye oku kwakuqondwa kakuhle ngabantu abaninzi ababesebenza ngelo xesha.
Ngelishwa, le mbali ilityalwe, kwaye ukuzibophelela kukaBiden ekwandiseni intlawulo yerhafu yokukhathalela abantwana ngoku kubonwa njengenyathelo elibalulekileyo eliya phambili. Imbali ibonisa ukuba sinako kwaye kufuneka senze ngcono.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela