Iphephancwadi iVeja ngoAprili lathi: “Awekho amaqela abambelele kwisithethe eBrazil. Kwilizwe apho i-Workers' Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores; PT) urhulumente uye wakhupha abantu abazizigidi ezingama-40 kwintlupheko, akukho namnye kumaqela angama-27 aseBrazil azichaze njengelungu elilungileyo. Kwanabona bantu baphendulayo banamagama anesandi esiqhubekayo esifana ne "Demokhrasi." IBrazil ayifani kwaphela. Kulo lonke elaseLatin America, amaqela asekunene awayelawula ngeminyaka yoo-1990 ayangqubana, esokola ekuphuhliseni enye indlela yonyulo ehambelanayo koorhulumente abasekhohlo abaziwayo. Ukujonga kuvoto lonyulo lwalo nyaka kucebisa ukuba ngenene sibuze ukuba ngaba ilungelo linyamalele eLatin America.
Iziseko ezimbalwa eziseleyo, njengePanama (apho umbindi-ekunene uJuan Carlos Varela wonyulwa njengomongameli nge-5 kaMeyi) kunye neColombia (apho abagqatswa abalungileyo okanye abasekunene bemi ukuphumelela unyulo lwama-25 kaMeyi)— leyo, kunye neMexico, abaninzi baxhathise “i-pink tide.” Kodwa ezintlanu zonyulo lukamongameli eLatin America kulo nyaka lunokuthi luye ngasekhohlo okanye embindini-ekhohlo. NgoMatshi intshukumo yangaphambili yabanqolobi i-FMLN yaphumelela e-El Salvador, kwaye ngo-Aprili i-Citizens' Action Party yafumana uloyiso eCosta Rica. IBolivia, Uruguay kunye neBrazil kulindeleke ukuba zilandele. Kunyaka ophelileyo kukho ukudilika komhlaba kwicala lasekhohlo eChile nase-Ecuador.
Ilungelo leniyoliberal lingcoliswe yingxelo yalo yeentlekele zezoqoqosho, intswela-ngqesho kunye nobunzima obubuyela emva kwiminyaka yoo-1990, kwaye abaninzi abalondolozayo basanxulunyaniswa nolawulo lobuzwilakhe lomkhosi weminyaka yee-1970 kunye no-80. Ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwezoqoqosho kwi-United States, eye yaxhasa ngokwembali i-rightwing elites (ukusuka kwi-Somoza dynasty eNicaragua ukuya kuzwilakhe waseChile u-Augusto Pinochet), kunye nokudalwa kwemibutho emitsha yengingqi engabandakanyi i-United States, njenge-Union of South American Nations. (UNASUR), yenze ukuba kube nzima kumaqela anelungelo lokuhamba phambili.
Ingxaki enkulu yelungelo yindlela yokwenza enye indlela ephumelelayo kwiinkqubo ezidumileyo zoorhulumente basekhohlo. Oorhulumente abaqhubela phambili bebesebenzisa iimali ezifunyenwe kuhlumo loqoqosho ukuxhasa ngezimali iinkqubo zentlalo ezithe zanciphisa intlupheko. Oku kuye kwanyanzela amaqela anelungelo lokufudukela kwiziko, ethembisa ukuqhubeka neenkqubo zokunciphisa intlupheko okanye, kwimeko yomgqatswa ophambili wenkcaso waseBrazil u-Aécio Neves, wandise ngakumbi. Inkokeli yecandelo "eliphakathi" leqela eliphikisayo laseVenezuela, uHenrique Capriles, kudliwanondlebe lwakutsha nje eLe Monde, wazama ukuvakala ekhohlo ngaphezu kwe-Socialist Chavistas elawulayo, etyhola urhulumente ngokuba "yi-bourgeois" kwaye ebanga ukuba uMongameli uNicolás Maduro. , ngokungafaniyo nowayengaphambi kwakhe uHugo Chávez, akaze alishiye ibhotwe likamongameli. Uthe: “Akonelanga ukutsala umdla kwabakumgangatho ophakathi, kufuneka sikwazi ukucacisa iminqweno yabantu abangathathi ntweni. Kwaye ukwenza loo nto, kufuneka siqale kumatyotyombe.” Ukukhutshwa kwii-manifestos zombini iiCapriles kunye neNeves zizithembiso zokwenza iinkonzo zoluntu zibe "zisebenza kakuhle" ngokuzimeleyo, kodwa ithoni yabo iphakathi.
Ngokwamkela indlela yoxolelwaniso kunye nokugxila kwimiba esisiseko efana noqoqosho kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho, i-Capriles coalition, i-Mesa de la Unidad Democrática, inethemba lokunqoba i-Chavismo. Nangona ayizange iphumelele, ifike kwi-1.5% yoloyiso kunyulo lukamongameli emva kokufa kukaChávez ngo-Matshi 2013. Ukususela kwiziphumo ezibi zeqela eliphikisayo kunyulo loomasipala lwangoDisemba ophelileyo, kuye kwavela iinkokeli ezibukhali ngakumbi, ezizama ukukhupha umongameli onyuliweyo ngokusebenzisa. imiboniso yesitalato kunye nesenzo esithe ngqo sobundlobongela, iqhinga elaziwa ngokuba yi-la salida (ukuphuma).
Oosomashishini abaphezulu bafunde ukusebenzisana noorhulumente basekhohlo, nto leyo ekhokelele ekwahlukaneni kwezoshishino kunye nenkcaso yezopolitiko, kwaye kuthetha ukuba amaqela alwela amalungelo aphulukene nabona baxhasi bawo babalulekileyo. U-Evo Morales, umongameli welizwe laseBolivia, wajongana nemvukelo yabanini-mhlaba abanamandla abalawula amasimi esoya kunye nojongilanga kwiphondo laseSanta Cruz kwiminyaka yakhe yokuqala. Kodwa inkcaso evela kushishino lwezolimo isandula ukuthomalalisa njengoko abanini-mhlaba bafumanisa ukuba uMorales, nangona ethetha ngokungqongqo, uye waqhuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali olulungeleleneyo, wanikezela ngenkxaso-mali yerhafu kubarhwebi bezolimo kumazwe angaphandle kwaye, okona kubalulekileyo, akazange alwenze uhlaziyo lomhlaba kwiindawo ezityebileyo ezisempuma. (Endaweni yoko, uye wahlutha imihlaba engenamveliso kwimimandla esemantla). Amaqela alungileyo aseBolivia kulindeleke ukuba afumane ngaphantsi kwesithathu sevoti kunyulo lukamongameli lwalo nyaka.
EPeru, i-elite yezoshishino ezinamandla, ezisekelwe kwimigodi yegolide, ubhedu, amalahle kunye nentsimbi yentsimbi, iye yaneliswa yimigaqo-nkqubo yezemali ye-neoliberal ye-Ollanta Humala kunye nokukhuthazwa kweeprojekthi ezintsha zemigodi, ngelixa umongameli wase-Ecuador, u-Economist Rafael Correa, onyulwe Ngo-2006, ngobuchule igcine abantu abakumgangatho ophakathi bekwibhodi yokusebenzela ngokubonelela uzinzo lwezopolitiko, ukukhula koqoqosho, iiprojekthi zokwakhiwa kweendlela ezintsha kunye nolondolozo lwemali.
I-elite yezoshishino eBrazil iye yaneliswa yimigaqo-nkqubo ye-PT, eye yakhuthaza ukukhula koqoqosho, yaphakamisa imigangatho yokuphila, ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kunye nokwandisa imarike yasekhaya yamashishini aseBrazil (ngexesha le-2000s, abantu abazizigidi ezingama-42 bavula ii-akhawunti zebhanki, kunye ne-15 yezigidi zeendiza. okokuqala), ngaphandle kokusongela ngokusisiseko ukungalingani kwentlalo. Nangona kunjalo i-PT inegumbi elilinganiselweyo lokwenza izinto, kuba kwiNkongolo ixhomekeke ekunene - iqabane layo eliphambili lomanyano yi-PMDB (Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro; Brazilian Democratic Movement Party), equka abameli becandelo loshishino lwezolimo.
Impumelelo ye-PT ishiye i-Neves izama ukuchaza enye indlela ecacileyo. I-Neves ikwi-PSDB (i-Partido da Social Democracia Brasileira; i-Brazilian Social Democracy Party), iqela elikumgangatho ophakathi elakhula ngokuchasa ubuzwilakhe bomkhosi kodwa lamkela neoliberalism. Umehluko omnye omkhulu phakathi kwamaqela kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle: I-PSDB iye yagxeka ukusondela kweBrazil eVenezuela kunye nesigqibo sokwenza i-bloc yengingqi ezimeleyo, ngakumbi nge-UNASUR.
Nangona i-PT ka-Dilma Rousseff ihamba phambili kwii-polls, ukukhula koqoqosho olucothayo kunye neemfuno ezisezantsi kunye neziphakathi zokuphucula iinkonzo zoluntu kunye nenkcitho encinci kwiNdebe yeHlabathi yeHlobo okanye i-Olimpiki ye-2016, inokubonelela ngamathuba e-Neves. Oku kubonakalisa ubuthathaka bemodeli yasekhohlo kulo lonke elaseLatin America: ixhomekeke kuhlumo olukhawulezayo loqoqosho ngamaxabiso aphezulu ezinto zorhwebo (i-oyile, isoya, ubhedu, igesi) endaweni yokwahluka koqoqosho okanye uhlaziyo lwezakhiwo, ezinokusongela abaphezulu abanamandla. Oku kubonisa ukuba, ngokuthanda kwezopolitiko, oorhulumente banokubuphucula ubomi babona bantu bahluphekayo - isifundo esibalulekileyo kwiYurophu exineneyo. Kodwa ikwabonisa imida yesicwangciso esihlala sisesichengeni sokuguquguquka kwamaxabiso eemveliso.
E-Chile, imodeli inokuthi iphelelwe. Ingqikelelo yoqoqosho lwe-neoliberal edityaniswe neenkqubo zentlalo yaqulunqwa yi-Concertación, i-Chile's center-left coalition, eyalawula iminyaka eyi-20 emva kokuwa kwePinochet ngo-1990. Umongameli ophumayo, usomashishini ozimeleyo we-billionaire uSebastián Piñera, omgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho wawungabonakali ngokuphawulekayo. eyahlukileyo kwezo zeConcertación, zijongene nemiboniso yabafundi ngokuchasene nemfundo yabucala kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho. Nangona kunjalo imigaqo-nkqubo yakhe yakhokelela uHernán Büchi (umphathiswa wezemali phantsi kwePinochet) ukuba akhalaze ngokunyuka kwerhafu kunye nemiqobo kutyalo-mali "ukukhusela okusingqongileyo," kunye nokuqhubeka "kwamanyathelo entlalontle ajolise kubasebenzi abaphazamisa inkululeko yabo," wongeza wathi, "Senza. akuyomfuneko ukuba uziphathe ngendlela eneentloni.”
Usoshiyali uMichelle Bachelet wenze isibhambathiso semfundo yasimahla yaseyunivesithi exhaswa ngemali yirhafu yenkampani kunye nohlaziyo lomgaqo-siseko kaPinochet kunyulo lwakhe ngoDisemba 2013, kwaye ikota yakhe yesibini ithembisa ukuba iya kuba ngasekhohlo kuneyokuqala (2006-10). Emva konyulo olubi olubonisayo, amaqela amabini anelungelo lokungaphumeleli, kwaye kukho intetho yeqela elitsha lasekunene elisekwayo malunga nePiñera. Kodwa i-ajenda ye-radical ka-Bachelet inokumanyanisa ilungelo ngokuxhokonxa ii-Pinochetistas ezinobunzima kunye ne-neoliberals.
I-Chile neBrazil zihlala zibonwa njengesiphelo esiphakathi "sepinki tide." IBrazil idlale indima ebalulekileyo ngokwe-geopolitically, iqinisa imibutho emitsha yengingqi kunye nokutyhalela ekhohlo kwezopolitiko zelizwekazi. Kodwa oku kuye kwanceda i-homogenise eminye imigaqo-nkqubo ngokukhuthaza amalungu emibutho yengingqi ukuba afumane indawo efanayo. U-Olivier Dabène, uprofesa kwi-Sciences Po eParis, wachaza kwi-2012 ukuba i-CELAC (uLuntu lwamazwe aseLatin America kunye neCaribbean) ikhokelwa yi-troika - ilizwe eliphethe umongameli, owandulelayo kunye nabakhethiweyo bakhe (iVenezuela, eChile kunye ECuba ngelo xesha): “Aba bathathu bangaqhelekanga babonakala bengafumani nabuphi na ubunzima ekusebenzeni kunye. … Oku kubonisa amandla (amatsha ngokwentelekiso) amazwe akwi-Latin America ukubekela bucala iyantlukwano yezopolitiko kwiminqweno yokufuna ukulungelwa komntu wonke. Ifashoni yeyepragmatism kunye nokuguquguquka, eyenza inkqubela phambili kwingingqi yeLatin America kunye neCaribbean. ”
Njengoko umongameli waseColombia uJuan Manuel Santos - osuka kwenye yezona ntsapho zinefuthe kwi-Bogotá elite - uyaqonda, ukuqina kwengqondo kunokuba ngumqobo kurhwebo. Iinzame zakhe zokuvuselela ubudlelwane neVenezuela ziye zaluqinisa urhwebo lwamazwe amabini, olwathi lwehla ngenxa yesimo esindlongondlongo sika-Álvaro Uribe ngokuchasene neVenezuela, ukusuka kwi-2.6 yebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2008 ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-$800 yezigidi ngo-2010, kunye nelahleko enkulu yomvuzo koohlohlesakhe baseColombia.
Ngokungafaniyo no-Uribe, i-hardliner ephandle ekhokele uhlaselo lwasemkhosini oluxhaswa ngemali yi-US ngokuchasene nabanqolobi be-FARC, uSantos ngumsebenzi ophucukileyo oye watsala inkululeko yaseYurophu ngokubiza ukuba intsangu ibe semthethweni. Uyaqonda ukuba uhlaziyo lwentlalo luyafuneka ukuze kuncitshiswe inkxaso kubavukeli. Ngo-2011 uye wanyanzelisa umthetho wokubuyisela umhlaba kubalimi abagxothiweyo kwaye waqalisa iingxoxo zoxolo ne-FARC. Ubunzima bakhe kukuba abanini-mhlaba abaninzi basekuhlaleni, kunye namahlakani abo omkhosi, bayakuchasa nakuphi na ukwabiwa ngokutsha komhlaba.
U-Santos uyaqonda ukuba i-Uribe's pro-US isikhundla siyishiyile iColombia yodwa eLatin America, kwaye uzame ukwakha iibhulorho ne-Asiya kunye nabamelwane bakhe baseLatin America. Ngo-2012 iKholombiya, iMexico, iPeru kunye neChile zenze i-Pacific Alliance, ibloko yorhwebo enenjongo yokuthatha ithuba lonxweme lwabo ukwandisa urhwebo kunye ne-Asia, kwaye ezikhuthazayo njengendawo "yentengiso yamahhala" kwi-Bloc yorhwebo i-Mercosur, ibona njengento ekhuselayo kakhulu.
Umfanekiso wemiba yezentlalo nenkcubeko uxubene ngakumbi, kwaye umahluko phakathi kwekhohlo nekunene awucacanga. Oorhulumente zombini ekhohlo (Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil) kunye ekunene (Mexico, Colombia) baye bavuma intsebenziswano yoluntu gay, nangona ukugxekwa iCawa kunye namacandelo alondolozayo oluntu. E-Chile, u-Bachelet waxhasa i-bill ye-civil partnership ka-Sebastián Piñera ngokuchasene nenkcaso evela kumahlakani e-Independent Democratic Union (UDI; eyayifudula ikufuphi ne-Pinochet).
Kumalungelo okuzala kwabasetyhini, abaninzi ngasekhohlo nasekunene bathatha umgca onzima kakhulu. Umongameli uCorrea wase-Ecuador kutshanje uye wagrogrisa ngokurhoxa ukuba indibano yesizwe iyakugxeka ukuqhomfa, okuvunyelwa kuphela xa ubomi bomama busesichengeni, okanye xa ibhinqa elikhubazekileyo ngokwasengqondweni lidlwengulwe. ENicaragua, uSandinista uDaniel Ortega uye wasixhasa ngokupheleleyo isithintelo sokuqhomfa. Ngaphandle kwaseCuba, eUruguay naseMexico, ukuqhomfa kuthintelwe kanobom kuMbindi Merika, kwaye abaqhubekayo benza inkqubela encinane. Kunyulo lukamongameli lwaseBrazil lowama-2010 abona bagqatswa baphambili, uDilma Rousseff noJosé Serra, ababekhe baxhasa ukuqhomfa ngaphambili, baphuma ngokuchasene nalo kwinkundla yevoti yamaKatolika.
Oku akuthethi ukuba ekhohlo nasekunene ngoku azibonakali. Ulawulo oluhambelanayo lwemiba yentlalo, apho ukhohlo lusebenzela ukuseka, lunyanzelise uvavanyo kwizinto zasekunene ezifuna ukujika igqabi elitsha. Kodwa akukho nto ibonisa ukuba olu vavanyo luyinguqulelo yeengcamango okanye luyiyo nantoni na engaphaya kobuchule bobuqili. Njengoko kubonakaliswe ngamalinge amaninzi, aphumelele (iHonduras ngo-2009, eParaguay ngo-2012) kwaye ayiphumelelanga (iVenezuela ngo-2002, eBolivia ngo-2008, e-Ecuador ngo-2010), kuya kuba yimpazamo ukucinga ukuba ilungelo elidala elinegunya liye lanikezela.
UGrace Livingstone ngumbhali weNdawo yangasemva yaseMelika: iUnited States kunye neLatin America ukusuka kwiMfundiso yeMonroe ukuya kwiMfazwe yobugrogrisi, iiNcwadi zeZed, eLondon, ngo-2009.
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