Olu suku lwaBasebenzi luka-2018 luphawula omnye unyaka wokuhla kwemigangatho yokuphila kubasebenzi baseMelika. Ukuba umntu unokukholelwa kumajelo eendaba kwaye acinezele, ukunyuka kwemivuzo kuyayikholelwa loo ngxelo. I-Wall St. Journal, ngo-Agasti 1, i-2018 ixilongo 'Abasebenzi base-US bafumana owona Mrhumo mkhulu kwiMinyaka ePhantse ishumi'.
Kodwa nantsi isizathu sokuba i-media spin kukungamelanga kwenyani.
Isabelo soMvuzo esiwayo sabasebenzi
Ukuba umvuzo ubunyuka, kutheni le nto isabelo sabasebenzi somvuzo uwonke welizwe siqhubeka sihla phantse iminyaka engama-20, kuquka nalo nyaka uphelileyo? Malunga ne-64% yomvuzo wesizwe uwonke ngo-2000, uthe chu wehla waya malunga ne-56% yomvuzo wesizwe wanamhlanje omalunga ne-16 yetriliyoni. Oko kwehla akubanga sisiphumo nje sokudodobala okukhulu koqoqosho ngo-2008-09; Isiqingatha sayo senzeka phakathi kuka-2000 no-2008. Ngoko ke yinto yexesha elide yelizwe, esekelwe kuma-21 anamhlanje.st Inkqubo yongxowankulu yase-US yenkulungwane hayi into yamva nje.
Ukuhla kwe-8% kwisabelo somvuzo kuBasebenzi kunokungabonakali kakhulu kwiipesenti ezilula. Kodwa i-8% ye-16 yeetriliyoni zeedola imfutshane nje kwi-1.5 yeetriliyoni zeedola ngonyaka. Ngamanye amazwi, abasebenzi baye bafika mfutshane kwi-1.5 yeebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni kwi-2017-18; ukuba isabelo sabo besihleli kwi-64% bebeya kuba ne-1.5 yezigidigidi zeedola kwiipokotho zabo namhlanje kunokuba banayo ngokwenene. Loo $1.5 yetriliyoni ye-8,000 yetriliyoni yeSabelo sezaBasebenzi iyancipha imele ilahleko, ubuncinane, ye-1.5 yeedola ngonyaka okanye ngaphezulu ngomsebenzi ngamnye. Kodwa i-$ XNUMX nayo iyinto engaphantsi.
'ISabelo saBasebenzi' njengoko sichazwa ngurhulumente (iSebe lezeMisebenzi ne-Ofisi yoHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali yeCongressional) ibandakanya imivuzo yabaphathi kunye nabaphathi abaphezulu, iibhonasi zokuphela konyaka zabo bagcina imali, iintlawulo zesixa-mali kubaphathi, kunye nezinye iindlela zengeniso engeyiyo imivuzo. Umvuzo wokwenene womvuzoโoko kukuthi, ongengabo abaphathi, umsebenzi ongajongiyoโyinxalenye yale nkcazelo yandisiweyo esemthethweni yeSabelo saBasebenzi. Kodwa ukuba abalawuli, abaphathi kunye neentlobo zemivuzo yeebhanki kunye neendidi zentlawulo zeSabelo sezaBasebenzi ziye zanyuka ngokukhawuleza-abanazo-ngokwexabiso elipheleleyo ke imivuzo yokwenyani yemivuzo iye yehla nangaphezulu kwe-1.5 yetriliyoni yeedola. Thatha isabelo sabaphathi kunye nabaphathi kwiSabelo sabasebenzi somvuzo wesizwe, kwaye ilahleko ngonyaka ngomsebenzi ngamnye inokuba ngaphezulu kwe-10,000 yeedola.
Kodwa akuphelelanga apho. Naxa kuqwalaselwa imivuzo yokwenyani yemivuzo yabasebenzi abangengabo abaphathi, abasebenzi abangengabo abongameli (malunga nama-82% abasebenzi bebonke), iingeniso zemivuzo ziye zatyekezwa ngamandla ukuya kutsho kwi-10% ephezulu yabasebenzi abashiyekileyoโokt. tech, ukhathalelo lwempilo kunye nemali, abo banezidanga zekholeji eziphambili, njl. Ngokulinganisa kwimivuzo yomvuzo we-10% ephezulu yabasebenzi kunye nabanye, iingeniso zomvuzo we-10% zinciphisa ukudodobala komvuzo kwabanye. Ukudodobala kokwenyani kwemivuzo kunye nokwehla kwabarhola imivuzo 'osezantsi' ngama-90% ngoko ke kukhulu ngakumbi. Oko kumalunga ne-133 lezigidi kwi-162 yezigidi zabasebenzi. Ngamanye amazwi, ingeniso yomvuzo we-133 lezigidi ilahlekelwe nangaphezulu kwe-1.5 yetriliyoni yeSabelo seSabelo sokwehla, xa kungaqukwanga iinzuzo zemivuzo eseleyo kwi-10% ephezulu yabasebenzi. Oko kuthetha ukuba i-133 yezigidi ilahlekelwe nangaphezulu kweedola ezili-10,000 ngonyaka ngomsebenzi ngamnye.
Umvuzo weveki v. Umvuzo
Eyona mivuzo ye-133 yezigidi ke ngoko ihambe mbi ngaphezu kokwehla kweSabelo sezaBasebenzi-kwaye nasemva kokulungelelaniswa kwabaphathi-baphathi kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu le-10% (iingcali, abafundileyo, njl.njl.) kubasebenzi. Imivuzo ingaphantsi kakhulu kunedatha yeSabelo saBasebenzi.
Kananjalo imivuzo ayifani 'nemivuzo yeveki yabasebenzi', leyo amajelo eendaba esoloko ebhekisa kuyo njengemivuzo ukuze bagqithise ingeniso yemivuzo. Imithombo esemthethweni karhulumente ibonisa ukuba umvuzo weveki unyuke nge-2.7% yezinga lonyaka. Kodwa umvuzo weveki uyaguquguquka kwaye unyuka ngokubanzi kumjikelo weshishini, obonisa iiyure ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nemisebenzi yesibini. Kwaye ukunyuka komjikelo weshishini ukusukela ngo-2001 kuye kwaba mafutshane kwaye kunzulu. Nangona kunjalo, amaphephandaba kunye namajelo eendaba rhoqo, kwaye ngenjongo, abhidanisa imivuzo kunye nemivuzo yeveki (okanye kunye nomvuzo wekhaya lomntu) ukwenzela ukuba kubonakale ngathi inzuzo yabasebenzi baseMelika inkulu kunokuba kunjalo. Idatha yeSebe lezeMisebenzi yase-US njengephakathi konyaka umvuzo oqikelelwayo kwi-2.5% kwiinyanga ezidlulileyo ze-17 ukuya kuJulayi 2018, ngokutsho kweWall St. Journal, kwaye ngoko ke ngaphantsi kwe-2.7% yemali yomvuzo weveki.
Umvuzo: Amanani Okwenyani
Naxa kuqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo imivuzo yabasebenzi abangengabo abaphathi nabangengabo abongameli, amanani asemthethweni karhulumente asagqwesa umfanekiso ongeyonyani malunga nemivuzo ngokunjalo. Olu qikelelo luphezulu lubangelwa ikakhulu zizizathu ezihlanu:
- 1) ingxelo yemivuzo yabasebenzi abaqeshwe isigxina kuphela;
- 2) ukunika ingxelo ngemivuzo eqhelekileyo endaweni yomvuzo wokwenene;
- 3) ukungawahoyi amabango entlawulo yemivuzo yexesha elizayo ngenxa yokunyuka kwamatyala omzi wabasebenzi ngoku kunye neentlawulo zenzala;
- 4) engakuthatheli ngqalelo ukuhla 'kwimivuzo ehlehlisiwe' emelwe kumhlalaphantsi kunye nokwehla kweentlawulo zomhlalaphantsi;
- 5) ukungakhathaleli ukuhla 'kwimivuzo yentlalontle' emelwe kwiintlawulo zokwenene zezibonelelo zokhuseleko loluntu;
I-1) Nangona ingxelo yedatha karhulumente esemthethweni yokuba imivuzo ngoku inyuka kwi-2.5% yezinga lonyaka, yintoni eso sibalo singaphumeleli ukukhankanya kukuba i-2.5% yeyabasebenzi abasisigxina kuphela. Ngoko ke ishiya ngaphandle ukunyuswa kwemivuzo ephantsi, ukuba kukho, kubasebenzi abakhoyo ngoku abazizigidi ezingama-40-50 abangaqeshwanga isigxina nabaqeshwe kumsebenzi maxa wambi obizwa ngokuba 'ngumsebenzi olindelekileyo' okanye 'onobungozi'.
Iinzuzo zabo zomvuzo ophantsi ziya kunciphisa i-2.5% kubasebenzi abarhola abasebenzi baye ngaphantsi kwe-2.5%. Ulungelelwaniso olufanayo kufuneka lwenziwe kwi-8 yezigidi okanye abasebenzi bexesha elizeleyo abaye bangasebenzi kwaye "umvuzo" wabo, ngendlela yezibonelelo zokungaqeshwa kunye nezitampu zokutya, ngokuqinisekileyo azikhuphuki okanye zinqunyulwa. Yongeza izigidi zabasebenzi abangabhalwanga, kwaye kusekho izigidi zolutsha kunye nabanye abasebenza kuqoqosho 'oluphantsi komhlaba' (kuqikelelwa ngoku kwi-12% ye-GDP yase-US) - akukho namnye kubo omivuzo yabo iqikelelwa ngokuchanekileyo ngokwezibalo zemivuzo karhulumente-kunye nomvuzo iinzuzo zisancitshiswa ngakumbi ukusuka kwi-2.5%. Xa uhlengahlengiso lwenziwa ukuze luquke ezi ndidi zamva zabarhola, kwaye kuqwalaselwe imivuzo yabasebenzi abanokunyanzeleka, luqikelelo lwalo mbhali ukuba umnatha wokwenyani unyuke. eliyimali imivuzo kulo nyaka uphelileyo ayikho ngaphezulu kwe-1.7% ukuya kwi-2.0% iyonke kwaye isondele kwi-1% kwi-133 yezigidi kwaye 'ezantsi' i-90% yabasebenzi abamkela umvuzo.
Ukuqukumbela ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, xa kungabandakanywa imivuzo yabaphathi kunye nabaphathi, kukhululwe i-10% ephezulu yomvuzo wabasebenzi abarhola, ukongeza kwimivuzo engaphantsi kwabangaphangeliyo, kunye nokulungiswa kwabasebenzi abangabhalwanga phantsi kunye noqoqosho oluphantsi-isiphumo esishiyekileyo Umvuzo ungaphantsi kakhulu kune-2.5%.
Iingeniso zemivuzo ye-133 lezigidi ngoko ke azikho ngaphezu kwe-1.5%; oko kukuthi, okanye ipesenti enye ngaphantsi kwe esemthethweni 2.5%.
2) I-2.5% esemthethweni yokufumana umvuzo echazwe ngurhulumente yinto ebizwa ngokuba ngumvuzo oqhelekileyo, hayi owona mvuzo wokwenyani. Umvuzo wokweneneโokanye oko ngokwenene abasebenzi kufuneka bawuchitheโngumvuzo oqingqiweyo olungelelaniswa nomlinganiselo wokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Lithini ke izinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso? Yaye ichane kangakanani?
Kukho izalathisi zamaxabiso ahlukeneyo apho inzuzo yomvuzo inokulungiswa khona: i-index yexabiso lomthengi (CPI), i-personal expenditures index (PCE), i-GDP deflator index, kunye nabanye. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi oluhlala luxelwa ngamajelo eendaba yi-CPI. I-CPI phakathi enyakeni inyuke ngokusesikweni nge-2.9% kunonyaka ophelileyo. Ngoko ke ukuba umntu ufake isicelo kwi-CPI kwingeniso esemthethweni yeyure eyi-2.5%, oko kuya kuthetha ukuba imivuzo yokwenyani yabasebenzi yehle nge-0.4% kulo nyaka uphelileyo. (Okanye yehle nge--1.4% ukuba uhlengahlengiso olungentla kumvuzo oqhelekileyo luyaqwalaselwa).
Kodwa zombini i--0.4% kunye ne-1.4% nazo zijongelwa phantsi. Nasi isizathu: I-CPI ngabom ijongela phantsi izinga lokwenyani lokunyuka kwamaxabiso. (Yaye okukhona uphezulu izinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso, umvuzo wokwenyani usezantsi). Okokuqala, ithomalalisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso onyaka nonyaka ngokwenza umyinge wamazinga onyaka wokunyuka kwamaxabiso ngoko kubizwa ngokuba yi-'chained indexing'. Ngaphaya koko, i-CPI ayijongi onke amaxabiso, kodwa 'kwingobozi' yokuthengwa kwempahla neenkonzo ngamakhaya. Emva koko yabela 'ubunzima' kwizinto ezikule ngobozi. Kumakhaya asebenzayo, iintsimbi kufuneka zibe zikhulu zezindlu, ukhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo, i-inshorensi kunye nezinye izinto ezisisiseko kodwa akunjalo. Ubunzima ke ngoko alubonakalisi ifuthe lokwenyani lokunyuka kwamaxabiso ekunciphiseni umvuzo wokwenyani. Kukho enye ingxaki. ISebe lezaBasebenzi ngokungenasizathu lithatha ukonyuka komgangatho wempahla ethile okanye inkonzo ekwibhaskithi yehlisa ixabiso laloo mveliso. Ixabiso lemveliso kwi-CPI lihlala lisezantsi kakhulu kunoko lihlawulelwa likhaya kwindawo yokuthengisa. Umzekelo, umfundi angabhatala i-$800 ngekhompyutha ephathwayo xa ebuyela esikolweni, kodwa iSebe lezaBasebenzi liyixela kwi-CPI njenge-$500 kuphela kuba lithatha ukuba umgangatho wale laptop mkhulu kunee-800 zeedola kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo. Kodwa oku kukugqwethwa kwelona xabiso lihlawulweyo kwimarike yindlu yabasebenzi. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuqikelelwa ngaphantsi. Enye ingxaki kwi-CPI kukuthambekela kukarhulumente ekujongeni phantsi amaxabiso okuthengwa kwempahla ye-intanethi ngamakhaya.
Ezi ngqikelelo zingenasizathu zibhaka kwi-CPI zisebenza ekunciphiseni izinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso e-CPI. Kwaye ukuba i-CPI ijongelwa phantsi, inzuzo yokwenyani yomvuzo iqikelelwa phezulu kunokuba injalo ngokwenene. Iqondo lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso lokwenyani ngoko ngokungathandabuzekiyo lingaphezulu komyinge we-2.9% esemthethweni kwaye imivuzo yokwenyani ngoko ke ingaphantsi kunaleyo ichazwe ngokusemthethweni.
Ngelixa oosoqoqosho abaqhelekileyo bexambulisana ukuba amakhaya awazi ngenene ukuba kunyuka kangakanani na ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, inyaniso yeyokuba bazi ngcono kunosoqoqosho abaxhomekeke kuqikelelo lweenkcukacha-manani olugwenxa lukarhulumente lokunyuka kwamaxabiso abathengi. Buza nawuphi na umsebenzi womsebenzi ophakathi ukuba iindleko zabo zendlu ziye zanda kuphela nge-2.9% kulo nyaka uphelileyo-xa iindleko zokurenta zinyuka ngokukhawuleza (ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngamaxabiso aphindwe kabini), iintlawulo ze-inshorensi yezempilo kunye nokutsalwa kwesibhedlele-gqirha kunye neendleko ze-copay zonyuka nge-20% - Iipesenti ezingama-50, i-inshurensi yemoto, iindleko zepetroli zinyuke kakhulu kunyaka ophelileyo, imfundo & neendleko zothutho, njl.njl. Kwaye kwiinyanga ezintandathu ezidlulileyo, amaxabiso aqalise ukunyuka nangakumbi, njengoko uluhlu olukhulu lwamaxabiso eempahla Ukunyuswa ngamashishini ase-US ngolindelo lweemfazwe zikaTrump zokuqalisa ukuluma.
Ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso e-CPI esemthethweni kwi-2.9% kunye nemivuzo esemthethweni esemthethweni kwi-2.5%, uhlengahlengiso lokwenyani lomvuzo ngurhulumente kuphela -0.4%. Kodwa ukuba i-CPI yokwenyani yayijikeleze i-3.5%, kwaye imivuzo yesigxina isathathwa kwi-2.5% esemthethweni, ngoko umvuzo wokwenene uya kuba yi-1.5 kuphela.
Kodwa loo mvuzo wokwenyani we-1.5% awukayibandakanyi nezilungiso kumvuzo oqingqiweyo oqatshelwe ku-1) ngasentla-oko kukuthi, ukungabandakanyi imivuzo yabaphathi-sigqeba njengemivuzo, kubandakanywe imivuzo yexesha elithile kunye neyexeshana elindelekileyo, kubandakanywa nokulahleka kwemivuzo. abangaphangeliyo, kunye nokulungiswa kwabasebenzi abangabhalwanga phantsi kunye noqoqosho oluphantsi komhlaba, njl.njl. Olo hlengahlengiso luwunciphise umvuzo oqhelekileyo ukusuka kwi-2.5% ukuya kwi-1.5%.
Xa olu hlenga-hlengiso luhla luhlengayo kumvuzo osemthethweni we-2.5% (ukunciphisa ukuya kwi-1.5%), kudityaniswe nohlengahlengiso olunyukayo lwezinga lokunyuka kwamaxabiso e-CPI ukuya kwi-3.5% (ukusuka kwi-2.9%), zeziphi iziphumo zokuhla kwemivuzo yokwenene -2.0 Ipesenti ye-133 lezigidi zabarhola abasebenzi.
Amajelo eendaba kunye namaphephandaba ahlala exela ukuba imivuzo yokwenyani imile kulo nyaka uphelileyo. Umvuzo oqhelekileyo ulingana nomlinganiselo wokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Kodwa ngokuqikelela ngokufanelekileyo imivuzo yamagama (kunye nohlengahlengiso) kunye nokuqikelela ngokufanelekileyo ireyithi ye-CPI ephezulu, imivuzo yokwenyani ayizange imile kodwa iqhubekile nokuhla-ubuncinci kwi-133 yezigidi.
Kodwa 'ibali lomvuzo' alikagqibi, naxa kuchazwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye kuhlengahlengiswa kumvuzo oqhelekileyo, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, kunye nemivuzo yokwenyani. Amajelo eendaba okanye urhulumente akanikeli ngqalelo ekubaleni kwabo ukutshintshwa kwemivuzo kwimivuzo erhoxisiweyo okanye kwimivuzo yasekuhlaleni okanye kwifuthe lenzala namatyala kwimivuzo yexesha elizayo.
3) Imivuzo yexesha elizayo imele udidi olungazange luqwalaselwe ngokweenkcukacha-manani zikarhulumente. Yintoni 'umvuzo wexesha elizayo'? Bamele imivuzo ephantsi kunye neyokwenyani ehlengahlengisiweyo ukuhla ukubonisa iindleko zetyala, kwaye ngaloo ndlela iintlawulo zenzala kwityala, elenzeke ngoku kodwa ngenxa yeempembelelo zemivuzo kwixesha elizayo njengoko inzala yetyala ihlawulwa. Ayiyomfihlo into yokuba amakhaya angabasebenzi base-US asanda ngokwanda ematyaleni ukusukela ngo-2000, njengoko ethatha ngetyala ukuze axhase ngokusetyenziswa kwemizi yamakhaya njengoko imivuzo yokwenyani kunye nemivuzo iye yadodobala okanye yehla. Ityala, kunye netyala, ibe yeyona ndlela iphambili abazame ngayo ukugcina umgangatho wabo wokuphila kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini idlulileyo. (Ngaphambi koko ibisongeza iiyure ezininzi zokusebenza kumvuzo wosapho ngokuba namaqabane angena emsebenzini. Kodwa oku kwehlile ngo-1999). Ukongeza umsebenzi wesibini nowesithathu ibe yenye indlela yokongeza ingeniso yomvuzo kwikhaya, njengoko umvuzo womsebenzi wokuqala wekhaya wehlile.
Kodwa inzala etyaleni libango lomvuzo oza kuhlawulwa kwixesha elizayo. Ichitha umvuzo wexesha elizayo ngoku. Kwaye inkunzi yase-US iyavuya kakhulu ekuxhaseni ngemali ukusetyenziswa kwemizi ngokwandisa intengo yetyala kunye namatyala kumakhaya endaweni yokuhlawula imivuzo emininzi. Enye indlela 'eye yathotywa ngayo umvuzo' kukubonelela ngexabiso eliphantsi lempahla esisiseko njengempahla, izinto zendlu, kunye neendidi zokutya. Kodwa izinto ezithengwayo ezivela ngaphandle ziza ngeendleko zokulahleka kwemisebenzi yokuvelisa ehlawula kakhulu. Ngoko ke ukunqongophala kweengeniso zemivuzo ngokuyinxenye kuthotywa kukuthengwa kwempahla evela kumazwe angaphandle ngexabiso eliphantsi kunye nokonyuka okukhulu kwetyala elikhoyo kumakhaya. Ityala lasekhaya lase-US ngoku likwinqanaba lembali, liphezulu kunangowama-2007. Ngaphezulu kwe-13 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ematyaleni, kubandakanywa i-$1.5 yetriliyoni kumatyala omfundi, ngaphezulu kwe-1 yetriliyoni yeedola kumakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, i-$1.2 yetriliyoni kwityala lemoto, kunye nentsalela kwityala le-mortgage. Umndilili wokuhlawula inzala yetyala letyala lekhaya kuphela uqikelelwa ukuba akukho ngaphantsi kweedola ezili-1,300 ngonyaka. Iindleko zetyala, ngaphezu koko, zinyuka ngokukhawuleza njengoko ibhanki ephakathi yase-US iqhubeka ngokunyuka ngokukhawuleza amaxabiso ayo.
Ityala-inzala kubudlelwane botshintsho lwemivuzo ibe ngumjikelo okhohlakeleyo, ngaphezu koko. Abaqeshi banikezela kancinci kwindlela yokunyuswa kwemivuzo kwaye amakhaya abhenela kumatyala amaninzi kwaye afune ukonyuswa kwemivuzo. Lo mjikelo ubonakala uwohloka kwezinye iindawo, nangona kunjalo, njengoko ootitshala, abasebenzi benkonzo yomvuzo ophantsi, kunye nabanye befuna ukunyuswa kwemivuzo. Kodwa ingxaki iyonke iya kuqhubeka, njengoko isithuthi sokufumana umvuzo ngexesha elifanelekileyo lezoqoqosho- oko kukuthi, iiManyano-zihla ngakumbi kwaye zingasayidlala indima yazo yembali. Ukwazi oku, nokungcwaba amakhaya ngokuthenga ngamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala nezinye izinto zokuthenga ngetyala, amashishini ayala ukunyusela imivuzo ngaphandle kwakwimeko ekwanti.
4) no-5): Omnye ummandla omele uthatyathwe 'ngomvuzo' kodwa ingeyiyo i-arhente karhulumente enika ingxelo ngotshintsho lwemivuzo yipenshoni kunye nezibonelelo zokhuseleko loluntu. Nazo ezi zithetha 'ngomvuzo'. Ipenshoni ziintlawulo zemivuzo erhoxisiweyo. Abasebenzi bayakuyeka ukonyuswa kwemivuzo ukuze abaqeshi babonelele ngeminikelo, endaweni yowona mvuzo, kwizicwangciso zabo zomhlalaphantsi. Ekuthatheni umhlalaphantsi, baye bahlawulwe le 'mivuzo ihlehlisiwe' kwizicwangciso zabo zomhlalaphantsi.
Kodwa izicwangciso zokwenyani zomhlalaphantsi, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-defined benefit pension, ziye zatshatyalaliswa ngokuthe ngcembe-ngoncedo lukarhulumente oluqhutywa ngamaqela eRiphabhlikhi kunye neDemocratic Party-ngabaqeshi ukususela ngo-1980. Ukutshatyalaliswa kuye kwakhawuleza ukususela ngo-2001 kwaye kuqhubeka kwinqanaba lokugqibela. I-Defined benefit pension iye yatshintshwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwafakwa abucala, '401k' kunye 'nezicwangciso ze-IRA'โkuthotywa iindleko zabaqeshi kunye namatyala ngokumandla. I-401k ebambeleyo yesicwangciso ibonakalise intlekele kwaye ayonelanga ngokugqithisileyo ukubonelela 'imivuzo erhoxisiweyo' kwabo badla umhlala-phantsi. Abasebenzi kwiminyaka emi-10 Umhlala-phantsi ngokomyinge uneedola ezingama-50k kwi-401ks yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi. Umyinge we-401k eseleyo kuzo zonke izindlu ingaphantsi kwe-18k yeedola. Ayimangalisi into yokuba, elona candelo likhawulezayo lokukhula kwabasebenzi base-US ngabasebenzi abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-67 kufuneka baphinde bangene emsebenzini ukuze baphile. Kwaye iireyithi zokufayilisha zokungahlawulwa kwabadla umhlala-phantsi zikumanqanaba erekhodi kwaye zinyuka ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphambi kuka-2000, kuphela i-2.1% yeqela elingaphezu kwama-65 ubudala abafake izicelo zokungabinamali; namhlanje ireyithi yi-12.2%, ukwanda okuphindwe kahlanu nanjengoko isabelo sabo sabemi sinyuke nge-2.3% kuphela. Amatyala endlu aphakathi kwabantu abadla umhlala-phantsi ngoku akwi-101,000 yeedola.
Uninzi lwetyala elikhulayo labantu abadla umhlala-phantsi kungenxa yokuhla 'komvuzo' okwindlela yeentlawulo zenyanga ze pension, njengoko izicwangciso zebhenefithi ezichaziweyo ziye zatshatyalaliswa ngabaqeshi kunye norhulumente ngokuhlangeneyo zaza zathatyathelwa indawo ngama-401k enzuzo ephantsi yepenshini yabucala. Ukutshona, ukunyuka komsebenzi wethutyana oxhomekeke kubantu abadla umhlala-phantsi, kunye nokunyuka kweqondo lentlupheko kubantu abadala kube yimiphumo. Akukho nanye koku kuhla kwemivuzo ebekelwe ingxelo kwizibalo zomvuzo jikelele ziiarhente zikarhulumente wase-US, nangona kunjalo.
Ukwehla okufanayo komvuzo wekhaya lomhlalaphantsi kunxulunyaniswa neentlawulo zenyanga zokhuseleko loluntuโokt oko kunokubizwa ngokuba 'ngumvuzo woluntu' ofana nomvuzo orhoxisiweyo wabucala. 'Ixhaswa' ngumqeshi (kunye nabasebenzi) ngeentlawulo zerhafu yomvuzo kwingxowa-mali yokhuseleko loluntu apho izibonelelo zemali zenyanga zihlawulwe kumhlalaphantsi. Kwakhona irhoxisiwe, njengeentlawulo zepenshini yabucala, umvuzo wentlalo umela irhafu yomqeshi ehlawulwa kumqeshi kukhuseleko lwezentlalo eyenziwayo endaweni yomvuzo othe ngqo onokuthi uhlawulwe kubasebenzi ukuba bekungekho rhafu yomvuzo. Irhafu yomvuzo imele ukutsalwa kwabasebenzi kwimivuzo abangayifumaniyo kwaye endaweni yoko ithunyelwe kwingxowa-mali yokhuseleko loluntu. Yomibini imivuzo yomqeshi kunye nomsebenzi iyarhoxiswa kwaye ifakwe kwingxowa-mali yetrasti, ukuze ihlawulwe kwixesha elizayo ngokwemivuzo ngendlela yeentlawulo zezibonelelo zokhuseleko loluntu. Izibonelelo zokhuseleko loluntu luhlobo 'lomvuzo woluntu'. Kwaye ukuya kuthi ga ekuthotyweni kwezibonelelo zokhuseleko loluntu, umvuzo wentlalo (omisiweyo) uyathotywa. Ukwehliswa kwemivuzo kuphunyezwe ngurhulumente enyusa iminyaka yobudala yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi iye kutsho kuma-67 ukuze bafumane izibonelelo zokhuseleko loluntu. Ukunqumamisa okanye ukusilela ukwenza uhlengahlengiso kwiindleko zokuphila kwiintlawulo zenyanga. Ukucuthwa kweenzuzo zeSSDI, oko kukuthi i-inshurensi yokhubazeko yokhuseleko loluntu-zonke zimele ukucuthwa ngokwenyani kumvuzo wentlalontle. Ukunyuka kwee-deductibles zonyaka kunye nee-copays ze-Medicare lolunye uhlobo lokunciphisa umvuzo wentlalo. Ngaphezu koko, uTrump uceba ukunciphisa i-Medicare kwibhajethi yakhe yamva nje imele enye into esalindiweyo yokuthotywa kwemivuzo yoluntu.
Njengomhlalaphantsi ochaziweyo wemivuzo ehlehlisiwe, ukuncitshiswa komvuzo wentlalo ngendlela yeentlawulo zokhuseleko loluntu kukwabonisa iindidi ezifanelekileyo zemivuzo echaphazela abasebenzi abazizigidi ezingama-50 abadla umhlala-phantsi ukuba ii-arhente zorhulumente wase-US ezinoxanduva lokuqikelela utshintsho lwemivuzo azibandakanyi ekubaleni kwabo utshintsho lwemivuzo.
Amagqabantshintshi asisishwankathelo
Ngokuchaseneyo nemithombo yeendaba 'spin', ii-representations zeshishini, kunye nee-arhente zorhulumente wase-US' 'statistical legerdemain', imivuzo yokwenyani kuninzi lwabasebenzi base-US-okt i-133 yezigidi-ayisondele kakhulu ekunyukeni e-US phantsi kwe-Trump. Kwaye abazange phantsi kuka-Obama, uBush, okanye uClinton. Ukusukela ngo-1980 kunye nokufika kohlengahlengiso lwe-neoliberal capitalist ye-US kunye noqoqosho lwehlabathi, eyona nto iphambili yemigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal ibe kukucinezela imivuzo-kubo bonke kodwa malunga ne-10% i-US Capital iyibona ibalulekile ekwandiseni kwayo ngakumbi kwaye, kunjalo. imivuzo yabaphathi nabaphathi. Abanye abasebenzi base-US baye bafumana ukudodobala kwemivuzo rhoqo kwaye behla kwixesha elide. Isantya siye sakhawuleza okanye sehla ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, kodwa icala lexesha elide lokuhla kunye nokuma alibanga njalo.
Xa utshintsho lwemivuzo lungaphelelanga ekuthatheleni ingqalelo kuphela abasebenzi abasisigxina, abasisigxina okanye abanikwe i-avareji kuphela, xa kuqwalaselwa iindidi zabasebenzi ezingaqukwanga ngokufanelekileyo, xa imivuzo ihlengahlengiswa ngokwemilinganiselo yokwenyuka kwamaxabiso okwenene, xa kuchazwa inzala neziphumo zetyala, naxa โirhoxisiweโ. kunye 'nentlalontle' iintlawulo zemivuzo zifakwe kwiitotali zomvuzo ngokubanzi-kuyinto enzima kakhulu ukuba imivuzo yase-US iyancipha ixesha elithile kwaye oko kwehla kuyaqhubeka ngo-2018 nangona i-media-government spin ukuba imivuzo iyenyuka eMelika.
UGqr. Rasmus ngumbhali wencwadi esanda kupapashwa, 'Abagcini beBhanki abaPhakathi ekupheleni kweeNtya zabo: uMgaqo-nkqubo wezeMali kunye noxinzelelo oluzayo ', I-Clarity Press, ka-Agasti ka-2017, kunye nezayo 'Isibetho seNeoliberalism: uMgaqo-nkqubo wezoQoqosho ukusuka kuReagan ukuya kwiTrump', Clarity Press, 2019. Ubloga e jackrasmus.com kwaye umqheba wakhe we-twitter ngu-@drjackrasmus.
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Nikela
1 amagqabantshintshi
Ixabiso lezindlu nezindlu alahlelwa njengokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ulawulo luka-Obama luvule amasango ezikhukula kutyalo-mali lwangaphandle kwii-REITs. Olu tshintsho lwangcwatywa kuMthetho oManyeneyo woLwabiwo-mali ka-2016 kwaye luqhube amaxabiso ezindlu nomhlaba ukuya kumanqanaba angalawulekiyo kwiintsapho ezisebenzayo. Ndiyarhana ukuba oku kwenzelwa ukunceda iibhanki ekothuleni umhlaba othenjiweyo kwi-sub-prime mortgage debacle. Ipesenti yengeniso eya kwizindlu ayizange ibe phezulu.