intshayelelo
Umbutho wabasebenzi usengxakini. Yingxubakaxaka ebonakaliswa ziinyaniso zokuhla kobulungu kunye nokuhla kwamandla eengxoxo ezidityanelweyo kunye nempembelelo kwinqanaba lezopolitiko. Njenge
Ukuqonda iNgxaki yeManyano yabasebenzi
Ebhala kwintshayelelo yopapasho lwamva nje, umlweli wemanyano yabasebenzi ubomi obude uDan Gallin ucacisa "iinyaniso ezingaphelelanga" kunye "nokuqonda okungaphelelanga" ezixhasa ingcamango yokuba ingxaki ekhoyo phakathi kwemibutho yabasebenzi yaqala ngeminyaka yee-1980 kunye nee-1990 "ngoqoqosho". , intlalo kunye ... iziphumo zezopolitiko zokudityaniswa kwehlabathi". Uxoxa ngelithi "ingxaki yombutho wabasebenzi namhlanje eneneni sisiphumo sengxaki enkulu yombutho wabasebenzi obanzi, owaqala kwangethuba, kakhulu phambi kokuba kuqale ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi."
UGallin uthi ukuqondwa okwanelisayo kwengxaki ekhoyo kufuneka kubuyele umva ubuncinci ekunyukeni kwe-fascism ngeminyaka yee-1930 apho "sonke isizukulwana sabavukeli babasebenzi, abona bantu babalaseleyo, banyamalala kwiinkampu zoxinaniso, emfazweni, okanye abazange bafike. ubuyile elubhacweni." Emva kwemfazwe umbutho wabasebenzi waphinda wavela "womelele ngokugqithisileyo". Uchaza ukuba “bonke oorhulumente bedemokhrasi emva kwemfazwe
Ukufikelela kwingcambu yengxaki uGallin uchaza ukuba "engaphantsi [kweentshukumo zabasebenzi] ukulahlekelwa kwamandla kunye negunya yingxaki yokuzazi kunye nokuziqhelanisa". Ezinxulumanisa nentshukumo yezobulungisa yehlabathi uGallin uthi "imfuno yeyure ngumceli mngeni onzima kwinkunzi yezizwe ngezizwe kunye nolungelelwaniso lwehlabathi oluqulunqileyo". Kodwa wongeza ngokufanelekileyo ukuba "umceli mngeni onjalo awunakunyuswa ngaphandle kokuba umbutho uphinde ufumane isazisi esifanayo esekwe komnye umbono woluntu."
Ngokuqinisekileyo umbono ongomnye wemveli okhuthazwa ngumbutho wabasebenzi ibiyi-socialism, kodwa njengoko uGallin ebonisa "ubusoshiyali bujongene nengxaki, kwaye leyo yintlekele yentsingiselo yesoshiyali." Uqhubela phambili inqaku elicebisa ukuba “kufuneka siyichaze ngokutsha i-socialism ukuze iphinde iqondwe njengezopolitiko ezizezethu ngokwendalo, ezo zentshukumo yembali yabasebenzi – ziyaqondwa kwaye zamkelekile nakwabo bakhabayo, ngesizathu esihle, abonakeleyo. iimpahla ezithengiswa phantsi kwaloo lebhile."
Eshwankathela ingxoxo yakhe uGallin ubeka umceli mngeni kubatsha-ntliziyo bentshukumo yabasebenzi kwihlabathi jikelele-
Abo baphuhlisa iingqiqo ze ... intshukumo yobulungisa yehlabathi, bafuna ukwakha kwakhona intshukumo yabasebenzi kunye nesazisi ekwabelwana ngaso kunye neenqobo ekwabelwana ngazo - hayi eyona iphantsi idinomineyitha eqhelekileyo, yile nto sinayo namhlanje kwaye le ntshukumo, njengoko injalo, inokukuphela. lahlekelwa. Ngaphaya kweyona denominator isezantsi, sidinga enye ingcaciso yehlabathi, ezinye iinjongo zoluntu kunye nenkqubo yendlela yokuya apho bonke abanokubhalisa kuyo. Umbutho omtsha wabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe, oxhobileyo ngengqiqo yomsebenzi obanzi wentlalontle, unokuba ngundoqo womanyano lwehlabathi kubandakanywa zonke ezinye iintshukumo zentlalo ezabelana nge-ajenda efanayo. Intshukumo enjalo inokutshintsha ihlabathi. Ingaphinda ibe ngumbutho wenkululeko woluntu owawumisela kwiminyaka elikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu eyadlulayo.
Ukoyisa Ingxaki Yethu Yokuzazi
Ngelishwa kubasebenzi, abantu abambalwa ngaphakathi kwentlangano yabasebenzi, intshukumo echasene nongxowankulu okanye intshukumo yobulungisa yehlabathi jikelele iye yaphakama kumngeni kaGallin. Ubunkokeli bombutho wabasebenzi bubonakala buyamkele ukuba usoshiyali bungqinwe njengombono ombi kwaye bamkele imfundiso kaMargaret Thatchers TINA - "ayikho enye indlela" – ebhenela ekuzameni ukwenza ezona meko zilungileyo phantsi kongxowankulu. Uguquko oludala lwasekhohlo lubonakala lungakwazi ukufunda naziphi na izifundo kwi-20th Inkulungwane, ukuqhubela phambili ukugxininisa imigca eqhelekileyo ngokwendalo ikhokelela ekumeni kunye nokwahlukaniswa. Kwaye iForam yezeNtlalo yeHlabathi esanda kusekwa ibonakala inomxholo wokuthetha nje "elinye ihlabathi linokwenzeka", ndiziva kungekho mfuneko yakuchaza ukuba uqoqosho lweli lizwe linokujongeka njani.
Into ebalulekileyo ngaphandle koku ngumsebenzi weengcali zezoqoqosho uMichael Albert kunye noRobin Hahnel. Ukunyuka kumngeni kaGallin uAlbert noHahnel baqala bachaza ukuba "ekubeni iinkokeli zaseSoviet, zaseTshayina, naseMpuma Yurophu zonke zawabiza amazwe abo ngokuthi "ngobusoshiyali", kwaye ekubeni uHenry Kissinger ... bawabiza ngokuba "ngobusoshiyali", la mazwe kumele ukuba ayenoqoqosho olubandakanya imigaqo yobusoshiyali. UAlbert noHanhel emva koko bachaza isigqibo esinengqiqo esilandela kulo mbono wehlabathi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo - "Ingxaki yolu qoqosho ke ngoko ibonisa ukuba iinqobo zokuziphatha zobusoshiyali - ekuphela kwendlela eya kwimilinganiselo yobungxowankulu - ziyaliwa."
Nangona kunjalo, baqhubela phambili bechaza ukuba "imilinganiselo yoSocialist - becinga ukuba ngoku sithetha ukulingana nokuthatha inxaxheba ixabiso – alizange libonakalise naliphi na kula mazwe." Besophula le mbono isemgangathweni yehlabathi balumkisa ngelithi "Ukuba asiyiqondi loo nto, asinakukwazi ukuqonda iingcambu zengxaki yabo yangoku okanye ezinye izinto ezinokwenzeka." Ukunceda ukucacisa "i-semantics ye-Orwellian "UAlbert noHahnel bacaphula iingqondi ezaziwayo zehlabathi uNoam Chomsky ocacisa le meko ngolu hlobo lulandelayo -
"Zombini ezona nkqubo ziphambili zepropaganda zehlabathi ziye zakuchaza oku kutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zobusoshiyali njengoloyiso lobusoshiyali.
Ngoko ke, ukuba iSoviet Union,
UAlbert noHahnel balandelela imvelaphi yoqoqosho lomnxibelelanisi emva "kubuthathaka kwisikhokelo sethiyori yeMarxist" ebonakaliswe kwinyani "yeemvakalelo zokuchasa ukulingana kunye nokuchasana nokuthatha inxaxheba kweenkokeli zeenguqulelo zaseRussia." Ukuqinisa ingxabano yabo uAlbert noHahnel baboleka enye isicatshulwa kuChomsky othi "ingakumbi ukususela ngo-1917, iMarxism - okanye ngokuchanekileyo, iMarxism-Leninism - iye yaba, njengoko uBakunin waxela kwangaphambili, ingcamango 'yodidi olutsha' lwe-revolutionary intelligentsia exhaphaza abantu abaninzi. Imizabalazo yenguquko-mbuso yokuhlutha igunya likarhulumente… " UChomsky uqhubela phambili le ngongoma esongezelela ukuba olu "[udidi olutsha] luqhubela phambili ngokumisela ulawulo olungqwabalala nolozwilakhe lokutshabalalisa amaziko obusoshiyali, njengoko uLenin noTrotsky batshabalalisa amabhunga emizi-mveliso neesoviet. inokuthi ijongele phantsi kwaye itshabalalise intshukumo eya kwi-socialism yokwenyani kwenye indawo, ukuba kungenxa yesoyikiso ngokwembono" ... kwaye iqukumbela "olu hlaselo lwengcinga luntlu-mbini, ludityaniswe nezinye izixhobo ezifumanekayo kwabo banamandla okwenyani, luchaphazele isibetho esibi kwimisinga yenkululeko yenkululeko. eyayikade inamandla amakhulu. ”…
Nangona bambalwa oosocialists banento entle abayithetha ngoStalin kule mihla abaninzi beTrotskyist basaxoxa ukuba iinkokeli zamaBolshevik zanyanzeliswa ukuba zichithe abasebenzi bazilawule kwaye basebenzise ulawulo lobuzwilakhe ngenxa yezinto zangaphandle ezifana nemfazwe yamakhaya. Nangona kunjalo, uAlbert noHahnel banomdla wokubonisa ukuba uTrotsky ngokwakhe akazange asibambe esi sikhundla, endaweni yoko esithi-
"Ndicinga ukuba ukuba iMfazwe yamakhaya ayizange iphange amalungu ethu ezoqoqosho kuzo zonke ezona zinamandla, ezizimeleyo, ezininzi zinikwe inyathelo, ngokungathandabuzekiyo bekufanele ukuba singene kwindlela yokulawula umntu omnye ngokukhawuleza kwaye kabuhlungu kakhulu."
Kunye nabanye abaninzi uAlbert noHahnel bagqiba kweli nqaku ukuba kuphela ngabangaboniyo abangaboniyo - "UTrotsky akazange avume ngokungenamdla kwizakhiwo zomququzeleli ngenxa yeemfuno ezinyanzeliswa yiMfazwe yamakhaya, njengoko abaxolisi begcina, kodwa ngenxa yokuba wayebakhetha."
Kwelinye inqaku uAlbert noHahnel babuza ukuba "... yintoni engalunganga ngombono wokuqala wobusoshiyali? Kutheni abasebenzi kumashishini ahlukeneyo kunye namashishini, kunye nabathengi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla, balungelelanise iinzame zabo ezidibeneyo - ngesazela, ngedemokhrasi, ngokulinganayo, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo?" Baqhubeka "Inyaniso elula kukuba i-socialism njengoko ikhulelwe ekuqaleni ayizange izame, kodwa kungekhona ngenxa yokuba ayinakwenzeka."
Nangona kunjalo, uAlbert kunye noHahnel abagxekayo kwi-socialism yasekuqaleni - "Siyaqonda ukuba amaKomanisi ebhunga, i-syndicalists, i-anarchists, kunye ne-socialists ye-guild abazange babhale imodeli ehambelanayo, yethiyori echaza ukuba le nkqubo inokusebenza njani." Baqhubeka bongeza ukuba-
Abanduleli bethu bebesoloko bebonelela ngothelekiso oluchukumisayo lweenzuzo zenkululeko, engeyiyo eyentengiso, enye indlela yobusoshiyali xa kuthelekiswa nongxowankulu kunye nesicwangciso solawulo-melo. Kodwa ngokufuthi babesilela ukuphendula kwimibuzo enzima ephathelele indlela izigqibo eziyimfuneko ezaziya kwenziwa ngayo, isizathu sokuba iinkqubo zabo zaziza kuvelisa isicwangciso esilungeleleneyo, okanye isizathu sokuba umphumo ube nempumelelo.
Ukujongana nobu buthathaka kumbono wokuqala wobusoshiyali u-Albert noHahnel baqhubeleka nokuphuhlisa imodeli entsha yezoqoqosho ebizwa ngokuba yi-economic participatory, okanye iParEcon ngokufutshane.
I-ParEcon-umbono omtsha wexesha elide weNtshukumo yaBasebenzi
Kwisincoko sakhe esigqwesileyo – iNxaxheba yezoQoqosho kunye nokuZikhulula kwiKlasi eSebenzayo – uTom Wetzel uthi “iNxaxheba yoQoqosho lulinge lokuphendula imibuzo esisiseko ekufuneka iyiphendulwe nayiphi na inkqubo yezoqoqosho esebenzayo” kunye “nokuzama ukucacisa nje ubume bezoqoqosho. , isakhelo esiya kwenza abantu bakwazi ukulawula ubomi babo, baze baphile ngendlela abamisela ngayo, ngokusekelwe ekukhululweni kwabo kwingcinezelo yodidi. (Okulandelayo yintshayelelo emfutshane yeParEcon. Ukutyelela iakhawunti ebanzi https://znetwork.org/znet/topics/parecon)
IBhunga labaSebenzi kunye nabaThengi
Okokuqala, kufuneka sazi ukuba ngawaphi amaziko asisiseko ahamba ukwenza uQoqosho oluThatha iNxaxheba. Apha uMichael Albert ubonisa ukuba, "Ngokwembali, xa abasebenzi kunye nabathengi bezama ukulawula ubomi babo, baye bahlala bedala amabhunga abasebenzi kunye nabathengi njengendlela yokwenza oko". Ukwenziwa kwala maziko matsha ezoqoqosho kuneempembelelo ezininzi ezinokuthi zibe kho kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho xa iyonke. Umzekelo, inamandla okuphelisa ubunini babucala kunye nokulawula ukuzilawula ngokwamaziko. Oku kunjalo ngokwenene kuQoqosho oluThatha iNxaxheba.
Ubunini?
KwiParEcon ubunini babucala bamaziko ezoqoqosho buphelile. Amabhunga abasebenzi kunye nabathengi aya "... ukususa ngokulula ubunini beendlela zokuvelisa njengengqwalasela yezoqoqosho. Ipropati ekwimo yendlela yemveliso iba yinto engeyonto." Oku kungenxa yokuba "Ngokwembali, ukuba namalungu ambalwa oluntu angabanini bezi zinto." iindlela zokuvelisa, ukuthatha isigqibo malunga nokusetyenziswa kwazo, kunye nokulahla imveliso kunye neengeniso abazivelisayo kuye kwathetha ukuba eli qela linelungelo lihlala linobutyebi obuninzi, ingeniso engaphezulu, kunye namandla oqoqosho ngaphezu kwabanye kuluntu. "
Ke, ukoyisa le ntswela-bulungisa yembali, kuqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba "Akukho mntu unabo nabuphi na ubunini beendlela zokuvelisa ezithi zifumane kuye nawaphi na amalungelo, naluphi na uxanduva, naluphi na ubutyebi, okanye nayiphi na ingeniso eyahlukileyo kwizinto ezigunyaziswa luqoqosho lonke. Kwaye "Akukho mntu unobutyebi, umvuzo, okanye impembelelo yezoqoqosho eyahlukileyo kunento nabani na enayo ngenxa yokuba nobunini obuhlukeneyo beendlela zokuvelisa"
Ukuzilawula
Kuthetha ukuthini ukuzilawula? UTom Wetzel ubamba kakuhle undoqo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo-
"Sonke sinakho ukubona kwangaphambili iikhosi ezinokuthi zenziwe kwixesha elizayo, ukucinga ngamanyathelo okuphumeza iinjongo zethu, ukuphuhlisa izakhono zokuqhuba izinto ezifunekayo ukuze sifezekise iinjongo zethu, ukwenza izicwangciso zokusebenza, kunye nokuphumeza ezo zicwangciso. phantsi kolawulo lwethu. Oku kukuzilawula."
Yinkolelo kwiimvakalelo ezilolo hlobo ezixhasa abantu, kwixesha elidlulileyo nanamhlanje, ukuzibophelela kumzabalazo wokulwa ingcinezelo yodidi longxowankulu kunye nengcinezelo yodidi lwabaNxibelelanisi kunye nenkululeko yezoqoqosho ngokuzilawula kwabasebenzi. Noko ke, ukunikela intetho yomlomo kwezo mvakalelo zintle ngolo hlobo akuqinisekisi inkululeko kwingcinezelo yodidi. Njengoko kubonisiwe - "Kufuneka sikhuthaze imilinganiselo emihle, ewe, kodwa kwakhona kufuneka sikhuthaze isethi yamaziko anokwenza imilinganiselo yethu ibe yinyani ngaphandle kokunciphisa impumelelo yezoqoqosho."
Phambi kokuba ndidlulele ekuchazeni amaziko alolu hlobo ndingathanda ukukhe ndithathe ngokufutshane eli nqaku lokuzilawula nempumelelo kwezoqoqosho. Abantu abaninzi bakubona ukuzilawula “njengokubeka esichengeni impumelelo yezoqoqosho”. Abantu abaninzi bajonga iingenelo ezizuzwa ngokuzilawula njengohlobo oluthile lokurhweba ngobuchule bezoqoqosho. Kodwa njengoko uRobin Hahnel esitsho-
Kukho uncwadi olwaneleyo oluchaza iinzuzo zolawulo lwabasebenzi. Ubungqina buninzi bokuba abantu abanelizwi kunye nendima kwindlela abasebenza ngayo abafumani nje umsebenzi owonwabisayo, banemveliso kwaye bayasebenza ngokunjalo. "
Ngoko ke, ngeli nqanaba sinokubona ukuba amaziko asisiseko ahambayo ukwenza uQoqosho oluSebenzayo lungaphezulu okanye lungaphantsi kufana nalawo abonwayo kwaye asebenze kwixesha elidlulileyo "ngama-socialists athembekileyo" esibhekiselele kuwo ngaphambili. Nangona kunjalo, uAlbert uphinda abonise ukuba "Kwi-ParEcon, ngelixa abasebenzi kunye namabhunga abathengi ngokuyimfuneko afana nalawo aye avela kwimizabalazo edlulileyo, kukho ukuzinikela okongeziweyo ekuzilawuleni". Njengoko siza kubona oku kuzibophelela okongeziweyo ekuzilawuleni kwakhona kusebenza njengomqobo kwiziko kulawulo lodidi lwabaququzeleli phakathi kwemizabalazo echasene nongxowankulu yanamhlanje kunye noluntu lwasemva kongxowankulu.
Amandla okwenziwa kwezigqibo ngokulinganayo
Kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho ethatha inxaxheba "Wonke umntu ukhululekile ukuba enze isicelo sobulungu kwibhunga elikhethwe nguye, okanye enze ibhunga elitsha labasebenzi kunye nabani na anqwenela." Nangona kunjalo, xa ilungu lebhunga ayinguye wonke umntu ivoti enesisindo esifanayo ngalo lonke ixesha kusenziwa isigqibo. Endaweni yoko
Ngoko sinokubona ukuba ukuzilawula kuqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba kuthatha uphawu oluthile apho umntu ngamnye exhotyiswe kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo. Akukho mntu ufumana ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwelizwi kwisigqibo kunokuba kufuneka kwaye bonke bafumane ukwenza igalelo elifanelekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo.
IiComplexes zeMisebenzi elungelelanisiweyo
Zonke iinkqubo zoqoqosho zifuna abantu ukuze benze umsebenzi, kwaye zonke iindawo zokusebenza zidla ngokucwangcisa lo msebenzi ube ziinqwaba ezichazwe kakuhle zemisebenzi esidla ngokuyibiza ngokuba "yimisebenzi". Nangona kunjalo iinkqubo zoqoqosho ezahlukeneyo ziququzelela imisebenzi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
Umzekelo, kuluntu olugcwele udidi imisebenzi eya kuqulunqa imisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo iya kucwangciswa ngendlela yokuba kugcinwe ubume bemigangatho. Oku kuthetha ukuthini ngokwemigaqo ebambekayo kukuba abantu ukuya phezulu kuluhlu (udidi lomnxibelelanisi) baya kuba nemisebenzi eyakhiwe yimisebenzi exhobisayo ngelixa abo basezantsi kuluhlu lwemigangatho (abasebenzi) benemisebenzi eyenziwe yimisebenzi yokungaxhotyiswa. .
Le ndlela yokucinga kunye nokulungelelanisa imisebenzi emsebenzini ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba "yicandelo lezabasebenzi". Icandelwana labasebenzi luphawu lweziko olufumaneka kuqoqosho longxowankulu nabaququzeleli kwaye luphawu lweziko olugcina ngokucwangcisiweyo ulawulo lwendawo yokusebenza ngelixa lujongela phantsi ukuzilawula. Ingongoma icaciswa xa sibuza – “Ukuba sifuna wonke umntu abe nethuba elilinganayo lokuthatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo kwezoqoqosho - ukuba sifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba isemthethweni ilungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba liguqulelwa kwi- ngempumelelo ilungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba - ngaba oku akufuni umsebenzi wokulungelelanisa ukuze uxhobise?"
Ke siyala ulwahlulo lwabasebenzi njengokungahambelani nokuzilawula kwaye “Sifuna ukwandisa ulwazi lukaWilliam Morris, umzobi owaziwayo wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kunye nomkhandi wamagama, owathi kwikamva elingcono asinakukwazi ukuba nako. icandelo labasebenzi njengangoku." Kodwa yeyiphi enye indlela? "Endaweni yokudibanisa imisebenzi ukuze eminye imisebenzi ixhobise kakhulu kwaye eminye imisebenzi igxininise kakhulu, eminye imisebenzi idlulisa ulwazi kunye negunya ngelixa eminye imisebenzi idlulisa ukuthotywa kunye nokuthobela, kwaye abo benza imisebenzi ethile balawula njengeklasi yomnxibelelanisi, befumana umvuzo kunye nefuthe elingakumbi. Ngelixa abo benza umsebenzi ophantsi bethobela njengabasebenzi bemveli abangaphantsi kwimpembelelo nakwingeniso – iParEcon ithi masenze umsebenzi ngamnye uthelekiseke nawo wonke omnye kumgangatho wobomi bawo kwaye okona kubaluleke nangakumbi kwimpembelelo yawo yokuxhobisa… Kwicandelo labasebenzi eliqukayo iklasi yomnxibelelanisi ngaphezu kwabasebenzi, sifudukela kwicandelo elingenaklasi labasebenzi eliphakamisa bonke abasebenzi ukuba bafikelele kumandla abo apheleleyo."
Ukuyilwa kolwahlulo olungenamgangatho wabasebenzi kuphunyezwa ngokususa icandelo elidala lezabasebenzi kufakwe into entsha yeziko ebizwa ngokuba yi-"balanced job complexes". Njengoko uTom Wetzel watshoyo, oku kuya kuthetha ukuba "imisebenzi iya kuyilwa ngokutsha ngocwangco kulo lonke uqoqosho ... into esiyenzayo kukuyila kwakhona imisebenzi ukuze ilungelelane phakathi kwezakhono kunye nomsebenzi woyilo kwelinye icala, kunye nokwenza umsebenzi womzimba, umsebenzi onganqweneleki kangako okanye ongaxhobisanga kangako." Okubalulekileyo wongezelela ukuba "Siphinde sitshintshe ngokucwangcisiweyo inkqubo yemfundo ukuba idemokhrasi ukufikelela kwiingcali nolwazi kunye noqeqesho, sidibanisa oku kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa ngokwayo."
UCwangciso loThatho-nxaxheba
Ukongeza ekuyilweni ngokutsha kwemisebenzi ukuququzelela ukuzilawula okunentsingiselo kukwafuneka siphelise urhwebo njengendlela yokwabiwa kwempahla neenkonzo. Oku kungenxa yokuba, njengecandelo leshishini labasebenzi, iimarike zitshabalalisa ukuzilawula - "Oku akwenzeki nje ngenxa yokungafani kobutyebi obuguqulela amandla ahlukeneyo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ukhuphiswano lweemarike lunyanzelisa iindawo zokusebenza ezisekwe kwibhunga ukuba zinciphise iindleko kwaye zifune isabelo semarike nokuba iziphumo ezizayo." I-Economists ye-Neoclassical iphikisa ukuba iimarike zezona ndlela zilungileyo kunye nezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokwabiwa kweempahla kunye neenkonzo, kodwa njengoko uTom Wetzel etshilo - "oku kukusasaza nje; imarike ngokwenene yinkqubo yokwabiwa kwezibonelelo ngamandla oqoqosho ahamba ze." Ngamafutshane iimarike zinyanzela abantu ukuba bakhuphisane naxa befuna ukusebenzisana - okukhokelela kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho echasene noluntu.
Indlela eshiyekileyo eyesiqhelo kwiimarike ibikucwangciso olusembindini. Kodwa njengoko uRobin Hahnel ebonisile "ngelixa isiphene esibulalayo kwi-capitalism kukuthambekela kwabo okuchasene noluntu, isiphene esibulalayo kwisicwangciso esisembindini kukuthambekela kwabo kwedemokhrasi." Abaxhasi bajonga ucwangciso olusembindini njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwedemokhrasi nolungenaklasi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba eli gcuntswana labacwangcisi kwiziko (iklasi yomnxibelelanisi) lilawula kwaye lilawula ulwazi olubalulekileyo inqanaba lentatho-nxaxheba ethandwayo nenentsingiselo ekuthathweni kwezigqibo iyathandabuzeka kakhulu. Kodwa into ecacileyo kukuba ngenxa yolu lwazi kunye namandla kwiziko (okubangelwa kukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kwecandelo loshishino lwabasebenzi) ucwangciso oluphakathi alunakuze lubangele uqoqosho olungenaklasi kwaye luchasa ngokweziko ukuzilawula kwabasebenzi kunye nomthengi. .
Njengenye indlela kuzo zombini iimarike kunye nabathetheleli besicwangciso esisembindini sokuthatha inxaxheba kwezoqoqosho bandulula inkqubo yolwabiwo ebizwa ngokuba "yisicwangciso sokuthatha inxaxheba". "Sithi enye indlela kukuba abantu bebonke bazenzele ngokwabo isicwangciso" kwaye "inkqubo yemfundo kunye nokufumaneka kolwazi kufuneka kube yindlela yokwenza oku."
Ukuva oku okokuqala, ucwangciso lothatho-nxaxheba lunokuvakala njengephupha elibi – iintlanganiso ezinkulu ezingenasiphelo ezikhokelela kwisiphithiphithi kunye nokuzinza. Kodwa njengoko uRobin Hahnel uye wabonisa - "Uninzi lweenkqubo esizicetyisiweyo zakhuthazwa ngokuchanekileyo ukuphepha imigibe kwi-naïve illusion yokuba" abantu "banokwenza zonke izigqibo zezoqoqosho ezibachaphazelayo kwixabiso" kwintlanganiso enye enkulu ".
Njengoko kuvela ukuba inkqubo yocwangciso olusisiseko ilula ngokwengqiqo. Abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo yokucwangcisa ngamabhunga abasebenzi kunye neentlangano, amabhunga abathengi kunye neentlangano, kunye neBhodi yokuPhathwa kwe-Iteration ("IFB - iqela labasebenzi elinikezela ngolwazi kubathathi-nxaxheba kwisicwangciso sokuthatha inxaxheba ngokuphindaphindiweyo, okanye ukujikeleza, kwesicwangciso. inkqubo"). La maziko ezoqoqosho asebenzisana kwinkqubo yocwangciso enokwahlulwa ngokwala manyathelo ma-4 alandelayo –
"I-IFB ibhengeza into esiyibiza ngokuba" ngamaxabiso abonisayo "("amaxabiso abonisa iindleko zentlalo kunye neenzuzo ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kweempahla kunye neenkonzo") kuzo zonke iimpahla kunye neenkonzo zokugqibela, iimpahla ezinkulu, izibonelelo zendalo, kunye neendidi zabasebenzi."
"Amabhunga abathengi kunye neemanyano ziphendula ngezindululo zokusetyenziswa. Amabhunga abasebenzi kunye neemanyano ziphendula ngezindululo zemveliso."
"I-IFB ke ibala imfuno engaphezulu okanye unikezelo lwento nganye yokugqibela kunye nenkonzo, i-capital good, izibonelelo zendalo, kunye nodidi lwabasebenzi, kwaye ilungelelanise ixabiso elibonisayo lokulungileyo, okanye ukuhla, ngokumalunga nemfuno engaphezulu okanye unikezelo. "
4. "Ukusebenzisa amaxabiso abonisayo amatsha abathengi kunye namabhunga abasebenzi kunye neemanyano zihlaziya kwaye zingenise kwakhona izindululo zabo."
"Inkqubo yokucwangcisa [eyinxalenye ye-Balanced Job Complex] iyaqhubeka de kungabikho mfuneko ingaphezulu kwayo nayiphi na impahla, kunye neendidi zabasebenzi, nawaphi na amagalelo aphambili, okanye nasiphi na isitokhwe esiyinkunzi; ngamanye amazwi, de kufikelelwe kwisicwangciso esinokwenzeka. ."
Umvuzo woMzamo nokuzincama
Njengoko sele sibonile, kuqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba ubunini babucala bamaziko ezoqoqosho akusekho. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuvuza abantu ngokuba nendawo yokusebenza akusenakwenzeka. Nangona kunjalo, ukususa le migaqo ingenabulungisa yomvuzo kusikhokelela ekubeni sibuze - ngeyiphi enye indlela esibavuza ngayo abantu kuqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba?
Apha uAlbert noHahnel bacebisa umzamo kunye nokuzincama njengendlela efanelekileyo yokuziphatha yomvuzo -
"Ukuba usebenza ixesha elide, kwaye uyenza ngokufanelekileyo, unelungelo lokufumana ngaphezulu kwemveliso yentlalo. Ukuba usebenza kakhulu, kwiinjongo eziluncedo ekuhlaleni, kwakhona unelungelo lokufumana imveliso yentlalontle. Ukuba usebenza kwindawo enzima kakhulu okanye iyingozi okanye ikruqulayo kodwa iseyimisebenzi evumelekileyo ekuhlaleni, kwakhona, unelungelo lokufumana imveliso yentlalo.
Ngokwemveli inxele licebise “ngamnye ngokwemfuno yakhe” njengommiselo wokuvuza abantu ngomsebenzi owenziweyo. Nangona kunjalo uAlbert noHahnel bacinga ukuba lo mgaqo unento yokwenza ngakumbi nemfesane nobuntu kunobulungisa bezoqoqosho-
“Nangona ndikholelwa ukuba ubulungisa bufuna ukuba kubuyekezwe abantu ngokwedini labo, kum kubonakala ngathi bubuntu bethu obusinyanzelayo ukuba sibabonelele abo basweleyo.”
Ngoko uqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba luya kuba novelwano ngengqiqo yokuba lubonelela abantu abasweleyo kodwa luya kuba luqoqosho olunobulungisa ngengqiqo yokuba luhlawula umsebenzi osekelwe kwimigudu kunye nokuzincama.
Ukulungiselela ukuVuselelwa
Ngaphandle kwesibheno sayo njengombono omtsha wexesha elide wombutho waBasebenzi iParEcon inokukhangeleka ngathi yimayile ezisisigidi kude kwizinto zokwenyani ezijongene namatsha ntliziyo emanyano yabasebenzi kumzabalazo wabo wemihla ngemihla weemeko zokusebenza ezindilisekileyo. Nakwawona matsha ntliziyo emanyano yabasebenzi azinikeleyo aqiniseke ngokupheleleyo yiParEcon, umsantsa phakathi kongxowankulu behlabathi kunye noqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba kumazwe ngamazwe unokubonakala ungavaleleki. Njengoko uRobin Hahnel ephawule- "Ukuba bendine-nickel kuye wonke umntu ondixelele ukuba bawuthanda kangakanani lo mbono, kodwa bengakwazi ukucinga indlela yokufika apho sikhoyo namhlanje, ngesele ndithathe umhlala-phantsi."
Ukujongana nale ngxaki uAlbert noHahnel beze nenani leengcebiso malunga nokuba yintoni inkqubo "namhlanje" enokuthi ibhekiselele ekusiqhubeleni kuqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba "ngomso". Umzekelo uMichael Albert uchaza ukuba "ukulwela imivuzo ephezulu kungayi kuba sisiphelo ngokwako - kodwa kuya kufuna ukuphakamisa ukuqonda koluntu ngokufaneleka kunye nokusebenza kokumisela inkqubo yomvuzo womgudu kunye nokuzincama. umvuzo ngoku, kwaye wazise kwaye utyebise iindlela kunye neminqweno yokuphumelela ukulingana okupheleleyo kamva." Okanye indlela "ukulwela iimeko ezingcono zokusebenza akuyi kuba sisiphelo sayo, kodwa iya kufuna ukuphakamisa ukuqonda koluntu ngokufaneleka kunye nokusebenza kwezakhiwo zemisebenzi ezilungelelanisiweyo kamva. bonke besiya kumbutho ongasebenziyo. "
Le yimizekelo yento uAlbert ayibiza ngokuba “yimizabalazo yohlaziyo olungaguqukiyo” okuthetha ukuba amatsha-ntliziyo emanyano yabasebenzi abaququzelela uqoqosho olutsha “abayi kucinga ukuba iimpawu ezikhoyo ezichazayo zentlalo ziya kuqhubeka ngonaphakade, kodwa baya kufuna uhlaziyo oluya kuphucula ubomi babantu ngoku njengangoku. inxalenye yenkqubo yokutshintsha ezo mpawu zichazayo ngokupheleleyo kwixesha elizayo."
UMichael Albert ude wacebisa inkqubo yezoqoqosho ethatha inxaxheba ebandakanya iseti ekhaliphileyo yeemfuno ezenzelwe "ukujongana neemfuno abantu abaziva ngoku", "ukukhuthaza ukunyuswa kwe-parecon", "ukuxhobisa abantu ukuba bafune inzuzo engakumbi" kunye "nokukhuthaza abantu ukuba baphumelele." ifune iinzuzo kwaye ngaxeshanye iqhubela phambili inkqubo equkayo ebanzi eyinxalenye yayo". Iimfuno ziquka "ikota enye yexesha elingaphantsi lomsebenzi kumntu wonke, kunye nokuhla komvuzo kwikota enye kunye nengeniso yebhonasi kwabafumana umvuzo ophezulu kwikota kuluntu" kunye "akukho tshintsho kumvuzo opheleleyo womvuzo wesiqingatha esiphakathi soluntu, kunye ikota enye inyusa umvuzo opheleleyo kwikota esezantsi yoluntu."
Kodwa phambi kokuba kwenzeke nayiphi na into, iimanyano zabasebenzi kufuneka zibe nedemokhrasi yangaphakathi. URobin Hahnel ubhale ukuba - "... endaweni yokusalela emva koluntu ngokubanzi ekwakheni inkcubeko yedemokhrasi yokuthatha inxaxheba, endaweni yokuxelisa i-hierarchical, izenzo zolawulo lweentshaba zabo zenkampani, imibutho kufuneka ikhangele iindlela zokulinganisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamalungu abo." U-Hahnel uyaqhubeka, elumkisa ngelithi "... okoko iinkokeli zemanyano ezizinzileyo ziyalela imigaqo-nkqubo, kwaye zithathe isigqibo sokuba nini bona ukufumana kulula ukugaya ubulungu ukuxhasa zabo amaphulo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamalungu kuya kuqhubeleka ukuwohloka, kwaye iimanyano zabasebenzi ziya kuqhubeka zingabalulekanga kangako kubomi begcuntswana labasebenzi […]
isiphelo
Ukuthatha ulwazi lwenani elincinane leengcingane eziqhubela phambili ndixoxile ukuba le ngxaki yangoku yemanyano yabasebenzi yingxaki yokuzazi. Noko ke, njengoko sesibonile, le yintlekele ebangelwe kukusasazwa kweengcamango ezibhidekileyo ngokuphathelele intsingiselo yobusoshiyali nembali yabo emfutshane. Siye sabona ukuba oko bekubizwa ngokuba bubusoshiyali kuyo yonke iNkulungwane yama-20 ngokufanelekileyo kubhekiselwa kuko njengomnxibelelanisi wezoqoqosho. Ukuqonda oku kusinceda ukuba siqonde ukuba ukuwa kweenkqubo “zobusoshiyali” ngeminyaka yee-1980’s kunye nee-90’s akubonisi bungqina bubambekayo bobusoshiyali bokwenyani njengenye indlela yobukapitali.
Ukubuyela nokwakhela phezu kwesithethe sobusoshiyali benyani umbutho wabasebenzi ngoku unomfuziselo omtsha wezoqoqosho obizwa ngokuba luqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba emawuqwalaselwe. Ndithe thaca iimpawu ezisisiseko zeziko leParEcon kwaye ndalungisa ezinye zeenkxalabo ezicwangcisiweyo malunga notshintsho lwezoqoqosho. Sikwachukumise umsebenzi wokuqala wohlaziyo lwangaphakathi, sisenza iimanyano zabasebenzi zibe ngumphambili wentatho-nxaxheba yedemokhrasi kuluntu phambi kokuba kuqaliswe ngokwenene umsebenzi wokuvuselela.
Ukuze oku kwenzeke kuya kufuneka kuqala kubekho uhlobo oluthile lweziko lothungelwano elenzelwe amatsha ntliziyo emanyano yabasebenzi abanomdla ekuphuhliseni iiprojekthi ezilungiselelwe ukukhuthaza uthatho-nxaxheba lwedemokhrasi ngaphakathi kumbutho wemibutho yabasebenzi kunye noqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba emsebenzini (umzekelo woko indawo yokuya ku-"Project for a Participatory Trade Union Movement" kwiphepha elithi "Projects" ku http://www.ppsuk.org.uk)
Xa kudityanisiwe, olu lwazi, umbono kunye neqhinga limele isiseko solungiselelo olusisiseko sokuvuselelwa kweemanyano zabasebenzi. Imele inguqu epheleleyo kwicala lombutho wabasebenzi - utshintsho oluya kwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yoxinzelelo olukhulu kunye nolungiselelo olunzima. Akunjalo nangayiphi na indlela inkqubo epheleleyo. Ifuna ingxoxo eninzi ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, isikhokelo esisisiseko sikhona kwaye iingxoxo ngoku zinokuthi zenzeke ngaphakathi kwizinto eziyinyani zolungiselelo endaweni yethiyori engabonakaliyo.
Iingxelo:
Ikamva leMisebenzi eQuquzelelweyo (Gallin)
Sijonge Phambili-iNxaxheba yezoQoqosho kwiNkulungwane yaMashumi amabini ananye (uAlbert noHahnel)
Ubusoshiyali njengoko babusoloko benzelwe ukuba bube (uAlbert noHahnel)
Ukuqonda Ithemba (Albert)
Ubomi beParEcon emva kobungxowankulu (uAlbert)
Libcom okanye iParecon? (Wetzel)
Ukuqonda Ithemba (Albert)
UbuLungisa boQoqosho kunye neDemokhrasi (Hahnel)
Ukuqonda Ithemba (Albert)
UbuLungisa boQoqosho kunye neDemokhrasi (Hahnel)
Ukuqonda Ithemba (Albert)
UbuLungisa boQoqosho kunye neDemokhrasi (Hahnel)
Ukuqonda Ithemba (Albert)
UQoqosho oluThatha inxaxheba kunye nokuzikhulula kwiKlasi yokuSebenza (Wetzel)
Ukuqonda Ithemba (Albert)
UQoqosho oluThatha inxaxheba kunye nokuzikhulula kwiKlasi yokuSebenza (Wetzel)
UbuLungisa boQoqosho kunye neDemokhrasi (Hahnel)
UQoqosho oluThatha inxaxheba kunye nokuzikhulula kwiKlasi yokuSebenza (Wetzel)
Sijonge Phambili-iNxaxheba yezoQoqosho kwiNkulungwane yaMashumi amabini ananye (uAlbert noHahnel)
UbuLungisa boQoqosho kunye neDemokhrasi (Hahnel)
Sijonge Phambili-iNxaxheba yezoQoqosho kwiNkulungwane yaMashumi amabini ananye (uAlbert noHahnel)
Ukuqonda Ithemba (Albert)
UbuLungisa boQoqosho kunye neDemokhrasi (Hahnel)
UbuLungisa boQoqosho kunye neDemokhrasi (Hahnel)
Ukuqonda Ithemba (Albert)
Ukuqhubela Phambili-iNkqubo yoQoqosho oluThatha iNxaxheba (Albert)
UbuLungisa boQoqosho kunye neDemokhrasi (Hahnel)
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