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I-Baghdad, e-Iraq-NgoNovemba ka-1,2019, XNUMX abantu base-Iraq bebonakalisa kwiSikwere sikawonke-wonke ngokuchasene norhulumente
Njengoko abantu baseMelika bahlala phantsi kwisidlo sangokuhlwa koMbulelo, ii-Iraq zazilila I-40 abaqhankqalazi babulewe ngamapolisa kunye namajoni ngoLwesine eBaghdad, eNajaf naseNasiriyah. Bamalunga nama-400 abaqhankqalazi ababuleweyo ukusukela oko amakhulu amawaka abantu athe angena ezitalatweni ekuqaleni kukaOkthobha. Imibutho yamalungelo oluntu ayichaze le ngxaki yase-Iraq njenge โUkuphalazwa kwegazi,โ Inkulumbuso u-Abdul-Mahdi ubhengeze ukuba uya kurhoxa, kwaye iSweden ivuliwe uphando ngokuchasene noMphathiswa woKhuselo waseIraq uNajah Al-Shammari, ongummi waseSweden, ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ebantwini.
Ngoku ka Al Jazeera, "Abaprotestanti bafuna ukubhukuqwa kodidi lwezobupolitika olubonwa njengonakele kwaye lusebenza kwamanye amazwe ngelixa uninzi lwe-Iraq luthwaxwa yindlala ngaphandle kwemisebenzi, ezempilo okanye imfundo." Kuphela yi-36% yabantu abadala base-Iraq banemisebenzi, kwaye ngaphandle kokutyhutyha icandelo likarhulumente phantsi kolawulo lwase-US, intsalela edlakadlaka isaqesha abantu abaninzi kunecandelo labucala, eliye lahamba kakubi nangakumbi phantsi kobundlobongela kunye nesiphithiphithi semfundiso yomothuko yomkhosi wase-US.
Ingxelo yaseNtshona iphosa i-Iran njengomdlali wangaphandle obalaseleyo e-Iraq namhlanje. Kodwa ngelixa i-Iran ifumene impembelelo enkulu kwaye injalo enye yeethagethi yoqhanqalazo, uninzi lwabantu abalawula i-Iraq namhlanje basengabo babefudula begxothiwe i-US ibhabhekile yangena kunye nemikhosi yayo yokusebenza kwi-2003, "eza e-Iraq kunye neepokotho ezingenanto ukuzalisa" njengoko umqhubi weteksi eBaghdad uxelele intatheli yaseNtshona ngelo xesha. Obona nobangela bengxaki yezopolitiko nezoqoqosho e-Iraq ngaba bafuduki bangcatsha ilizwe labo, urhwaphilizo olugqubayo kunye nendima engekho mthethweni yase-US ekutshabalaliseni urhulumente wase-Iraq, inikezela kubo kwaye ibagcine benegunya iminyaka eyi-16.
Ukukhohlakala kwamagosa ase-US nase-Iraq ngexesha lokuhlala kwe-US zibhalwe kakuhle. Isisombululo seBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN 1483 siseke iNgxowa-mali yoPhuhliso lwe-20 yeebhiliyoni zeedola e-Iraq kusetyenziswa ii-asethi zase-Iraq ezazithinjwe ngaphambili, imali eshiywe kwinkqubo ye-UN โyeoyile yokutyaโ kunye nengeniso entsha yeoli yaseIraq. Uphicotho olwenziwa yi-KPMG kunye nomhloli jikelele okhethekileyo wafumanisa ukuba inxalenye enkulu yaloo mali yabiwa okanye yabiwa ngamagosa ase-US nase-Iraqi.
Amagosa aseLebhanon afumana imali ezizigidi ezili-13 zeedola kwinqwelomoya yoMphathiswa wezangaphakathi wexeshana wase-Iraq u-Falah Naqib. Umphathi wolwaphulo-mthetho emsebenzini uPaul Bremer ugcine ingxowa-mali ye-slush yeedola ezingama-600 ezigidi kungekho maphepha. Inkonzo karhulumente yaseIraq enabasebenzi abangama-602 baqokelele imivuzo ye8,206. Igosa lomkhosi wase-US liphindaphinde ixabiso lekhontrakthi yokwakha isibhedlele, laza laxelela umphathi wesibhedlele ukuba imali eyongezelelweyo โyimpahla yakhe yomhlala-phantsi.โ Ukontraka wase-US uhlawulise i-60 yezigidi zeedola kwikhontrakthi yezigidi ezingama-20 zeerandi zokwakha kwakhona umzi-mveliso wesamente, kwaye waxelela amagosa ase-Iraqi ukuba mababulele nje ukuba i-US ibasindisile kuSaddam Hussein. Ukontraka wemibhobho yase-US uhlawulise i-3.4 yezigidi zeedola kubasebenzi abangekhoyo kunye "nezinye iintlawulo ezingafanelekanga." Kwiikontraka ezili-198 eziphononongwe ngumhloli jikelele, ngama-44 kuphela awayenamaxwebhu okuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wenziwe.
I-US "i-arhente ezihlawulayo" ezihambisa imali kwiiprojekthi ezijikeleze i-Iraq zifake izigidi zeedola ngemali. Omnye ummeli waseMelika wayengenakwenza i-96.6 yezigidi zeedola, ngelixa enye i-akhawunti ye-25 yezigidi zeedola kwi-6.3 yezigidi. I-โCoalition Provisional Authorityโ isebenzise ii-arhente ezinje kwi-Iraq yonke kwaye โyayicimaโ iiakhawunti zazo xa ishiya ilizwe. Enye iarhente eyacelwa umngeni yabuya kusuku olulandelayo ine-23 yezigidi zeerandi kwimali elahlekileyo.
INkongolo yase-US iphinde yabhajethela i-18.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuze kwakhiwe ngokutsha e-Iraq ngo-2003, kodwa ngaphandle kwe-3.4 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ijikijelwe โkukhuseleko,โ ngaphantsi kwe-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zayo zakha zahlawulwa. Abantu abaninzi baseMelika bakholelwa ukuba iinkampani zeoyile zase-US zenze njengabaphangi e-Iraq, kodwa ayonyani nayo. Izicwangciso iinkampani zeoli zaseNtshona zenza kunye ne-Vice-President Cheney kwi 2001 wayenayo loo njongo, kodwa umthetho wokunika iinkampani zeoyile zaseNtshona imali ethathe inxaxheba โkwizivumelwano zokwabelana ngemvelisoโ (ii-PSAs) ezixabisa amashumi ezigidi ngonyaka, ukubetha nokubetha kwaye iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yase-Iraq yalile ukuyigqithisa.
Okokugqibela, kwi-2009, iinkokheli zase-Iraq kunye neenkosi zabo zase-US zayeka kwii-PSAs (okwangoku ...) kwaye zacela iinkampani zeoyile zakwamanye amazwe ukuba zenze ibhaso โkwizivumelwano zenkonzoโ (TSAs) ixabisa i- $ 1 ukuya ku- $ 6 ngomphanda ngokonyuka kwemveliso evela kwiindawo yeoli yaseIraq. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, imveliso iye yanda kuphela 4.6 million imiphanda ngosuku, yeyiphi 3.8 million zithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ukusuka kwi-Iraqi ethunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-oyile emalunga ne-80 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka, iifemu zangaphandle ezine-TSAs zifumana kuphela i-1.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, kwaye ezona zivumelwano zikhulu azibanjwa ziifemu zase-US. I-China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) ifumana malunga ne-430 yezigidi zeedola kwi-2019; I-BP ifumana i-235 yezigidi zeedola; IPetronas yaseMalaysia i-$120 yezigidi; iLukoil yaseRashiya i-$105 yezigidi; kunye neItali ye-ENI $ 100 yezigidi. Isixa esikhulu sengeniso yeoli yase-Iraq isahamba nge-Iraq National Oil Company (INOC) ukuya kurhulumente owonakeleyo oxhaswa yi-US eBaghdad.
Namhlanje, le nkqubo yonakeleyo igcina amandla awongamileyo ezandleni ze-cabal yezobuShiite ezonakeleyo kunye nezopolitiko zamaKurd abachitha iminyaka emininzi elubhacweni eNtshona, besebenza no-Ahmed Chalabi wase-US-based Iraqi National Congress (INC), uAyad Allawi wase-UK-Iraqi. Isivumelwano seSizwe (INA) kunye namaqela ahlukeneyo eShiite Islamist Dawa Party. Inani labavoti liye lehla ukusuka kuma-70% ngowama-2005 ukuya kuma-44.5% ngowama-2018.
I-Ayad Allawi kunye ne-INA zaba sisixhobo se-CIA engenathemba bungled yemikhosi yomkhosi e-Iraq ngo-1996. Urhulumente wase-Iraq walandela zonke iinkcukacha zeli yelenqe likanomathotholo ovaliweyo owanikezelwa ngomnye wabaqulunqi kwaye wabamba zonke ii-arhente zeCIA ngaphakathi e-Iraq ngobusuku bangaphambi kobhukuqo-mbuso. Yabulala amagosa omkhosi angamashumi amathathu kwaye yavalela ikhulu ngaphezulu, ishiya iCIA ingenabo ubukrelekrele bomntu ngaphakathi eIraq.
U-Ahmed Chalabi kunye ne-INC bazalisa eso sikhewu ngewebhu yobuxoki abathi amagosa ase-US afudumalayo adliswa kwigumbi le-echo lemithombo yeendaba yase-US ukuthethelela uhlaselo lwase-Iraq. Ngomhla wama-26 kuJuni ka-2002, i-INC yathumela ileta kwiKomiti yeSenethi yoLwabiwo-mali ukuze ifune inkxaso-mali eyongezelelekileyo yase-US. Ichonge "iNkqubo yokuQokelelwa koLwazi" njengomthombo ophambili we Amabali e-108 malunga ne-Iraq yezixhobo eziyintsomi โIzixhobo Zokubhujiswa Kwabantu abaninziโ kunye neekhonkco kwiAl-Qaeda kumaphephandaba aseMelika nakumaphephandaba.
Emva kohlaselo, u-Allawi kunye noChalabi baba ngamalungu aphambili eBhunga eliLawulayo lase-Iraq. U-Allawi wonyulwa njengeNkulumbuso kurhulumente wethutyana wase-Iraq ngo-2004, kwaye u-Chalabi wonyulwa njengoSekela-Nkulumbuso kunye noMphathiswa we-Oli kurhulumente wenguqu ngo-2005. wahlala engumfanekiso onamandla de wafa ngo-2005. U-Allawi kunye ne-INA basabandakanyeka ekuthengiseni ihashe kwizikhundla eziphezulu emva kokhetho ngalunye, nangona bengazange bafumane ngaphezu kwe-2015% yeevoti - kunye ne-8% kuphela kwi-6.
Aba ngabaphathiswa abaphezulu borhulumente omtsha wase-Iraq owenziwe emva konyulo luka-2018, kunye neenkcukacha zemvelaphi yabo yaseNtshona:
Adil Abdul-Mahdi -INkulumbuso (eFrance). UTata wazalelwa eBaghdad ngowe-1942. UTata wayengumphathiswa karhulumente phantsi kobukumkani obuxhaswa yiBritani. Wahlala eFransi ukusukela ngo-1969-2003, efumana isidanga sePh.D kwezopolitiko ePoitiers. EFransi, waba ngumlandeli ka-Ayatollah Khomeini kunye nelungu elisungula i-Iran-based Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution e-Iraq (SCIRI) ngo-1982. Emva kohlaselo, waba nguMphathiswa wezeMali kurhulumente wethutyana ka-Allawi ngo-1990; IPhini likaMongameli ukusuka kwi-2004-2005; Umphathiswa we-oyile ukusuka kwi-11-2014.
UBharham Salih -UMongameli (e-UK nase-US). Wazalelwa eSulaymaniyah ngo-1960. Ph.D. kubuNjineli (Liverpool - 1987). Ujoyine i-Patriotic Union yaseKurdistan (PUK) kwi-1976. Ukuvalelwa iiveki ze-6 kwi-1979 kwaye wayishiya i-Iraq kummeli we-UK PUK eLondon ukusuka kwi-1979-91; intloko yeofisi yePUK eWashington ukusuka kwi-1991-2001. UMongameli woRhulumente weNgingqi yaseKurdish (KRG) ukusuka kwi-2001-4; Usekela-PM kurhulumente wethutyana wase-Iraq ngo-2004; UMphathiswa woCwangciso kurhulumente wenguqu ngowama-2005; Usekela-PM ukusuka kwi-2006-9; Inkulumbuso ye-KRG ukusuka kwi-2009-12.
U-Mohamed Ali Alhakim -UMphathiswa Wezangaphandle (e-UK nase-US). Uzalelwe eNajaf kwi1952. M.Sc. (Birmingham), Ph.D. kwiTekhnoloji yeTekhnoloji (eseMazantsi eCarlifonia), Unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseNorthe mpuma eBoston 1995-2003. Emva kohlaselo, waba nguSekela Nobhala-Jikelele kunye noMcwangcisi oCwangcisiweyo kwiBhunga loLawulo lase-Iraq; UMphathiswa wezoNxibelelwano kurhulumente wethutyana e-2004; Ukucwangciswa koMlawuli kwiCandelo loMphathiswa Wezangaphandle, kunye noMcebisi ngezoqoqosho kwiVP Abdul-Mahdi wase2005-10; kunye ne-Ambass ye-UN evela kwi2010-18.
UFuad Hussein Umphathiswa wezeziMali kunye no-Sekela-PM (eNetherlands naseFrance). Wazalelwa eKhanaqin (uninzi lwedolophu yaseKurdish kwiphondo laseDiyala) ngo-1946. Ujoyine i-Kurdish Student Union kunye ne-Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) njengomfundi e-Baghdad. Wahlala eNetherlands ukususela ngowe-1975-87; iPh.D engaphelelanga. kuBudlelwane baMazwe ngaMazwe; watshata nomfazi ongumKristu ongumDatshi. Uchongwe njengesekela lentloko yeKurdish Institute eParis ngo-1987. Wazimasa iinkomfa zezopolitiko zase-Iraq eBeirut (1991), eNew York (1999) naseLondon (2002). Emva kohlaselo, waba ngumcebisi kwiSebe lezeMfundo ukususela ngo-2003-5; kunye noMlawuli oyiNtloko kuMasoud Barzani, uMongameli we-KRG, ukusuka kwi-2005-17.
Thamir Ghadhban -Umphathiswa weoyile kunye nosekela PM (UK). Wazalelwa eKarbala ngo-1945. B.Sc. (UCL) kunye neM.Sc. kwiPetroleum Engineering (Imperial College, London). Ujoyine i-Basra Petroleum Co. ngo-1973. UMlawuli Jikelele woBunjineli kwaye emva koko uCwangciso kwi-Oil Ministry yase-Iraq ukusuka kwi-1989-92. Wavalelwa iinyanga ze-3 waza wehliswa ngo-1992, kodwa akazange ashiye i-Iraq, kwaye waphinda waqeshwa njengoMlawuli Jikelele woCwangciso ngo-2001. Emva kohlaselo, wanyuselwa kwi-CEO ye-Oil Ministry; UMphathiswa we-oyile kurhulumente wethutyana ngo-2004; onyulwe kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe ngo-2005 kwaye wasebenza kwikomiti yamadoda amathathu eyile i umthetho weoyile osileleyo; Ikomiti yabacebisi abaziintloko yeNkulumbuso kwi-2006-16.
UMajor Jikelele (we-retd) uNajah Al-Shammari -UMphathiswa Wezomkhosi (eSweden). Uzalelwe eBaghdad kwi1967. I-Sunni Arab kuphela phakathi kwabaphathiswa abaphezulu. Igosa lezomkhosi ukusukela kwi1987. Wayehlala eSweden kwaye wayelilungu le-Allawi's INA ngaphambi kwe2003. Igosa eliphezulu kwimikhosi yase-Iraq exhaswe eIraq ngokuqeshwa kwi-INC, INA naseKurdish Peshmerga evela kwi2003-7. Usekela-mphathi "womkhosi ogwenxa" i-2007-9. Ukuhlala kwakhona eSweden 2009-15. Ummi waseSweden ukusukela kwi2015. Ingxelo ephantsi kophando malunga nezibonelelo zobuqhetseba eSweden, kwaye ngoku zolwaphulo mthetho ekubulaweni kwabaqhankqalazi ngaphezulu kwe-300 ngo-Okthobha-Novemba 2019.
Kwi-2003, i-US kunye namahlakani ayo akhuphe ubundlobongela obungachazekiyo, obucwangcisiweyo kubantu base-Iraq. Iingcali zempilo yoluntu ziqikelele ngokuthembekileyo ukuba iminyaka emithathu yokuqala yemfazwe kunye nokusebenza emkhosini okukhohlakeleyo kuxabisa malunga I-650,000 i-Iraq ihlala. Kodwa i-US iphumelele ukufakela urhulumente woonopopi ababefudula bekwiipolitiki baseShiite nabaseKurdish basentshona kwindawo enqatyisiweyo yeGreen Zone eBaghdad, ngokulawula ingeniso yeoli yase-Iraq. Njengoko sibona, uninzi lwabaphathiswa kurhulumente wethutyana onyulwe yi-US ngo-2004 basalawula i-Iraq namhlanje.
Imikhosi yase-US yathumela ugonyamelo oluqhubekayo e-Iraqis olwaxhathisa ukuhlaselwa kunye nemikhosi enobutshaba yokuhlaselwa kwelizwe labo. Kwi-2004, i-US yaqala ukuqeqesha umkhosi omkhulu we Iraq iiodolo zamapolisa kwiSebe lezangaphakathi, kunye neeyunithi ze-commando eziye zaqeshwa kwi-SCIRI's Badr Brigade militia as amaqela okusweleka eBaghdad ngoAprili 2005. Oku I-US ixhaswa ngumbuso woloyiko Incopho yehlobo lowama-2006, izidumbu zamaxhoba amalunga ne-1,800 XNUMX zisiwa kwindawo yokugcina izidumbu eBaghdad nyanga nganye. Iqela lamalungelo oluntu eIraq liye lavavanywa Imizimba ye3,498 yamaxhoba okubulawa ngokushwankathelweyo kwaye achonge i-92% yabo njengabantu ababanjiwe yimikhosi yoMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi.
IArhente yezobukrelekrele yase-US ilandelwe "Uhlaselo olwenziwe lutshaba" Kuwo wonke umsebenzi kwaye bafumanisa ukuba ngaphezulu kwe-90% yayichasene ne-US kunye neethagethi zomkhosi ezihlangeneyo, hayi uhlaselo "lwamahlelo" kubemi. Kodwa amagosa ase-US asebenzise ibali "lobundlobongela behlelo" ukugxeka umsebenzi wabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo be-Interior Ministry of Interior of death squads kwi-Shiite militias efana ne-Muqtada al-Sadr's. Umkhosi wamaMahdi.
Urhulumente wase-Iraqis uqhanqalaza ngokuchasene nanamhlanje usakhokelwa liqela elinye labathinjwa base-Iraq abaxhaswa yi-US abaluke iwebhu yobuxoki ukuze balawule uhlaselo lwelizwe labo ngo-2003, emva koko bazimela emva kweendonga zeGreen Zone ngelixa i-US. imikhosi namaqela okufa uxheliwe abantu babo ukuba benze ilizwe โlikhuselekeโ kurhulumente wabo owonakeleyo.
Kutshanje baphinde basebenza njengabahlaseli njengaseMelika iibhombu, i rockets kunye nezixhobo zokudubula zanciphisa uninzi lweMosul, isixeko sesibini sase-Iraq, ukuba sibe yingqushu, emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesibini yokuhlala, urhwaphilizo kunye nengcinezelo ekhohlakeleyo. baqhuba abantu bayo kwiingalo zoMbuso wamaSilamsi. Iingxelo zobuntlola zamaKurd ziveze ukuba ngaphezu Abantu base40,000 babulawa kwintshabalalo ekhokelwa yi-US yaseMosul. Ngesizathu sokulwa ne-Islamic State, i-US iphinde yaseka isiseko esikhulu somkhosi wamajoni angaphezu kwe-5,000 yase-US kwindawo yomoya ye-Al-Asad kwiphondo lase-Anbar.
Iindleko zokwakha kwakhona iMosul, Fallujah kunye nezinye izixeko kunye needolophu ziqikelelwa ngokukhuselekileyo $ 88 billion. Kodwa ngaphandle kwe-80 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngonyaka ekuthunyelweni kwe-oyile kumazwe angaphandle kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lomdibaniso olungaphezulu kweebhiliyoni zeedola ezili-100 zeedola, urhulumente wase-Iraq akakhange abele mali kwaphela yokwakha ngokutsha. Amazwe angaphandle, uninzi lwamazwe atyebileyo angama-Arabhu, athembise ngeedola ezingama-30 eebhiliyoni, kubandakanya ne-3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ezivela e-US, kodwa incinci kakhulu loo nto, okanye enokuthi inikezelwe.
Imbali ye-Iraq ukususela ngo-2003 ibe yintlekele engapheliyo kubantu bayo. Uninzi lwesi sizukulwana esitsha sase-Iraqis esikhule phakathi kwamabhodlo kunye nesiphithiphithi indawo yokuhlala yase-US esele emva kwayo ikholelwa ukuba akukho nto ilahlekileyo ngaphandle kwegazi kunye nobomi babo, njengoko bona. thatha ezitratweni ukubuyisa isidima sabo, ikamva labo kunye nolawulo lwelizwe labo.
Iminwe yezandla zamagazi amagosa ase-US kunye noopopayi babo baseIraq kuyo yonke le ngxaki kufuneka eme njengesilumkiso esisiso kubantu baseMelika malunga nemiphumo ebangelwe yintlekele yomgaqo-nkqubo wezangaphandle osekwe kwisohlwayo, ukuhlangana, isoyikiso kunye nokusetyenziswa komkhosi ukuzama ukwenza Intando yeenkokheli zase-US ezilahlekisiweyo ebantwini kwihlabathi liphela.
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