Ngaphandle kwe "iibhutsi emhlabeni" kunye nokushiya imisebenzi yokulwa "kumaqabane" asekhaya kunye nawengingqi, uMongameli uBarak Obama kunye nolawulo lwakhe bathi iUnited States igcina "zonke iinketho etafileni" ukuphendula ngomkhosi kwisoyikiso sabanqolobi "kwiminqweno yaseMelika" eIraq, ngoku โesengozini.โ
Ngokufanayo, owayesakuba yiNkulumbuso yase-UK, uTony Blair, kwizikrini zeTV kunye nokuprintwa usanda kukhuthaza oorhulumente basentshona ukuba "babeke ecaleni iyantlukwano yexesha elidlulileyo kwaye benze ngoku" kwaye bangenelele ngomkhosi e-Iraq "ukusindisa ikamva" kuba "siyakwenza. ndinomdla koku.โ
Omabini la madoda aye arhoxa ekuboniseni ukuba yintoni kanye kanye imidla โyaseMelikaโ kunye โnentshonaโ e-Iraq efuna ungenelelo lomkhosi ukukhusela, kodwa elona bhaso liphambili lokuhlasela kwabo i-Iraq ngo-2003 yayizii-asethi ze-hydrocarbon zelizwe. Kukho โizinto abanomdla kuzo.
NgoJuni 13 nangona kunjalo, u-Obama wachaza "ukuphazamiseka" okukhulu okunokwenzeka kwimveliso yeoli yase-Iraq kwaye wabongoza "abanye abavelisi kwiGulf" ukuba "bakwazi ukucotha."
I-United States sele iyifudusile inqwelo-moya ethwala i-USS George H.W. Bush, ephelekwa yi-USS Philippine Sea cruiser kunye nomtshabalalisi okhokelwayo we-USS Truxtun, ukusuka kumantla oLwandle lweArabia ukuya kwiArabia Gulf (iPersian ngokweIran) "ukukhusela ubomi baseMelika, abemi kunye nezinto ezinomdla eIraq," ngokutsho. kwi-Rear Admiral uJohn Kirby, isithethi sePentagon, ngoJuni 14. Imidiya ibika ukuba iiyunithi ze-intelligence zase-US kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-air sele zisebenza e-Iraq.
Ukuwa okubonakalayo korhulumente we-US e-Baghdad kunqumle inkqubo yokumisela ngokusemthethweni ukukhutshwa kweshishini le-hydrocarbon e-Iraq, eliye lafikelela kwimpumelelo yoloyiso lwamva nje lwenkulumbuso yase-Iraq ukusukela ngo-2006, uNoori al-Maliki.
Ukuchasana ne-Anti-American abaxhobileyo kulawulo lwe-proxy yase-US e-Baghdad, ngakumbi i-backbone ekhokelwa yi-Baath, ibhalwe phantsi njengoko ifuna ukubuyela kwi-status quo ante ngokumalunga ne-asethi ye-hydrocarbon yeqhinga lelizwe, oko kukuthi ubuhlanga.
I-De-nationalization kunye ne-privatization ye-Iraqi ye-oyile kunye ne-gas industry yaqala ngokuhlasela kwelizwe lase-US ngo-2003. U-Al-Maliki iminyaka esibhozo wayengenakudlula umthetho we-hydrocarbons ngepalamente. Inkcaso edumileyo kunye nenkqubo yezopolitiko esekelwe ekwabiweni kwemibutho yamandla kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe "federal" yengeniso yeoli kuthintele ukwamkelwa kwayo. Ukulawula isininzi sezopolitiko endaweni yemvumelwano yamahlelo yayilithemba elibhengezwe ngu-al-Maliki lokuwisa umthetho.
Izicwangciso zika-Al-Maliki ezibhekiselele kwesi siphelo kunye namabhongo akhe ezopolitiko kwithuba lesithathu ziye zanqunyulwa ngokuwa kwenkcaso exhobileyo kule 10 kaJuni yaseMosul, ikomkhulu le-governorate yaseNinawa esemantla kwaye okwesibini emva kweBaghdad njengendawo enkulu ye-Iraq.
Kwiintsuku ezintathu, umlo uqhubela phambili kumasango eBaghdad, "eyona nto ibalulekileyo eBaghdad ngoku kukukhusela i-capital kunye neziseko ze-oyile," uhlalutyo lweStratfor ngoJuni 11 lwaphetha.
Imfazwe egqubayo e-Iraq ngoku iya kugqiba ukuba i-Iraqi hydrocarbons yi-asethi yesizwe okanye yimpango yamazwe ngamazwe. Nayiphi na inkxaso yomkhosi wase-US kulawulo oluyifakileyo e-Baghdad kufuneka ijongwe kulo mongo. Ngeli xesha obu butyebi besizwe busaphangwa njengamaxhoba emfazwe.
U-Al-Maliki akaxakwanga ngoku nangokugcina i-Iraq njengeNombolo ye-2 yomvelisi we-oyile ye-OPEC, kodwa ngokugcina inqanaba lemveliso yeoli eyaneleyo ukuzisa ingeniso eyaneleyo yokuxhasa imfazwe yokhuselo eyashiya ikomkhulu lakhe lingqingiwe kunye norhulumente wakhe kunye ne-Iraq esezantsi kuphela. ukulawula, kusenokungabi ixesha elide.
Kwanolu sukelo luncinane luyathandabuza. U-Al-Maliki ushiywe ngokuthunyelwa kweoli ukusuka kumzantsi kuphela, ukuphazamiseka okunokwenzeka kakhulu naliphi na ixesha ngoku.
Ixhala lokuba ukulwa kuya kusasazeka kwisixeko esisezantsi saseBasra okanye eBaghdad sele sithumele amaxabiso eoyile kwiinyanga ezilithoba eziphezulu ngoLwesine.
Ukubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni kweshishini le-Iraqi hydrocarbon sele kunzima kakhulu kunokuba bekunjalo ukusukela ngo-2003.
Ngomhla woku-1 kuJuni kwiminyaka engamashumi amane anesibini eyadlulayo inkqubo yokwenziwa kweshishini le-hydrocarbon kuzwelonke yaqalisa e-Iraq. Ngoku i-Iraq yindawo evulekileyo yokuphanga i-asethi yayo yobuchule kuphela.
NgoAprili 15 kulo nyaka uphelileyo iCNN, iphonononga โImfazwe yaseIraq, iminyaka eli-10 iqhubeka,โ yanikela le ngxelo: โEwe, iMfazwe yaseIraq yayiyimfazwe yeoli, yaye yayiyimfazwe nabaphumeleleyo: Ioyile Enkulu.โ
โNgaphambi kohlaselo luka-2003, ishishini leoli yasekhaya lase-Iraq lalilawulwa ngokupheleleyo kwaye livalwa kwiinkampani zeoyile zaseNtshona. Kwiminyaka elishumi yemfazwe kamva, ubukhulu becala buthengiswa kwaye bulawulwa ngokupheleleyo ngamafemu angaphandle, "ingxelo ye-CNN yaqukumbela, ibonisa ukuba, "Ukusuka kwi-ExxonMobil kunye ne-Chevron ukuya kwi-BP kunye ne-Shell, i-West's. iinkampani zeoyile ezinkulu baye baseka ivenkile e-Iraq. Ke yiba nokubulawa kweenkampani zenkonzo yeoli yaseMelika, kuquka Halliburton, i-firm yase-Texas yase-Texas u-Dick Cheney wagijima ngaphambi kokuba abe nguGeorge W. Bush osebenza naye kwi-2000.
Ungxamiseko lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-Iraqi "igolide emnyama" ngamaqumrhu e-oyile kunye negesi yelizwe jikelele ikwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye akukho mthetho welizwe okanye igunya eliphambili elinobuchule lokuyilawula.
"Ishishini leoli" lase-Iraq ngoku "lisebenza, isitayile sokungxama kwegolide, phantse ukungabikho kongamela okanye ummiselo," uGreg Muttitt wabhala kwiSizwe ngo-Agasti 23, 2012.
Akukho nto yatshintshayo ukusukela oko ngaphandle kokuba "ingxakeko" yayikhawuleza kwaye inkqubo yokuphelisa ubuzwe yayithatha iingcambu, ichitha amadini anegazi lama-Iraqi ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi asibhozo anesibini ukuncothula ukubanjwa kwelizwe langaphandle kwi-asethi yabo enkulu yeqhinga. Umlo oqhubekayo ugrogrisa ukunqumla le nkqubo.
Ingcebiso ye-iceberg
URhulumente weNgingqi yaseKurdistan (KRG) e-Iraq uye wanikezela ngezivumelwano ze-hydrocarbon kwiifemu zangaphandle ngokuzimeleyo ngaphandle kokubhekisela kurhulumente ophakathi e-Baghdad.
Ukusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2014, ibisoloko impompa eTurkey ngombhobho wayo ozimeleyo owakhiwa ngoDisemba ophelileyo. Ngomhla we-4 kaJuni, iTurkey kunye ne-KRG ibhengeze ukusayinwa kwesivumelwano seminyaka engama-50 sokuthumela i-oyile yase-Iraq evela eKurdistan ngeTurkey.
U-Hussein al-Shahristani, usekela-nkulumbuso wase-Iraq, woyikisa amanyathelo asemthethweni ngokuchasene neefemu ezithenge "i-oyile ethutyelwe ngokungekho mthethweni" ngamalungiselelo aseTurkey-KRG; watyhola iTurkey "ngokunyoluka" kunye nokuzama "ukubeka izandla" kwi-oyile yase-Iraq ephantsi.
I-Baghdad yafaka ulamlo ngokuchasene nomqhubi wemibhobho karhulumente waseTurkey iBOTAS kunye neNkundla yaMazwe ngaMazwe yokuLawulwa kweQumrhu lezoRhwebo laMazwe ngaMazwe eParis.
UBaghdad uthi la malungiselelo aseTurkey-KRG akukho mthethweni kwaye akukho mgaqo-siseko, kodwa ukunikezelwa kwayo ikhontrakthi nako akukho mthethweni. Ukuba utshintsho lonogada lwenzeka eBaghdad, u-al-Maliki kunye norhulumente wakhe baya kuphenduliswa kwaye mhlawumbi batshutshiswe.
Ingxabano phakathi kwe-Baghdad kwelinye icala kunye neTurkey kunye ne-KRG kwelinye yincam engaphezulu ye-iceberg "yendlela yegolide yokukhawuleza" yokuphanga ubutyebi belizwe lase-Iraq.
Enye yezinto eziphambili eziphambili zika-al-Maliki ngalo lonke ixesha ibikukwenza ngokusemthethweni ukucinywa kwelizwe kunye nenkqubo yokuthengisa izinto zabucala.
Muttitt, umbhali we I-Fuel eMlilweni: Ioyile kunye nePolitiko kwi-Iraq ehleliyo, wabhala kwiinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba u-al-Maliki athathe i-premiership yakhe yokuqala ukuba oorhulumente baseMelika nabaseBrithani baqinisekisa ukuba abagqatswa be-prime minister bayayazi into ephambili yabo yokuqala: Ukuwisa umthetho osemthethweni wokubuyiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe. Eli iya kuba lelona bhaso libalulekileyo lohlaselo lwase-U.S. 2003.
U-Al-Maliki yindoda efanelekileyo yokukhusela urhulumente we-pro-privatization e-Baghdad. UThomas L. Friedman umchaze kwiNew York Times ngalo Juni 4 njengo "mfo wethu," "i-autocrat efakwe eMelika" kunye "nesipho esikhulu" umsebenzi wase-US "oshiywe ngasemva e-Iraq."
Uyilo olwahlukeneyo lwemithetho yabucala ye-hydrocarbon ayiphumelelanga ukufumana imvumelwano phakathi kwamaqela axhasayo kwi-US-inkqubo yobunjineli ye-US "inkqubo yezopolitiko" kunye nemibutho "yemanyano" yomgaqo-siseko oqulunqwe yi-Iraq wase-US.
Urhulumente ka-Al-Maliki wavuma idrafti yokuqala yomthetho wabucala ngoFebruwari 2007 kwaye ngo-Agasti 28, i-2011 yamkela idrafti ehlonyelweyo apho ipalamente ingakayisebenzisi.
Imibutho yabasebenzi yase-Iraq, phakathi koqhanqalazo oludumileyo, yachasa kwaye yalwa nemithetho eyilwayo yokwenziwa kwezinto zabucala. Iiofisi zabo zagqogqwa, zohluthwa iikhompyutha, izixhobo zokusebenza zaqhekezwa zaza iinkokeli zabo zabanjwa zagwetywa. Nangona kunjalo, ipalamente ayikwazanga ukuwuwisa umthetho.
Urhulumente wase-Al-Maliki waqala ukunika iikhontrakthi kwizigebenga zamazwe ngamazwe ze-oyile kunye negesi ngaphandle komthetho. Ziikhontrakthi ezingekho mthethweni, kodwa zisebenza okoko nje kukho urhulumente we-pro-privatization e-Baghdad.
UMyalelo weSigqeba saseU.S. 13303
Owayesakuba ziinkokeli zaseBritane kunye nezaseMelika zohlaselo lwase-Iraq, uTony Blair kunye noGeorge Bush junior, babekwirekhodi lokukhanyela ukuba olu hlaselo lwalunento yokwenza neoyile, kodwa uMongameli waseMelika uBarak Obama usandula ukuliphikisa ibango labo.
NgoMeyi we-16 wokugqibela, u-Obama watyikitya uMyalelo oLawulayo wokwandisa imeko engxamisekileyo yelizwe ngokumalunga ne-Iraq unyaka omnye. Umanduleli wakhe uBush wasayina lo โmyaleloโ okokuqala ngoMeyi 22, 2003 โukujonganaโฆ
Iinkcukacha ze-Bush's Executive Order (EO) No. 13303 zisagcinwe ngaphandle kweendaba. Ibhengeze ukuba amabango asemthethweni exesha elizayo kubutyebi be-oyile yase-Iraq "asisisongelo esingaqhelekanga nesingaqhelekanga kukhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle wase-United States."
ICandelo 1(b) lisusa yonke inkqubo yokugweba "yonke i-Iraqi yepetroleum kunye neemveliso zepetroleum, kunye nezinto ezinomdla kuzo, kunye nokuqhubeka, izibophelelo okanye naziphi na izixhobo zemali zalo naluphi na uhlobo oluvela okanye olunxulumene nentengiso okanye ukuthengiswa kwayo, kunye nomdla kuyo, apho naliphi na ilizwe langaphandle okanye ilizwe lalo elinomdla, e-United States, emva kokufika e-United States, okanye emva kokungena okanye emva kokungena kulawulo okanye ulawulo lwabantu baseUnited States."
I-EO 13303 yayiyi-rubber-stamped yi-UN Security Council Resolution No. 1483, eyayikhusela amaziko aseburhulumenteni alawulwa yi-US e-Iraq.
Lo kaMuttitt wabhala wathi ngoAgasti 2012: โNgowama-2011, emva kweminyaka emalunga nesithoba yemfazwe nokuhlalwa kwabantu, ekugqibeleni amajoni aseUnited States ayishiya i-Iraq. Endaweni yabo, iBig Oil ngoku iyasebenza. โ
"I-oyile enkulu" ngoku ikuphela kwesiqinisekiso sokusinda korhulumente wase-US e-Baghdad, kodwa ukusinda "kwe-Oli enkulu" ngokwayo ngoku kusongelwa yinkcaso exhobileyo ekhulayo kunye nokwandisa ngokukhawuleza.
U-Obama uthe "izisongelo" kunye "nemiqobo" kwi-US, umdla e-Iraq awuzange utshintshe iminyaka elishumi elinanye emva kohlaselo; I-Iraq ayikawisi mthetho we-hydrocarbon ukwenza kube semthethweni ukuthengiswa kwe-oyile kunye negesi kushishino lwabucala.
Uphuhliso lweveki yokugqibela e-Iraq luqinisekisa ukuvuselelwa kuka-Obama kwe-EO 13303. Imfazwe yase-US e-Iraq ayipheli kwaye ayikazukuphumelela. Yiyo loo nto u-Obama esanda kwandisa unxunguphalo lwesizwe malunga ne-Iraq unyaka omnye.
Ukusukela oko iBritane enkulu yanika i-Iraq inkululeko yayo ebekelwe umda ngo-1932, ukwenziwa kwelizwe lobutyebi be-oyile yaseIraq yayisikhalazo selizwe nesithandwayo sokuzimela geqe. Ngoku kukukhala kwemfazwe yenkcaso exhobileyo.
I-Iraq ijoliswe kumagunya asentshona ukususela ekubeni "iriphabliki" phantsi kongasekhoyo u-Abd al-Karim Qasim wawisa umthetho onguNombolo 80 we-1961, owahlutha iinkampani zangaphandle ilungelo lokuhlola kwi-99.5% yommandla we-Iraqi, kodwa ubukhulu becala ukususela eBaath. ulawulo olwalukhokelwa ngongasekhoyo uSaddam Hussein bagqiba kwelokuba benze ishishini le-hydrocarbon libe likazwelonke ngomhla woku-1 kuJuni ka-1972.
UNicola Nasser ligqala lentatheli yama-Arabhu elizinze eBirzeit, kwiBhanki eNtshona yemimandla yasePalestine ehlala amaSirayeli. [imeyile ikhuselwe].
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