Ngaba siyaluxhasa unyulo olucwangcisiweyo lwase-Iraq? Siqala kwindawo yomgaqo. Siyaluxhasa unyulo njengenxalenye yedemokhrasi. Kodwa ayilulo lonke unyulo olusisixhobo esisemthethweni sedemokhrasi. Unyulo alunakuba semthethweni xa luqhutywa phantsi komkhosi wamazwe angaphandle; xa ilizwe lilawulwa ngegama, kwaye unyulo luya kuqhutywa ngokusemthethweni, urhulumente woonopopi obekwe kwaye ugcinwe ngumkhosi obambeleyo kwaye unyulo luya kuba phantsi kolawulo lokugqibela lomkhosi ohleliyo; xa imfazwe igquba ngokubanzi ngokwaneleyo ukuthintela ukuba nenxaxheba kwabantu abaninzi; naxa unyulo luyilelwe ukukhetha indibano entsha enoxanduva lokuyila umgaqo-siseko nokukhetha urhulumente oya kuqhubeka esebenza phantsi kweemeko zomkhosi. (Singabona umzekelo oyingozi e-Afghanistan apho inkxaso yase-US iqinisekise unyulo lukaHamid Karzai.) Njengoko kucwangciswe ngoku, ukhetho lukaJanuwari 30th e-Iraq lwenzelwe ukubonelela ngobungqina bokuthembeka kunye nokusemthethweni ekuqhubekeni kolawulo lwase-US e-Iraq, ngokusebenzisa. unyulo lorhulumente onobuhlobo e-US oya kwamkela iziseko zomkhosi wase-US e-Iraq, nangokuyilwa komgaqo-siseko osekelwe e-US.
Unyulo olucwangcisiweyo lwase-Iraq lwahluke njani kolunye unyulo olubanjwe phantsi kolawulo? IZizwe eziManyeneyo ziye zabanga ukuba umzekelo wonyulo โolusemthethweniโ olwalubanjwe phantsi kolawulo lomkhosi lunyulo luka-1999 olwaluqhutywa yi-UN e-East Timor. Kodwa kukho umahluko omkhulu. Okona kubaluleke kakhulu, izigqibo ze-UN, ukusukela ngo-1976, zathatha ngokusemthethweni ukuhlala kwe-Indonesia ngokungekho mthethweni kwaye zacela i-Indonesia ukuba irhoxe. Ivoti yowe-1999 yayingekuko ukukhetha unopopi "urhulumente" oza kulawula i-East Timor phantsi kokuqhubeka kwe-Indonesian kodwa yayiyi-referendum ethe ngqo malunga nokuba okanye angawupheli umsebenzi - ukhetho olungazange lunikezelwe kwi-Iraqis. Ukongeza, umkhosi wase-Indonesia wacinezelwa ngokwaneleyo ngoko ke bekukho ubundlobongela obuncinci emkhosini ngexesha lereferendamu ngokwayo. (Ukutshatyalaliswa komkhosi wase-Indonesia kwinxalenye enkulu yeDili kwenzeka emva konyulo, kungekhona ngaphambi okanye ngexesha.) Kwaye ukuvota kwakuqhutywa ngokuthe ngqo yiZizwe eziManyeneyo, kunye namawakawaka abasebenzi bonyulo lweZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwabahloli bamazwe ngamazwe. Unyulo lwase-Iraq luya kwahluka ngokomgangatho kunolo lonyulo lwasePalestina olucwangciselwe umhla we-9 kaJanuwari. Olo lonyulo luya kujongana nemingeni enzima yokuba semthethweni, kodwa kukho ithemba lokuba lunokuphumelela ekuvuseleleni ubomi belizwe lasePalestina. Ngelixa olo lonyulo luza kwenzeka phantsi kweemeko zokuhlalwa emkhosini, unyulo luya kuqhutywa ngokupheleleyo ngamaPalestina ngokwawo. Nangona kunjalo amaziko alinganiselweyo edemokhrasi yasePalestine avele kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, kukho uluntu olusebenzayo kunye nolwakhiwo lwepalamente kunye nenkqubo yesizwe engalawulwa ngokuthe ngqo yimikhosi ehlalayo. Inqanaba lobundlobongela emsebenzini ePalestine liphezulu kakhulu, kodwa lisezantsi kakhulu kunemfazwe egcweleyo ebonakalisa uninzi lweIraq. Ukuba semthethweni kuya kusekelwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, malunga nokuba ngaba u-Israyeli uyabavumela abantu baseYerusalem ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekuvoteni, nokuba ngaba iimfuno zamazwe ngamazwe ku-Israel (hayi ngokuyinhloko ezivela e-US) ziya kwanela ukunyanzela iTel Aviv ukuba ivale amakhulu eendawo zokuhlola, ukutsala amajoni abuya kumaziko oluntu, kwaye avule zonke iindlela kwimimandla enabantu ukuze bakhankase kunye nevoti yokwenene.
Loluphi olunye uhlobo lonyulo olunokubanjelwa eIraq? Enye indlela eya kuba kukulungiselela uhlobo lwe-referendum i-UN eqhutywe e-East Timor, apho i-Iraqis yayiza kuvota malunga nokuba okanye ingawupheli umsebenzi kunye nokuba imikhosi yangaphandle ihoxiswe. Ukhetho olunokukhetha kathathu, umzekelo, lunokubandakanya ukhetho lokuvota ukugcina imikhosi yangaphandle njengoko injalo namhlanje; ukuvota ukumisela umhla oqinisekileyo wokurhoxiswa kwexesha elizayo kwemikhosi yamazwe angaphandle; okanye kuvotelwe ukurhoxiswa kwangoko kwamajoni angaphandle. Akukho ngqalelo ikhe yanikwa i-Iraqis ngolu hlobo lwereferendamu, kwaye akukhange kubekho nzame zinzima zakutsha nje zokufumana uluvo lwabemi baseIraq malunga nokugcinwa kwe-US.
Yintoni enokwenzeka ukuba unyulo lwase-Iraq lubanjwe njengoko kucwangcisiwe ngoku? Akungabazeki ukuba i-US izama ukunciphisa ukuchasana ngokusemandleni ngokulindela isicwangciso sonyulo lwe-30 kaJanuwari. Kubonakala ngathi oku kunyuka kuya kwenzeka kwimisebenzi emincinci kunokuba ngo-Epreli okanye ngoNovemba okhubekisayo e-Fallujah. Kwaye ekuphenduleni, uhlaselo lomkhosi oluchasayo, ngakumbi kwi-Iraqis ejongwa njengentsebenziswano nemikhosi yokusebenza kunemikhosi yase-US ngokuthe ngqo, sele isanda. Ke ngaphandle kwezo nzame zase-US, okanye mhlawumbi ngenxa yazo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba iindawo ezininzi zelizwe, ngakumbi nangona zingekho kwimimandla apho i-Iraqi Sunni ilawula khona, ziya kuhlala zinobundlobongela kakhulu ukuba abantu baye kuvoto ngamanani amakhulu. Imisebenzi yezopolitiko enamandla yase-US nayo iyaqhubeka e-Iraq ejolise ekuphembeleleni iziphumo zonyulo. Nokuba yeyiphi na imali enokuthi ingene e-Iraq isuka e-Iran okanye kwamanye amaziko ommandla, iphantse yaqiniseka ukuba (nangona iWashington yala ngokusemthethweni) ukuthengwa kwezimali kunye nezopolitiko e-US kubanzi kakhulu. Bobabini iNational Democratic Institute (NDI) kunye ne-International Republican Institute (IRI) banamaphulo amakhulu aqhubekayo okunceda "ukuqeqesha" kunye nokubonelela "ngokwakha amandla" kumaqela ahlukeneyo ase-Iraqi - ngokubonakalayo avuleleke kuwo onke amaqela, afuna abantu abafuna ukuthanda abo babonakala bevulelekile ukugcina ngokusondeleyo. Amaqhina e-US, kunye nawo ajongwa njenganokukhokelela uqoqosho lwase-Iraq kurhwebo lwabucala kunye nehlabathi jikelele. I-Arhente yaseMelika yoPhuhliso lwaMazwe ngaMazwe ibonelele malunga nezigidi ezingama-80 zeedola kule mibutho neminye, uninzi lwayo lusebenza phantsi kwenkxaso yeXesha leMfazwe ebandayo yeSizwe yeDemokhrasi, "ukuncedisa" imibutho yase-Iraq ngexesha lonyulo. Isiphumo ngokuqinisekileyo siya kuba lunyulo lwamaqela amaninzi, izileyiti kunye nabagqatswa ubuncinci bavuleleke, ukuba abazinikelanga ngamandla, kwindlela yezopolitiko, umkhosi kunye nezoqoqosho e-US.
Ngubani oza kuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo? Ukuba unyulo luyenzeka, phantse phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko ezona voti zininzi ziya kumanyano olulawulwa yiShi'ite olukhokelwa ngabaxhasi bakaGrand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani. Ngaphandle kwabo base-Iraqi abanokuthi bangakwazi ukuvota ngenxa yamanqanaba aphezulu obundlobongela obunxulunyaniswa nomsebenzi, ukugwaywa kwevoti kuye kwasongelwa okanye kubuncinci bachazwa luluhlu olubanzi lwemikhosi yaseIraq. Babandakanya uninzi lwamaqela alawulwa yiSunni, amaqela angamazwe aquka amanye athatha inxaxheba ebalulekileyo yamaShiite, abambalwa abakhokelayo bezopolitiko beShi'ite, kunye namaqela aphambili amaKurd. Ngamnye unezizathu ezahlukeneyo zokungavoti. Imibutho echazwa ngamaSunni ixhalabile kukuba ukwanda kobundlobongela kwimimandla apho banamandla ngokwedemographical kungathintela abalandeli bawo ukuba baye kuvoto ngobuninzi. Abambalwa bezopolitiko baseShi'ite bavakalise inkxalabo yokuba unyulo olubanjwe phantsi kwezi meko zineziphene aluyi kuthathwa njengolusemthethweni kwibala lezizwe ngezizwe, kwaye ke bafuna ukuba ivoti ibambezeleke. Amaqela ehlabathi kunye nomanyano lonyulo banenkxalabo enkulu malunga nokubamba unyulo phantsi kweemeko zokuhlala kunye neziphumo ezingenademokhrasi zokubamba unyulo kunye namacandelo amakhulu abantu abangakwaziyo okanye abafuni ukuthatha inxaxheba. Inkcaso yamaKurd ayisekelwanga kwiinkxalabo malunga nokufikelela kwabavoti; i Kurdish-elawulwa emantla mhlawumbi indawo yelizwe ubuncinane eyonakaliswe ngokuthe ngqo ngumsebenzi kunye nemfazwe. Nangona uluvo lokwenyani loluntu kwimimandla yamaKurd lungaziwa kwaye uninzi lwamaKurds lunokungawathembi amaqela amabini amaKurd anamandla, loo maqela asenokuthi ayalele inqanaba eliphezulu lenkxaso evela kumaKurdish kunokuba kunjalo kwamanye amacandelo elizwe. Kungenzeka ukuba amaqela aphambili aseKurdish afuna ukulibaziseka ukuvota ukuze abe nexesha elingakumbi lokuhlanganisa izakhiwo zabo ezilawulayo ezizimeleyo kunye nemikhosi enamandla yomkhosi (umkhosi wase-US wazisa i-Kurdish pesh merga imikhosi ehla ukusuka emantla e-Iraq ukuba ithathe inxaxheba kwi-Pentagon's Fallujah. ekhubekisayo). AmaKurds axhalabele ukuba ukuzimela kwabo okukhoyo ngoku kwe-US kungajongelwa phantsi ukuba urhulumente kazwelonke wexesha elizayo uqulunqa umgaqo-siseko ongabandakanyi iziqinisekiso ezifanayo kunye "nomthetho wenguqu wolawulo" oxhaswe yi-US.
Ngaba i-Iraq ibisoloko yohlulwe kangaka phakathi kwamaSunni namaShi'ite? Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba i-Iraq yanamhlanje inembali ende ye-secularism kunye nobudlelwane obusondeleyo phakathi kwecandelo eliphambili lenkolo yama-Arabhu (amaKurds aye acalulwa, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngobundlobongela, amashumi eminyaka) yamaShi'ite namaSunni. Kodwa iziphumo ezongezelekayo zokuqhekeka okuqhutywa zizohlwayo kwikhontrakthi yentlalontle, kunye nengxaki ebangelwa ngumsebenzi wobundlobongela kunye nobuhlwempu, kubonakala ngathi kubangela abantu abaninzi base-Iraqi ukuba bafune inkolo yabo njengenye indawo yesazisi sesizwe. Kwabaninzi, isibongozo samaqela enkolo kunye namahlelo asekwe kancinci kwiinkcukacha zezakwalizwi zabo ngamanye amaxesha ezigqithileyo, kwaye ngakumbi kubuchule babo bokubonelela ubuncinci besikolo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ingqesho, kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu eMelika. umsebenzi ubuthenjiswe kaninzi kodwa usoloko usilela ukubonelela. (Ngokufana nesibheno se-Hamas kwintlupheko yaseGaza Strip.) Ngoko unyulo, ukuba lubanjiwe, lunokuthi lubonise umlinganiselo ophezulu wenkxaso ethandwayo kumaqela ahlukeneyo enkolo malunga nokuba ngubani obonisa ukuvota kwaye ngubani. uhlala ekhaya. (Qaphela: isiqwenga esifutshane esilungileyo sokuchasa iIraq jonga "Kutheni unyulo lungazukuphelisa ukuchaswa kweIraq" nguMolly Bingham eBoston Globe, ngoDisemba 15, 2004.)
Ziya kubonakala njani iziphumo? Ngoloyiso lomanyano lwezopolitiko luka-al-Sistani, kuya kubakho impembelelo enkulu yabefundisi bamaShi'ite (nangona bembalwa abefundisi abazigqatselayo), endaweni yama-Iraqi axhaswa yi-US, uninzi lwawo angamaShi'ite kwaye ubukhulu becala babefudula bekwizikhundla zabo. abagxothiweyo, abalawula "urhulumente" wangoku e-Iraq. Kuyamangalisa, ewe, ukuba luxinzelelo lwe-US oluchanekileyo kunyulo lwakwangoko phantsi komsebenzi obangela ukungazinzi okukhulu phakathi kwamacandelo eSunni, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba ukulawulwa kweziphumo kunamandla ngakumbi - okuthetha ukuba iWashington ngokwayo imisela inqanaba lempembelelo enkulu yaseIran ngaphakathi kweIraq. Ezinye iziphumo zengingqi zingabandakanya ukunciphisa impembelelo yaseSaudi kunye / okanye yaseJordani. Ngokubanzi, nangona kunjalo, i-US iya kuhlala inamandla amakhulu kweli lizwe ukuba nje umsebenzi wayo wezempi uhlala, kwaye impembelelo yayo yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho ziya kuhlala zingaphaya kwexesha lokuphila komkhosi othe ngqo (jonga icandelo elingasentla kwi-NDI kunye ne-IRI).
Ngaba indibano "ekhethiweyo" yase-Iraqi okanye urhulumente ufuna ukuba kupheliswe umsebenzi? Ngokuqinisekileyo kuqinisekileyo ukuba unyulo olusemthethweni, lokwenyani lwelizwe e-Iraq luya kufuna ukuphela komsebenzi wangaphandle. Kodwa le nkqubo ayizukuba yesemthethweni okanye yesizwe ngokwenene. Kwaye akucaci kwaphela ukuba nendibano elawulwa nguSistani iya kuthi, ngaphandle kwamabango angaphambi konyulo, ifune ukuba i-US iwuphelise umsebenzi kwaye kurhoxiswe amajoni. Ngokunikwa utyalo-mali lolawulo lukaBush kolu lonyulo, iWashington ayinakukhetha okuncinci ngaphandle kokuxhasa indibano evotelweyo, nokuba ithini na kwezopolitiko. Ngokuqinisekileyo kunokwenzeka ukuba abo baphumeleleyo kule nkqubo ineziphene banokubiza ukupheliswa ngokukhawuleza komsebenzi. Kodwa kusenokwenzeka ukuba, nokuba bathe baqhelaniswa njani na ngaphambili, abaphumeleleyo banokugqiba kwelokuba amandla abo kunye nempembelelo phakathi kwale nyaniso ilawulwa yi-US babonelelwa ngcono ngokuvuma ukusebenza kunye, kunokuba bacele umngeni, umsebenzi wase-US. Ngokuqinisekileyo naluphi na umnxeba okhethekileyo nangayiphi na imikhosi yaseIraq yokuphelisa umsebenzi wase-US kufuneka ixhaswe. Kodwa nokuba indibano "ekhethiweyo" yase-Iraq ekhethwe kunyulo olungekho mthethweni phantsi kweemeko zokuhlala, iyala ukubiza imikhosi yangaphandle ukuba imke, okanye okubi ngakumbi, nokuba yamkele ubukho bayo, loo nto ayinyanzelisi intshukumo yoxolo yamazwe ngamazwe ukuba ilandele. Ngokuchasene noko, isibophelelo sethu, esisekelwe kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokuzibophelela kwethu kwintsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokucela umngeni kurhulumente wethu wokwaphulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, kufuna ukuba sigcine ukucaca kwemfuno yethu yokupheliswa ngokukhawuleza komsebenzi kunye nokurhoxiswa kwangoko kwe-US. imikhosi.
Umsebenzi wethu usaqhubeka ufuna ukugxininiswa okungaguqukiyo ekupheliseni imfazwe nokuzisa imikhosi ekhaya ngoku.โ IZe.
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