Nge-15 kaMeyi, abantu abayi-125,000 bazalise izikwere zesixeko kulo lonke elase-Spain ngokuchasene nesiphakamiso semilinganiselo yezoqoqosho. Kwiiveki ezine kamva, abantu abangama-250,000 XNUMX baya ezitratweni. Ukusukela ngoko intshukumo ye "indignado" eSpain ikhule kwaye yavela. UStephen Roblin waseBaltimore Indypendent Reader udliwano-ndlebe noDavid Marty, itshantliziyo elibhale amanqaku amaninzi ehlalutya intshukumo kunye namava akhe njengomthathi-nxaxheba.
Chaza kubafundi bethu intshukumo "indignado" yaseSpain. Yintoni eyaphefumlela yona? Iqale nini?
Kwakungekho mpembelelo icacileyo, yayiyintshukumo ezenzekelayo, nangona wonke umntu wayecinga ngeziganeko zaseTunisia, iYiphutha kunye namazwe ama-Arabhu ngokubanzi.
"Indignado" ithetha "ukucaphuka". Intshukumo kunye nempumelelo yayo yaba ngumphumo ocacileyo wemeko yezoqoqosho: iSpeyin yayikwimeko eethe-ethe, ixhomekeke kakhulu kwicandelo layo lezindlu, nto leyo eyadala i-bubble kwindawo engalawulwayo (okanye engayithobeliyo ukuba umntu uyithelekisa kunye ne-80). Icandelo lezindlu, elimelwe ngamashishini amakhulu aqhutywa ziintsapho, liye lanempembelelo ngakumbi kwaye lakwazi ukufumana imimiselo efanelekileyo, phezu kwayo nje imidla yoluntu. Ngaphezulu koko bekukho imodeli yezemali entsha kunye nehlabathi jikelele, leyo abemi base-US abaqhelene nayo, apho icandelo elikhulu ngakumbi nelinempembelelo ngakumbi likwazile ukurhoxisa urhwebo lwemali, lidala inkqubo yenkuthazo egwenxa. Iibhanki zaziboleka imali elingana ne-US subprimes kwaye emva koko zathengisa izibophelelo zabo kwamanye amaziko emali. Imizi yaseSpain ibisematyaleni kumanqanaba anganyamezelekiyo kwaye ukonyuka okuncinci kwemirhumo yabo kuthetha ukuba kufutshane nokubhanga kwabaninzi.
Iqamu ngalinye ligqabhukile ngaxa lithile kwaye xa lenzayo ngo-2008 apha eSpain, le nkqubo yezoqoqosho eethe-ethe esekwe ematyaleni yawa kwaye amawaka abemi baseSpain bazifumana bebhanga ngokupheleleyo. Ukukhutshwa ukususela ngo-2008 kuye kwanda izihlandlo ezilishumi kwaye njengamaxesha onke, amaxhoba okuqala ale ngxaki ayeqhelekileyo: abafazi, abafuduki kunye nabantu abadala. Ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kubethe kakhulu uqoqosho kwaye kwafikelela kumanqanaba angenakulawuleka: i-20% yabo bonke abasebenzi baseSpain abakwazanga ukufumana umsebenzi. Kodwa okona kumangalisayo kukuba, i-45% yabantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-25 bebengaphangeli.
Ngelo xesha, umsindo wawubonakala ezitratweni, emoyeni. Ndandiwuva ngokobuqu ukugxeka kuxhaphakile phakathi kwabahlobo bam abaninzi kunye nabantu endibaziyo. Owam umbono, ngokumamela abantu bethetha ngoqoqosho kunye nemeko yabo, yayikukuba baziva bebodwa ekubambeni iimbono zabo. Abazange bazive beqondwa kwaye isigqibo sabo sesokuba abantu baziziyatha kwaye bangenzi nto ngokunyamezela le meko. Iinkampani ezinkulu, ngakumbi iibhanki ezinkulu, zanikwa iibhiliyoni zemali yabarhafi ukanti ishishini lalikhupha abantu ngamawaka. Abo babengenako ukuhlawula imali-mboleko yabo babegxothwa ngokungayikhathaleli ngokupheleleyo imeko yabo: indoda eneminyaka engama-84 ubudala kwafuneka iyincame indlu eyayiyithengile ngoxa yayiselula; umama wabantwana ababini, ongatshatanga kwaye ongaphangeliyo, ohlala nonyana okhubazekileyo kwafuneka ashiye indlu yakhe kwaye usenetyala le-euro ezingama-200,000 ebhankini. Imali ekuya kufuneka ayihlawule kumvuzo wakhe omncinci wama-euro angama-700 awufumana nyanga zonke.
Abantu baziva beqhathiwe, bavotele iqela lasekhohlo kuba beziva ukuba baya kukhusela ilizwe lentlalontle kunye namalungelo abasebenzi ngexesha apho lalifuneka kakhulu. Kodwa into eyenzekayo kukuba urhulumente waseZapatero wasebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal kwaye wenza ukuba amahlwempu ahlawule ityala ukuze izityebi zigcine indlela yazo yokuphila.
Ngomhla we-15 kaMeyi, iqonga le-Democracia Real Ya libize abantu baseSpain ukuba baqhankqalaze into eyenzekayo phantsi kwesiqubulo esithi "asiyiyo yokuthengisa ezandleni zababhanki kunye nezopolitiko". Oyena ndoqo yayiyeyokuba โabasimeliโ, esinye isilogeni salo mbutho. Eneneni, ekuqaleni abantu baqonda, kungekhona ukuba babengamelwe ngawo omabini amaqela, kodwa kunoko ukuba yayingengabo bodwa ababevakalelwa ngaloo ndlela.
Emva kokumashi ngomhla we-15, abanye babaqhankqalazi abancinci banquma ukuhlala ePuerta del Sol, isikwere esikhulu eMadrid. Injongo yabo yayikukuqhubeka noqhankqalazo ngokumisa iintente ngaphandle. Imozulu yayintle, sasiphakathi kwelona xesha lasentlakohlaza lalishushu kakhulu kwaye inqaku lama-21 loMgaqo-siseko ka-1978 lalikhona ukukhusela ilungelo lethu lokuba lapho. Noko ke, abasemagunyeni bavakalelwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo baza bayalela ukuba kugxothwe eli qela labantu abalikhulu ngobusuku be-16 ukuya kowe-17. Ama-24 kubo abanjwa kwaye izityholo zacinezelwa kwi-19 kubo.
Ngosuku olulandelayo, abantu abangama-25,000 bathi beza eSol beqhankqalazela ingcinezelo yamapolisa kwaye into eyayiza kuba ngumngcelele wexesha elinye yaba yinkampu kunye nentshukumo yokwenyani enefuthe lokwenyani kwezopolitiko.
Yintoni ukubunjwa kwentshukumo - kuphela ngasekhohlo kunye nabaqhubela phambili okanye ngaba iphefumlelwe abagcini kunye nabanye ngokunjalo? Kwakhona, uchaza kwinqaku lakho, "Ukucaphuka kunye noLungiselelo," ukuba intshukumo iye yaphazamisa iimvakalelo ezinzulu zokugxeka phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba. Ngaba unokucacisa ukuba uthetha ukuthini ngaloo nto?
Ewe, kukho imiba emibini yentshukumo: okokuqala kukho inkxaso ngokubanzi kwintshukumo. Ngaloo nkalo abagcini be-conservative benza inxalenye ebalulekileyo yamaqela enkxaso. Ngeentsuku zenkampu (inkampu yaseMadrid yachithwa ngoJuni 12 ngesigqibo esivumelanayo) kwaye njengoko yayikhula ngeyure, yongeza ikomiti entsha okanye umsebenzi, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba uphile ngaphandle kwezinto ezinikezelwa ngabamelwane. kunye neevenkile ezincinci ezijikeleze iSol. Ke ngeentsuku zokuqala sasisele sibona indlela abantu abasuka kwiindawo ezihlala abantu abanolucelomngeni kunye nabasuka koosomashishini babonisa inkxaso ngokubonelela ngezixa ezimangalisayo zokutya, amayeza, izinto eziphathekayo, amanzi, ezothutho, njalo njalo. Yayichukumisa kakhulu.
Kwiiveki ezintathu emva kokuba inkampu iqalile, i-arhente yokuvota ebizwa ngokuba yiMetroscopia (efana neGallup e-US) yapapasha ukuba ingakanani inkxaso ekhoyo evela kumacala omabini ezopolitiko: kwavela ukuba i-46% yabavoti bephiko lasekunene babenovelwano kulo mbutho, kwaye. ukuba ama-90% abo bonke abantu baseSpeyin bavakalelwa kukuba inkqubo yezobupolitika kufuneka ihlaziywe ukuze yamkeleke ngakumbi kwiimfuno zoluntu ngokubanzi. Amanye amaziko agcinayo kunye namaqela aqala ngokwenene, njengoko sithetha, ukunika iziphakamiso ezisekelwe kwiimfuno zentshukumo. E-Brussels, inkunzi ye-European Union, ngoku kukho iintetho malunga nokuphumeza irhafu kwiintengiselwano zemali, uhlobo lwerhafu yeTobin. Kukho namanye amaqela alondolozayo (oku kubandakanya ngoku i-PSOE, iphiko lasekhohlo eSpeyin) eliphakamisa zonke iintlobo zamanyathelo, ezinye ziyi-rhetoric kodwa ezinye ziqhubela phambili ngokwenene. Olu luphawu olucacileyo lokuba ukunyuswa kweendleko zentlalo ngokuqhanqalaza kuyasebenza, kwaye oko kwenza nakwimida yolondolozo. Ikwabonisa ukuba iKhohlo alinalo igunya lokucaphuka kwaye ukuvalwa kwezindlu kuchaphazela amawaka abantu nokuba yeyiphi na imigca yezopolitiko.
Lo mbutho awukaphumezi okuninzi kwaye sonke sinethemba kwaye sisebenzela okona kulungileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izinto ezithile esele zifeziwe kwaye kufuneka zivunywe: umzekelo, intshukumo, ngeendibano zayo kunye nefilosofi yayo enokuthula, iphule udonga olungabonakaliyo olukhoyo phakathi kwabagcini kunye nabasekhohlo. Kuye kwabonisa kumacala omabini ukuba sonke sibanye kwaye omnye umntu, nangona kukho ukungangqinelani kwakhe, ngumntu ohloniphekileyo onebango elisemthethweni kwezopolitiko. Zange kwimbali yeli lizwe kucace ukuba abanamandla bebembalwa kwaye besibaninzi.
Ndiyaqonda ukuba intshukumo iye yaphuhlisa "iindibano zabantu." Ngaba ungacacisa ukuba yintoni kwaye uchaze indlela intshukumo ethe yavela ngayo kumbutho ngokubanzi?
Iindibano zilinyathelo elahlukileyo kuleyo yeDemocracia Real Ya (DRY). I-DRY iqale yabiza uqhankqalazo kwaye ukusukela ngoko yaxhasa iindibano kunye nenkampu. Nangona kunjalo iindibano zaziyimpendulo kumbandela wombutho weenkampu.
Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva kohambo lokuqala ngoMeyi 15th, sele kukho amakhulu eenkampu kulo lonke elaseSpeyin: iBilbao, iSevilla, iValencia, iBarcelona kunye nezinye izixeko ezincinci. Njengoko inkampu yayikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye njengoko abantu babebuza ngakumbi nangakumbi ukuba yintoni esiyifunayo, izigqibo ezifunekayo kum zenziwe. Ngoko ke iindibano zaziyimpendulo yendalo kwiimfuno zokwenza izigqibo kunye nenye kuphela ngokuhambelana nebango lokuba intshukumo "yayithe tye" kwaye ilawulwa ngokwayo.
Sele nditshilo ukuba izinto bezintsokothile kunokuba zibonakala zisuka apha. Enyanisweni, kwakukho imibuzo emininzi ekwakufuneka iphendulwe: sasiza kuzithatha njani izigqibo? Besizakuzibambela phi iingxoxo kwaye yeyiphi eyona ndlela yedemokhrasi yokuququzelela intlanganiso. Ngokwenene, umntu akanakubanga ukuba ulawulwa ngokwedemokhrasi ngaphandle kokuba ukuqukana kuyinto ephambili. Indibano yeyure ezi-2 ayifani neyure ezi-5. Abantu abangevayo kufuneka bakwazi ukuya kwiintlanganiso njengalo naliphi na elinye iqumrhu, into efanayo nabakhubazekileyo okanye abantu abakude ngokwejografi.
Andizi kungena kwiinkcukacha malunga nokuba le miba yashukuxwa njani, kodwa ubukhulu becala indibano ibijongene nale miba ngokuyimpumelelo kwezi nyanga zimbini zidlulileyo. Oko akuthethi ukuba kungaphezulu kokugxekwa okanye ukuba zonke izixeko okanye indawo yaseSpain iye yavela ngendlela efanayo, kodwa nje ukuba kwiiveki nje ezili-10 oko ibingumngcelele woqhanqalazo iye yaba yeyona ntshukumo ikhuthazayo eli lizwe elakhe laziwa kwimbali yalo ukusukela oko. Ulawulo lukaFranco lwaphela ngowe-1975.
Ukhankanya kwinqaku elikhankanywe ngasentla ukuba iindibano zabantu kwafuneka ziyeke ukwenza izigqibo ngokuvumelana. Ngaba unokucacisa ukuba kutheni?
Ewe, ayizange iwiswe ngokupheleleyo, ivunyelwe nje ukuba ibe bhetyebhetye ngakumbi. Isizathu sokuba oku kwenzekile asinto intsha kwabo banamava entshukumo yendibano njengaleyo yaseArgentina emva ko-2001.
Isizathu sokuba lo mthetho unyenyisiwe sasilula: izigqibo ezithile ebezifuna impendulo ecacileyo kwixeshana elifutshane, ngathi kufuneka siyichithe okanye singayichithi inkampu eSol, zaye zavalwa ngocwangco liqaqobana labantu aba-ajenda yabo ingekacaci. Babebaninzi kakhulu abantu abachatshazelwayo sesi sigqibo kunabo babesithintela kwaye kule meko ukuvumelana akuzange kube sengqiqweni.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuvumelana kuseyeyona nkqubo ithandwayo yokwenza izigqibo kwaye iseyeyona nto ibangela impikiswano kulo mbutho, kuquka nam.
Yeyiphi eminye imiqobo ephambili ejongene nayo lo mbutho? Ngawaphi amalinge aye enziwa ukoyisa le miqobo? Baye baphumelela kangakanani?
Kukho imiqobo emininzi ekufuneka ujongane nayo yonke imihla, kodwa owona uphambili kukujongana nesiseko sonke. Izixhobo zombuso zisebenza njengobukrelekrele bokwenziwa obucwangciswe ukuba bufunde kwiimpazamo zabo kwaye bulungelelanise amaqhinga aso kwisiseko semihla ngemihla. Ngoko sijongene nalo matshini ocinga kwaye enze ngokukhawuleza kwaye kufuneka alungise imiba eminye imibutho ejongene nayo kuphela emva kweminyaka yokusebenza. Ke ndicinga ukuba eyona ngxaki yokuqala lixesha.
Ukuphela komlinganiselo oyimpumelelo okwazileyo ukoyisa amaqhinga karhulumente obundlobongela, ukoyikisa kunye nokusasazwa kobuxoki kukungabi nabundlobongela. Lo mbutho uye wangeniswa ngamapolisa afihlakeleyo ukuze enze indawo enobundlobongela. Basenokuba baye bafumana umfutho ngexesha losuku okanye ezimbini, kodwa into yokuba intshukumo inamathele kakhulu kwifilosofi yayo engeyiyo yobundlobongela yenze kube lula ukuchonga abangeneleli kunye nokujongana nabo.
Indlela endasabela ngayo kugonyamelo olwaboniswa ngabasemagunyeni yandothusa, mandivume. Ndiphuma kusapho lwamapolisa (eFransi) kwaye andizange ndicinge ukuba eli ziko elihlala linikezelwe ekukhuseleni abemi balo linokwenza ubundlobongela kubantu abamsulwa. Ndisenokuba andinangqondo, kodwa yayingumfanekiso endandinawo lowo. Ukubukela umfanekiso oshukumayo ovela eBarcelona, โโapho amapolisa asuka ahlasela aze abetha abantu abanoxolo ababehleli phantsi kwazalisa intliziyo yam ngumsindo nengqumbo. Kuye kwafuneka ndithumele loo mifanekiso kutata. Wasabela ngendlela efanayo: โaba bantu abafanelanga ukunxiba iyunifomu yabo!โ ingaba amazwi akhe...
Ngokuphathelele kwipropaganda, akukho manyathelo aneleyo achasene nayo ngaphandle kokuzama ukunxibelelana ngcono. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku into yokuba kukho indibano naphi na apho ukhoyo inceda ukubonisa ukuba asiyiyo le nto abanye amajelo eendaba bebezama ukusibonisa yona. Izityholo ezinobuqhetseba, ezivela kwi-press-right-wing press, zizame ukusidibanisa ne-ETA, intlangano ye-terrorist basques. Amajelo eendaba enkululeko, kwelinye icala, ahlala ezama ukubhengeza ukuphela kwethu. Akukho sicombululo silula kolu hlaselo.
Kwinqaku lakho, uthi lo mbutho awukhange uthabathe nyathelo lokuchasa ubungxowankulu kwaye amanye amalungu achasene nongxowankulu kulo mbutho, kuquka nawe, ayathandabuza ukwenza oko. Ngaba unokucacisa ukuba kutheni?
Ewe, kuya kufuneka uhloniphe umnxeba wokuqala wentshukumo kwaye kutheni ibinamandla angaka. Inani le-90% endilikhankanyileyo ngaphambili yayingeyonkqubo yeradical. Ukuba sizakuthatha isimo esingqongqo ngakumbi asinakukwenza oko egameni labantu ababesixhasa ekuqaleni.
Sendiyithethile loo nto, kufuneka nditsho ukuba esi ayisosizathu siphambili sokungathabathi isimo esichasene nongxowankulu. Inyaniso yeyokuba abantu abaqhelekileyo bagxeka kakhulu kwaye bayagula kubungxowankulu. Indlela abachazwa ngayo ayahlukanga kangako kuleyo yomntu oqiqileyo. Umahluko ekukuphela kwawo phakathi kokuchasa ngokwenene ubungxowankulu nalapho bakuyo ngoku, eyinkqubo yohlaziyo yedemokhrasi yentlalo-ntle, kukuba abanayo enye indlela yokunikezela ngobukhapitali. Uninzi lwabantu luve kuphela nge-capitalism okanye uqoqosho olucwangcisiweyo oluphakathi njengakwi-USSR. Akukho mntu wakha weva ngoqoqosho oluthatha inxaxheba.
Kodwa intshukumo isenamandla kweminye imiba yayo: umzekelo, ifuna ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo kwabemi kwimiba ebalulekileyo. Imiba ebalulekileyo ichazwa njengaleyo inokuqokelela inani elithile lemisayino. Kukho, malunga noku, iziphakamiso ezinomdla ezixhomekeke kwiinkqubo zokuvota zekhompyutheni eziza kuzama okokuqala ngo-Oktobha ngexesha lokuvota okuthathwa ngumbutho we-15-M.
Ingaba intshukumo iyaphi ukusuka apha? Ngaba ucinga ukuba inamandla okuphila ixesha elide kunye nokudala utshintsho olukhulu lwentlalo eSpain?
Oko kuxhomekeke kuthi kakhulu. Izinto zikwikhefu kwinyanga ka-Agasti. Sibhiyozela le veki yokuphela kwekhefu ngokufumana eMadrid amawaka-waka abantu abaza kube bephuma kulo lonke ilizwe ngeemoto, ngeebhasi, ngololiwe kwanabanye babo ngeenyawo (baqale ekuqaleni kwale nyanga). Emva koko intshukumo iceba ukufikelela eBrussels kwaye ibe nefuthe elithile kwinqanaba laseYurophu.
Ngaphezu koko akukho mntu unokwazi, kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo inamandla okutshintsha yonke into kwaye sele ishiye impembelelo kwinkcubeko yethu yentando yesininzi eyatshintsha ulindelo lwethu ngonaphakade.
Zeziphi izifundo ocinga ukuba abaphembeleli abavela kwamanye amazwe, njenge-US, banokuzifunda kule ntshukumo?
Ewe, banokujonga nje kwaye bazibuze ukuba yahluke kangakanani le kwilizwe labo. Kwimeko yase-US, impendulo yam iya kuba akukho mahluko ungako. Abantu abafanayo abalukuhlwa yi-Tea Party ngabantu abahloniphekileyo abanenkxalabo yokwenene abafuna ukunikwa ithuba lokuvakalisa izimvo zabo ngeyona ndlela yokuthatha inxaxheba. Ukuba siyala oku kwaye sibabona ngeyona ndlela i-caricatural kunye nechasayo, akufuneki sibe nethemba elikhulu ngekamva.
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Nikela