Ngokuchaseneyo nombono owasasazeka ngo-2022, ingxaki yokutya yehlabathi yaqala ngaphambi kokuba iRashiya ihlasele i-Ukraine kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso e-cereal ngenxa yoqikelelo. Kwihlabathi jikelele, ukusuka ngowama-2014 ukuya ku-2021, inani labantu abachatshazelwa kukungakhuseleki kokutya okumandundu linyuke ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-350, ukusuka kuma-565 ukuya kuma-924 ezigidi. Izinga lokunyuka belibukhali ngakumbi ukusuka ngo-2019 ukuya ku-2021, kwaye lichaphazele abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200. Ngo-2021, malunga ne-2.3 yeebhiliyoni zabantu (i-29.3% yabemi behlabathi) bafumana ukungakhuseleki kokutya okuphakathi okanye okunzulu. [1] . Ngo-2022, zonke izalathisi zikhomba kwisilumkiso. NgoMeyi 17, 2022 iBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ladibana ukuze lixubushe ngendlela yokuhlangabezana nengxaki ezayo yokutya enokukhokelela kwimvukelo edumileyo.
- Kwenzeka njani ukuba abantu basalambe kwi-21st kwenkulungwane?
- Imbi kangakanani le ntlekele yoluntu?
- Ingxaki yokutya yehlabathi ayibangelwa kukuhla kwemveliso yeecereals okanye ezinye (โฆ)
- Ingxaki yokutya ayizange iqale ngohlaselo lwaseUkraine
- Ngaba indlala inokupheliswa?
- Ngaba lo mzabalazo wokulwa nendlala awuyonxalenye yomzabalazo obanzi ngakumbi?
Kwenzeka njani ukuba abantu basalambe kwi-21st kwenkulungwane?
Ezolimo zabalimi zibonelela ngama-70% emveliso yokutya yehlabathi
Esi sisiphumo esithe ngqo semodeli yoshishino lwezolimo olujolise ekufumaneni inzuzo endaweni yokondla abantu. Icace ngakumbi kumazwe akuMazantsi ehlabathi apho i IMFkunye ne IBhanki ye hlabathi's uhlengahlengiso lwesakhiwo imigaqo-nkqubo ithande uhlobo olumandla lwezolimo olujolise kumazwe angaphandle, olukhuphisanayo kunye nengeniso kwimarike yehlabathi, lucinezela ukuveliswa kokutya okusisiseko kunye nolimo lwabalimi, oluvelisa i-70% yokutya kwehlabathi. [2] . Ukutya kuye kwaba yinto yorhwebo exhomekeke kwintelekelelo kwimarike yehlabathi apho iqaqobana elikhulu lamazwe ngamazwe lithatha isigqibo ngamaxabiso.
Ishishini lezolimo libamba ngakumbi nangakumbi izibonelelo zomhlaba kunye namanzi, litshabalalisa imbewu yabalimi ngokuthanda imixube kunye ne-GMOs, likwenza ngokubanzi ukusetyenziswa kwezichumiso zekhemikhali kunye nezitshabalalisi kunye nokwandisa imveliso ye-agrifuel.
La mashishini amakhulu ezolimo axhamla kwinkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke, athathe umhlaba ongakumbi ukuze kwandiswe imveliso ye-agrofuel kunye nokukhupha izibonelelo zamanzi kwizityalo ezitya kakhulu, zitshabalalisa imbewu yabalimi ngokuthanda imixube kunye ne-GMOs, kwaye zenza ngokubanzi ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi zekhemikhali kunye nezibulali zinambuzane. .
Le modeli yemveliso inyusa kakhulu ukuba sesichengeni kwezityalo kwizothuso zangaphandle kwaye inegalelo elikhulu kutshintsho lwemozulu kunye nembalela echaphazela imvula-zondliwa ezolimo kwaye zome iitafile zamanzi. Iyinxalenye nenxalenye yenkqubo yongxowankulu behlabathi kunye neentlekele ezininzi apho ingxaki yokutya inye.
Imbi kangakanani le ntlekele yoluntu?
Malunga ne-60% yabemi ichatshazelwa kukungakhuseleki kokutya okuphakathi kunye nama-20% kukungakhuseleki kokutya okukhulu.
Umntu omnye kwabalishumi eHlabathini ulambe ngokusisigxina.
Ngokomgangatho obanzi ophuhliswe yi-FAO kunye neminye imibutho ye-UN, i-30% yabemi behlabathi bafumana ukungakhuseleki kokutya okuphakathi.
I-FAO iqaphela ukuba kwilizwekazi laseAfrika malunga nama-60% abantu abachatshazelwayo ukungakhuseleki kokutya okuphakathi kunye ne-20% nge ukunqongophala kokutya okukhulu, kwaye loo manani anokuthi anyuke ngokungazinzi kwemozulu.
I-45% yokusweleka kwabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 kungenxa yokungondleki, okuthetha ukuba yi-3.1 yezigidi zabantwana.
Ngo-2020, โbamalunga nezigidi ezingama-45 abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala abakhathazwa kukumosha, olona hlobo lubulalayo lokungondleki, nto leyo ephindaphinda inani lokufa kwabantwana ukuya kutsho kwi-12. Ngaphezu koko, abantwana abazizigidi ezili-149 abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu baye bakhula yaye bakhula ngenxa yokungabi nazo zondlo eziyimfuneko ekutyeni kwabo.โ [3] I-45% yokusweleka kwabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 ngenxa yokungondleki, emele abantwana abazizigidi ezi-3.1.
"I-gap yesini ekungakhuseleni kokutya iqhubekile ukunyuka ngo-2021 - i-31.9% yabasetyhini emhlabeni bebengakhuselekanga ngokulinganayo okanye ngokuqatha, xa kuthelekiswa ne-27.6% yamadoda - i-gap engaphezulu kweepesenti ze-4, xa kuthelekiswa neepesenti ezi-3 zeepesenti ngo-2020. .โ [4]
I-Unicef โโibhengezwe nge-23 kaJuni ngo-2022 ukuba phantse abantwana abazizigidi ezisi-8 abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-5 kumazwe ali-15 athwaxwe yintlekele basemngciphekweni wokufa ngenxa yokumoshakala okukhulu ngaphandle kokuba bafumana ukutya konyango kwangoko kwaye nya mekela . . . Ukusukela oko uqalile unyaka, ingxaki yokutya eyandayo kwihlabathi jikelele inyanzelise abantwana abangama-260,000 - okanye umntwana omnye rhoqo kwimizuzwana engama-60 - ukuba ahlupheke ngenxa yokumoshakala okukhulu kumazwe ali-15 athwele ubunzima bale ngxaki, ngakumbi kuMpopo weAfrika kuMbindi weSahel.โ I-Unicef โโikwathi, โixabiso le ukutya okulungele ukusetyenziswa konyango ukunyanga inkcitho emandla inyuke ngeepesenti ezili-16 kwezi veki zidlulileyo ngenxa yokunyuka kabukhali kweendleko zezithako ezisisiseko, abantwana abangama-600,000 abongezelelekileyo abanalufikelelo kunyango olusindisa ubomi kwaye basesichengeni sokufa.โ
Okumangalisayo kukuba uninzi lwabantu abathwaxwa kukungondleki ngamafama, ingakumbi abalimi abancinci abangenamhlaba okanye abangonelanga, okanye iindlela zokuwuphuhlisa, kwaye kufuneka bathengise imveliso yezolimo eninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka emarikeni ukuze bahlawule amatyala abo abahlutha amatyala abo. iintsapho zokutya. Kakade ke, kukwakho neeklasi ezihlwempuzekileyo zasezidolophini.
Ukungakhuseleki kokutya okuphakathi: Ibhekisa kwinqanaba lobunzima bokungakhuseleki kokutya, ngokusekelwe kwi-FIES, apho abantu bajongana nokungaqiniseki malunga nokukwazi kwabo ukufumana ukutya kwaye baye banyanzeliswa ukuba banciphise, ngamanye amaxesha enyakeni, umgangatho kunye / okanye ubuninzi bokutya abakutyayo. ngenxa yokungabikho kwemali okanye ezinye izixhobo. Ngaloo ndlela ibhekisela ekunqongophelweni kokufikelela ngokuqhubekayo ekutyeni, okunciphisa umgangatho wokutya, ukuphazamisa iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokutya, kwaye kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kwisondlo, impilo kunye nokuphila kakuhle.
Ukungakhuseleki Okumandundu kokutya: Inqanaba lobunzima bokungakhuseleki kokutya apho abantu banokuthi baphelelwe kukutya, banamava endlala kwaye, ngokugqithiseleyo, bahambe iintsuku bengatyi, bebeka impilo yabo kunye nempilo yabo emngciphekweni omkhulu, ngokusekelwe kwi-FIES.
Ukungondleki: imeko engaqhelekanga ye-physiological ebangelwa ukungonelanga, ukungalingani okanye ukuthathwa ngokugqithisileyo kwe-macronutrients kunye / okanye i-micronutrients. Ukungondleki kuquka ukungondleki (ukudodobala nokumosha kwabantwana, ukunqongophala kweevithamini neeminerali) kunye nokutyeba nokutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo.
Ukuhluza Ukumosha yindlela ebulalayo yokungondleki, ngokuqhelekileyo umphumo wokulahlekelwa kwesisindo esihambelana nexesha lakutshanje lokungonelanga kwamandla okutya kunye / okanye izifo. Kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu ubudala, ukumosha kuchazwa njengobunzima bobude obungaphantsi kwe -2 SD ngaphantsi kwe-WHO Child Growth Standards median. Ngo-2022, bangaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-45 abantwana abangaphantsi kwesihlanu abahluphekayo.
Ukumosha kakhulu: Imeko ebonakaliswe ngokunciphisa ngokugqithiseleyo ngokumalunga nobukhulu, okukhokelela ekubeni buthathaka kwe-immune system. Ukumosha kakhulu kolona hlobo lukhawulezayo, olubonakalayo nolona lubulalayo lokungondleki. Ngo-2022 ngaphezu kwe-13 yezigidi zabantwana abangaphantsi kwesihlanu abahluphekayo.
- Ifoto : OXFAM (Flickr, creative commons)
Ingxaki yokutya yehlabathi yaqala ngaphambi kokuba iRashiya ihlasele iUkraine
U-รmile Frison, ilungu lephaneli yamazwe ngamazwe yeengcali kwiinkqubo zokutya ezizinzileyo (IPES-ukutya) uthe eLe Monde: "Akufuneki sikhohliswe ekukholelweni ukuba ingxaki yokutya sisiphumo sengxaki yezempilo ye-Covid kunye nemfazwe yaseUkraine, kwaye ukuba ezo ngxaki zisonjululwe, zonke ziya kulunga." UMathilde Gรฉrard, intatheli yeLe Monde wongezelela wathi: โEzo ziganeko zibini ziphambili zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zabenza mandundu ubunzima obungaphambili.โ [6]
Ingxaki yokutya ehlabathini ayibangelwa kukuhla kwemveliso yeecereals okanye ezinye izinto zokutya
Ingxaki yokutya yeHlabathi ayibangelwa kukunqongophala kwemveliso yokutya. Ngokwenyani imveliso yokutya yehlabathi inyuke ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu kwabemi behlabathi kwisithuba esingaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane. Ngo-2021, isityalo se-cereal safikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu.
Kodwa kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba inxalenye eyandayo yokutya okuveliswayo ayenzelwanga ukusetyenziswa ngabantu.
Oorhulumente baseMantla baye baxhasa ukuveliswa kwe-agrifuel, ngokulahlekisayo ebizwa ngokuba yiGreen Fuel okanye i-biofuel ukuqala impendulo entle phakathi koluntu. Kwinqaku lika-Epreli ka-2022, uJean-Franรงois Collin, umsebenzi ophezulu waseburhulumenteni nowayesakuba ngumcebisi kwiSebe lezoLimo laseFransi, wabalaselisa โukwanda okubonakalayo kusetyenziso lwemizi-mveliso kwimveliso yeecereal zehlabathi (โฆ), ngakumbi imveliso ye-ethanol: i-30% yokwanda kwemveliso yehlabathi kule minyaka ingamashumi amahlanu idlulileyo inikezelwe kuphuhliso lokusetyenziswa kwemveliso yeesiriyeli. Oku kuchaphazela ikakhulu umbona kodwa nengqolowa. (โฆ) Malunga ne-200 yezigidi zeetoni zombona waseMelika zilungiswa minyaka le zibe yi-ethanol ukuze isetyenziswe kumafutha emoto. I-10% yeesiriyeli eziveliswa kwihlabathi ngoku zisetyenziswa njengamafutha Oorhulumente baseMantla baye baxhasa ukuveliswa kwe-agrifuel, ngokulahlekisayo ebizwa ngokuba yiGreen Fuel okanye i-biofuel ukuvusa impendulo entle phakathi koluntu. Kwinqaku lika-Epreli ka-2022, uJean-Franรงois Collin, igosa eliphezulu likarhulumente kunye nowayesakuba ngumcebisi kwiSebe lezoLimo laseFransi, ubalaselisa โukwanda okukhulu kusetyenziso lwemveliso yeecereal zehlabathi (โฆ), ingakumbi ukuveliswa kwe-ethanol: I-30% yokonyuka kwemveliso yehlabathi kule minyaka ingamashumi amahlanu idlulileyo inikezelwe kuphuhliso losetyenziso lwemizi-mveliso kwiisiriyeli. Oku kuchaphazela ikakhulu umbona kodwa nengqolowa. (โฆ) Malunga ne-200 yezigidi zeetoni zombona waseMelika zilungiswa minyaka le zibe yi-ethanol ukuze isetyenziswe kumafutha emoto. I-10% yee-cereals eziveliswa kwihlabathi ngoku zisetyenziswa njengamafutha. Sinokongeza imimandla enikelwe kwezinye izityalo ezingezizo iisiriyeli, ezifana ne-rapeseed, i-soya okanye ioli yesundu, ezisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa i-diester, ekwasetyenziswa njengamafutha. Zonke ezi ziindawo ezingasetyenziswanga ekulimeni ingqolowa okanye irayisi enokondla abantu ngokuthe ngqo.โ
I-10% yeenkozo eziveliswa kwihlabathi ngoku zisetyenziswa njengamafutha, i-35% njengefula yezilwanyana.
Ngaphezu kwesinye kwisithathu semveliso yeesiriyeli zehlabathi (35%), imiselwe ukuba ibe kukutya kwezilwanyana zasefama.
Iqaqobana leenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zilawula imarike yeecereal, ngaloo ndlela zenza i-oligo-pole, kwaye zisoloko zonyusa iingeniso zazo kunye nempahla yazo eyonakalisa umdla wabantu. Kwinqanaba lehlabathi jikelele iinkampani ezine, ezintathu kuzo ziziinkampani zase-US kwaye enye i-French, ilawula i-70% yemarike yeesiriyeli zamazwe ngamazwe. Banempembelelo esisiseko kumaxabiso kunye nokubonelela. BanguArcher Daniels Midland, De Bunge, Cargill kunye noLouis Dreyfus, abadla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiABCD. Kwinqanaba lehlabathi jikelele iinkampani ezine, ezintathu kuzo ziziinkampani zase-US kwaye enye isiFrentshi, zilawula i-70% yemarike yeesiriyeli yamazwe ngamazwe.
Makhe sithathe imeko kaCargill. Ingxelo yakutshanje yeOxfam yamazwe ngamazwe yathi: โICargill sisigebenga sokutya sehlabathi kwaye yenye yeenkampani zabucala ezinkulu zehlabathi. Ngo-2017 kwaxelwa njengenye yeenkampani ezine ezilawula ngaphezulu kwe-70% yemarike yezolimo yehlabathi Iimpahla, kwaye i-87% ingabanini be-11th Olona sapho luzizityebi emhlabeni.70 Ubutyebi obudityanisiweyo bamalungu osapho adweliswe kuluhlu lwezigidigidi zeForbes yi-$42.9bn- kwaye ubutyebi babo bunyuke nge-14.4 yebhiliyoni (65%) ukusukela ngo-2020, bukhula phantse ngezigidi ezingama-20 zeedola ngosuku ngexesha lobhubhani. Oku kuqhutywa kukunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya, ingakumbi iinkozo. Amalungu amane osapho olwandisiweyo lweCargill asandula ukujoyina uluhlu lwabantu abazizityebi abangama-500 emhlabeni. Ngo-2021, inkampani yayinengeniso eyi-5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwaye yenza eyona inkulu inzuzo kwimbali yayo; kunyaka ongaphambi kokuba ihlawule izabelo ze-1.13 yebhiliyoni zeerandi, uninzi lwayo luye kumalungu entsapho. Inkampani kulindeleke ukuba yenze inzuzo kwakhona ngo-2022, yongeza kubutyebi bosapho esele bujonge ngamehlo." Ubutyebi bosapho lakwaCargill bunyuke nge-65% ukusuka ngo-2020 ukuya ku-2022, bukhula phantse ngeedola ezingama-20 ezigidi ngosuku ngexesha lo bhubhani.
Ingxelo ye-Oxfam yongeza, "UCargill ayiyedwanga ekuboneni inzuzo enkulu emva kokunqongophala kokutya kunye nokuguquguquka kwentengiso, ngokutsho kweBloomberg. Omnye wabakhuphisana nenkampani, ezolimo urhwebo indlu Louis Dreyfus Co., uthe ngoMatshi ukuba inzuzo yayo inyuke nge-82% kulo nyaka uphelileyo, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwexabiso lengqolowa kunye nemida enamandla kwimbewu yeoli..โ (Umthombo: I-Oxfam Media Briefing Ukufumana inzuzo kwiintlungu. Ukungxamiseka kokurhafisa izityebi phakathi kobutyebi bezigidigidi kunye nengxaki yeendleko zokuphila kwihlabathi, epapashwe nge-23 kaMeyi ka-2022)
- Ifoto: Andrew Gustar (Flickr, creative commons)
Ulawulo olunjalo kulwabiwo lokutya luvumele ezo nkampani zoshishino lwezolimo, kodwa namatyathanga amakhulu orhwebo afana neWallmart okanye iCarrefour, ukuba inyanzelise malunga ne-30% yokunyuka kwamaxabiso ngo-2021. [7]
Imigaqo-nkqubo ye-neoliberal yorhwebo ngokukhululekileyo, esixoxa ngayo ngokubhekele phaya, zezinye oonobangela abanzulu bengxaki yokutya. Ngenene benze amazwe akuMazantsi eHlabathi ukuba axhomekeke ngakumbi nangakumbi ekuthengisweni kwempahla ngaphandle kwakanye (jonga ngezantsi amagqabantshintshi ethu abalulekileyo malunga nemigaqo-nkqubo eyahlukeneyo ephunyezwe ngamazwe akuMzantsi phantsi koxinzelelo lwamaziko afana neBhanki yeHlabathi kunye ne-IMF kodwa kwanamacandelo awo alawulayo) . Kwimeko yomothuko wangaphandle okhokelela ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso kwimarike yehlabathi kunye/okanye ubunzima bokubonelela, amazwe akuMazantsi eHlabathi jikelele, angavelisi iisiriyeli zaneleyo, achaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo.
Phakathi kwezinto zakutsha nje eziye zayenza mandundu ingxaki yokutya, kufuneka sikhankanye intelekelelo enkulu kwiimarike zesiriyeli nje ukuba iUkraine ihlaselwe yiRussia. Amaxabiso engqolowa kunye nombona anyuke phantse nge-50% kwiiveki ezimbini ngelixa ngelo xesha kwakungekabikho ukutshatyalaliswa kwemveliso okanye ingxaki yokubonelela. Yayiluqikelelo olupheleleyo kwicala leenkampani zabucala ezigcina iisiriyeli (kuquka nezityalo zexesha elizayo) kwiimarike zezabelo (eyona iphambili iseChicago). Ixabiso lerayisi nalo linyukile, nangona lalisezantsi kakhulu.
Emva kohlaselo lwaseUkraine amaxabiso engqolowa nombona anyuke phantse ngama-50% kwisithuba seeveki ezimbini ngelixa kwakungekabikho kutshatyalaliswa kwemveliso okanye ingxaki yokubonelela.
Iinkampani zeevenkile ezinkulu zonyusa ngoko nangoko amaxabiso okutya ngaphandle kwesizathu.
Okwangoku le migca ibhaliwe, ekupheleni kuka-Agasti 2022, kwiinyanga ezintathu ezidlulileyo ixabiso lengqolowa liye lehla nge-32% kunye nexabiso lengqolowa nge-22% kwi-stock market yaseChicago, kodwa oku akuzange kube nefuthe kumaxabiso okuthengisa.
Ukususela ekupheleni kukaMeyi ukuya ekupheleni kuka-Agasti 2022 ixabiso lengqolowa lehla nge-32% kunye nexabiso lombona nge-22% kodwa oku akuzange kube nefuthe kumaxabiso okuthengisa.
Amaxabiso okuthengisa abathengi anyuke kakhulu kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba afanele ehle njengoko oorhulumente benganyanzelisi umgaqo-nkqubo wokulawulwa kwexabiso okanye ukumiselwa kwexabiso. Iinkampani ezinkulu zabucala zikhululekile ukuseta amaxabiso njengoko zibona kufanelekile.
Ingxaki yokutya ayizange iqale ngohlaselo lwaseUkraine
Ngokwenyani kwihlabathi jikelele imeko ibisiba mbi ukusukela ngo-2014. Ngelixa bekukho ingxaki enkulu yokutya ngo-2007-2008 (jonga ingcaciso yethu 3865) okubangele abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-800 abajongene nendlala, imeko iye yaphucuka ukusuka ku-2009 ukuya ku-2013 emva koko yaphinda yaba mandundu ukususela ngo-2014 (jonga i-tablet 1 kunye ne-2).
Uluhlu 1: Inani labantu abafumana ukhuseleko lokutya kwinqanaba elibi (kwizigidi)
Ummandla | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | Umahluko (2021-2019) |
iAfrika | 192 | 233 | 247 | 264 | 301 | 322 | 57.8 |
Asia | 310 | 285 | 368 | 377 | 452 | 489 | 112.3 |
I-Latin America kunye neCaribbean | 47 | 56 | 60 | 64 | 84 | 94 | 29.5 |
Oceania | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0.4 |
UMntla Melika kunye neYurophu | 15 | 14 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 17 | 6.9 |
ihlabathi | 565 | 588 | 687 | 717 | 850 | 924 | 206.9 |
umthombo: FAOImeko yoKhuseleko loKutya kunye neSondlo kwiHlabathi ka-2022, itheyibhile yesi-4, iphe. 26
Ehlabathini jikelele, phakathi kuka-2014 kunye no-2021, inani labantu abangakhuselekanga ngokutya linyuke ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-350, ukusuka kwi-565 yezigidi ukuya kwi-924 yezigidi.
Uluhlu 2: Inani labantu abafumana ukhuseleko lokutya kwinqanaba eliphakathi (kwizigidi)
Ummandla | 2014 | 2016 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | Umahluko (2021-2019) |
iAfrika | 512 | 603 | 654 | 685 | 751 | 795 | 109.7 |
Asia | 774 | 794 | 960 | 980 | 1197 | 1151 | 171.0 |
I-Latin America kunye neCaribbean | 152 | 195 | 202 | 205 | 258 | 268 | 62.5 |
Oceania | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | -0.1 |
UMntla Melika kunye neYurophu | 102 | 96 | 84 | 80 | 87 | 89 | 9.5 |
ihlabathi | 1544 | 1693 | 1906 | 1956 | 2298 | 2309 | 352.6 |
umthombo: FAOImeko yoKhuseleko loKutya kunye neSondlo kwiHlabathi ka-2022, itheyibhile yesi-4, iphe. 26
Ukusukela ngowama-2014 ukuya kowama-2021 kwihlabathi jikelele inani labantu abanengxaki yokunqongophala kokutya linyuke ukusuka kuma-565 ukuya kuma-924 ezigidi.
Ngaba indlala inokupheliswa?
Ukuphelisa indlala kunokwenzeka ngokugqibeleleyo. Izisombululo zokuphumeza le njongo ibalulekileyo zifuna iprojekthi yolawulo lokutya olwahluke kakhulu kwimodeli yoshishino lwezolimo. Ulawulo lokutya lubhekiselele kwilungelo lelizwe ngalinye ukugcina nokuphuhlisa isakhono salo sokuvelisa ukutya okusisiseko. Ithatha ukhuseleko lwemithombo yendalo, ngakumbi umhlaba, amanzi kunye nembewu. Abavelisi bokutya, abasasazi kunye nabathengi kufuneka babekwe entliziyweni yeenkqubo zokutya kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo kuneemfuno zeemarike kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, ukondla abantu ngabavelisi basekhaya, ngelixa kuncitshiswa ukuthengiswa kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Ulawulo lokutya lunokufezekiswa kuphela ukuba i-agro-ecology ixhasa izigqibo zikarhulumente. I-Agro-ecology yenye indlela yemodeli ye-neoliberal yemveliso. Yona iziqinisekiso amalungelo adityanisiweyo abalimi, ikhusela iintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo, yomeleza inkqubo yokutya yasekuhlaleni, kwaye iwuxabisile umsebenzi obaluleke ngokwenene owenziwa ngabasetyhini.
Iza kubonelela ngokutya okusemgangathweni: ngaphandle kwe-GMOs, ngaphandle kwezibulali zinambuzane okanye imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula, ngaphandle kwezichumisi zekhemikhali. Kodwa ukuze kufikelelwe kule njongo, abalimi abangaphezu kweebhiliyoni ezintathu kufuneka bafikelele kumhlaba owaneleyo kunye neefama zabo kunokuba batyebise abanini-mhlaba abakhulu, abarhwebi kunye nababolekisi. Kufuneka kwakhona babe nokufikelela kwinkxaso-mali karhulumente yokufama umhlaba, kwaye ngaphandle kokuwugqiba.
Ukubuyiselwa komhlaba kuyafuneka, kusafunwa ngamandla nokuba kuseBrazil, eBolivia, eParaguay, ePeru, eAsia okanye kwamanye amazwe aseAfrika. Uhlaziyo olunjalo kufuneka luququzelele ukwabiwa ngokutsha komhlaba, luthintele imihlaba emikhulu yabucala, kwaye lubonelele ngenkxaso yoluntu kumafama. Kufuneka ichasane nemigaqo-nkqubo yomhlaba enyanzeliswa yiBhanki yeHlabathi, iitrasti ezifana neBill & Melinda Gates Foundation kunye namazwe ngamazwe axhasa imisebenzi emikhulu yokuhluthwa komhlaba.
Kufuneka igcine amahlathi asele ekhona kwaye ikhuthaze ukutshalwa kwakhona kwamahlathi, inqande ukuthengiswa kwamashishini abucala kunye nokuthengiswa kwemithombo yamanzi, iphephe isityalo esinye esigqiba umhlaba...
Kufuneka igxininiswe into yokuba i-IMF kunye neBhanki yehlabathi zinoxanduva olukhulu kwingxaki yokutya njengoko la maziko anyanzelisa ukuba amazwe axhomekeke ngakumbi nangakumbi kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe, alucimile uncedo lwamafama amancinci kwaye anikezela ngezona nzuzo zithandwayo kurhwebo lwezolimo. I-IMF kunye ne-WB bacebise oorhulumente baseMazantsi ukuba baphelise izisele eziziinkozo ezazisetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngemarike yasekhaya xa kukho ukunqongophala konikezelo kunye/okanye ukuqhambuka kwexabiso. IBhanki yeHlabathi kunye ne-IMF ziye zatyhalela oorhulumente basemazantsi ukuba baphelise ii-arhente zetyala likarhulumente kumafama kwaye ziye zatyhalela ezi kumakhamandela ababolekisi babucala (abadla ngokuba ngabarhwebi abakhulu) okanye iibhanki zabucala ezibiza amaxabiso enzala. Oku kukhokelele kumatyala amakhulu phakathi kwamafama amancinci, nokuba aseIndiya, eMexico, eYiphutha okanye kumazwe aliqela akwi-Afrika ekwi-Sub-Sahara. Ngokophando olusemthethweni ukuba ngamatyala ngokugqithisileyo phakathi kwabalimi baseIndiya ngoyena nobangela wokuzibulala malunga nama-400,000 amafama eIndiya kule minyaka ingama-25 idlulileyo. I-Indiya lelinye lamazwe apho iBhanki yeHlabathi yaqinisekisa abasemagunyeni ukuba bacinezele ukuboleka imali kawonke-wonke kumafama. Kwiminyaka engama-50 edlulileyo i-WB kunye ne-IMF ziye zacinezela iTropiki kunye namanye amazwe aseMazantsi ukuba atshintshe imveliso yawo yengqolowa, irayisi okanye umbona kunye nezityalo ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ezifana nekoko, ikofu, iti, iibhanana, amandongomane, iintyatyambo, umqhaphu okanye iswekile yommoba. . Ukuze bagqibezele umsebenzi wabo besenzela ushishino lwezolimo kunye namazwe athumela ukutya okuziinkozo (ukuqala nge-US, Canada kunye neYurophu), batyhalela oorhulumente ukuba bavule iimarike zabo ukuze bathenge ukutya okuvela kumazwe angaphandle, abathi, eMntla, babonelelwe ngenkxaso-mali ekhokelela abavelisi abaninzi eMzantsi ukuba bangene. ukutshona kunye nokubangela ukwehla okunyukayo kwemveliso yokutya yasekhaya.
Ukushwankathela, kufuneka siphumeze ulawulo lokutya, sikhuthaze i-agro-ecology kunye nokwazisa ngohlaziyo lomhlaba. Kufuneka siyeke ukuvelisa amafutha ezolimo kwimizi-mveliso kwaye sivale inkxaso-mali karhulumente kwabo bayivelisayo. Kufuneka siphinde siqulunqe oovimba boluntu bokutya (ingakumbi iicereals: irayisi, ingqolowa, umbonaโฆ), (re) siphinde sidale ii-arhente zetyala zoluntu zamafama kwaye silawule amaxabiso okutya. Kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba abantu abanemivuzo ephantsi banokufikelela ekutyeni okusemgangathweni ngamaxabiso aphantsi. Kufuneka siyirhoxise i-VAT kukutya okusisiseko. Urhulumente kufuneka aqinisekise amafama asakhasayo ngamaxabiso alungileyo ngokwaneleyo ukubavumela ukuba baphucule ngokubonakalayo iimeko zabo zokuhlala. Kwakhona uRhulumente kufuneka aphuhlise iinkonzo zoluntu kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni ezifana nokhathalelo lwempilo, imfundo, unxibelelwano, inkcubeko, okanye iindawo zokugcina imbewu. Iibhodi zoluntu zikwazi ngokugqibeleleyo ukuqinisekisa amaxabiso enkxaso-mali kubathengi bokutya kunye namaxabiso aphezulu ngokwaneleyo okuthengisa ukuze amafama angenise ingeniso eyaneleyo.
Ngaba lo mzabalazo wokulwa nendlala awuyonxalenye yomzabalazo obanzi ngakumbi?
Eneneni asinakutsho ngokunzulu sithi silwa nendlala ngaphandle kokufikelela kwiingcambu zayo. Ityala lelinye lazo kunye nezibhengezo ezahlukeneyo ngalo mba, eziye zaxhaphaka kule minyaka yakutsha nje, njengexesha le-G7 okanye G20 Iingqungquthela, musa ukuyifihla into yokuba indlala iseyingxaki engekasonjululwa. Ingxaki yangoku yehlabathi yenza ukuba imeko yamatyala kumazwe asakhasayo ibe mandundu ngakumbi kwaye iingxaki zamatyala amatsha zisemnyango. Iziganeko eSri Lanka okanye eArgentina kwi-2022 ziyimizekelo eqaqambileyo. Eli tyala likhokelele abantu baseMzantsi, ebenokuthi ngenye indlela baxhomekeke kubutyebi boluntu kunye nendalo, bangene kwintlupheko enkulu. Inkqubo yamatyala yimpango elungelelanisiweyo ekufuneka iyekwe.
Ngenene indlela engapheliyo yetyala likarhulumente elingekho mthethweni ngumqobo ophambili ekwaneliseni iimfuno ezisisiseko zoluntu, kubandakanywa ukufikelela ekutyeni okunesidima. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ukwaneliswa kweentswelo ezisisiseko zomntu kumele kube kwindawo yokuqala ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye into eqwalaselweyo, enoba yeyomhlaba okanye yezemali. Ngokwembono yokuziphatha, amalungelo abantu abatyalwayo, abanini-mhlaba okanye abaqikeleli bayinto nje engenamsebenzi xa kuthelekiswa namalungelo asisiseko abemi beebhiliyoni ezisibhozo, anyathelwe phantsi yindlela ebolekayo yetyala.
Kukuziphatha okubi ukufuna ukuba abantu abakumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo ngenxa yengxaki abanayo uxanduva lokunikela ngenxalenye enkulu yobuncwane babo ukuze bahlawule abo batyalwayo (enoba baseMantla naseMzantsi) kunokuba bahlangabezane neemfuno zabo ezisisiseko. . Ukuziphatha okubi kwetyala kudla ngokuba sisiphumo sokuba lingene kwikhontrakthi ngoorhulumente abangengabo abedemokhrasi abangakhange basebenzise imali-mboleko umdla yabemi bawo kwaye baququzelela ubuqhophololo obukhulu kunye nemvume ecacileyo okanye ecacileyo yamazwe akuMntla, ababolekisi babucala, iBhanki yehlabathi kunye ne-IMF. Ababolekisi bamazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino badla ngokuboleka oorhulumente abarhwaphilizayo besazi. Abanalungelo lokunyanzela abantu ukuba bahlawule la matyala okuziphatha okubi nangekho mthethweni.
Ukuyibeka ngokufutshane, ityala yenye yeendlela eziphambili apho uhlobo olutsha lwekholoni lusebenza. Iza phezu kolwaphulo lwembali olusele lwenziwe ngamazwe atyebileyo: ubukhoboka, ukutshabalaliswa kwabemi bomthonyama, idyokhwe yobukoloniyali, ukuphangwa kwempahla ekrwada, yeentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ulwazi lwamafama (ngokusebenzisa ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wemveliso yezolimo evela eMzantsi, enjalo njenge-Indian basmati irayisi, ukuze kuxhamle ishishini lezolimo transnationals ukusuka kuMntla) kunye nempahla yenkcubeko, i-brain drain, njl. Ixesha eliphakamileyo, kwinkxalabo yobulungisa, ukubuyisela ingqiqo yokulawula ngengqiqo yokwabiwa kwakhona kobutyebi.
I-G7, i-IMF, iBhanki yehlabathi kunye ne Paris Club bamisela ezabo iinguqulelo zenyaniso nobulungisa, abangabagwebi namaqela abo bobabini. Ukusukela kwintlekele ka-2007-2009, i-G20 iye yathatha indawo kwi-G7 kwaye ibe negalelo ekubuyiseleni i-IMF engagunyaziswanga nengagunyaziswanga embindini womdlalo wezopolitiko noqoqosho, ngakumbi malunga neGlobal South. Kufuneka siphelise le ntswela-bulungisa ixhamlisa abacinezeli, nokuba basuka eMantla okanye eMazantsi.
I-CADTM izixhasa ngentliziyo epheleleyo izindululo kunye neemfuno eziqulunqwe yi intshukumo yabalimi bamazwe ngamazwe i-La Via Campesina ukuze ijongane nengxaki yangoku yokutya kwaye ijonge kulawulo lokutya.
โNgokujongana nalo mxholo umangalisayo, iLa Via Campesina ivakalisa amabango aqatha kunye nezindululo zokulungisa iingxaki, kwixesha elifutshane nelide.
Sifuna inyathelo elikhawulezileyo ukuze:
- phelisa uqikelelo lokutya kunye nokunqunyanyiswa korhwebo lwemveliso yokutya kwiimarike zentengiso. Intelekelelo ngezolimo kwixesha elizayo kufuneka yalelwe kwangoko. Ixabiso lokutya okuthengiswe kumazwe ngamazwe kufuneka lidityaniswe neendleko zemveliso kwaye lilandele imigaqo yorhwebo olunobulungisa, kubavelisi kunye nakubathengi;
- ukugqiba i WTOulawulo lweemarike zokutya kunye nokugcina ulimo ngaphandle kwezivumelwano zorhwebo ngokukhululekileyo. Ngokukodwa, imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho ye-WTO ethintela amazwe ekuphuhliseni ukutya koluntu, kunye nokulawulwa kwemarike kunye nokulawulwa kwamaxabiso kufuneka kususwe ngokukhawuleza, ukuze amazwe aphuhlise umgaqo-nkqubo woluntu oyimfuneko ukuxhasa abavelisi bokutya abancinci kulo mxholo ucela umngeni;
- ukubiza intlanganiso engxamisekileyo yeKomiti yoKhuseleko lokutya kunye nokudalwa kombutho omtsha wamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kuqhutywe uthetha-thethwano oluselubala malunga nezivumelwano zempahla yorhwebo phakathi kwamazwe athumela ngaphandle kunye nathumela ngaphandle ukuze amazwe asele exhomekeke ekuthengisweni kokutya kwamanye amazwe akwazi ukufikelela ngexabiso elifikelelekayo;
- ukwalela ukusetyenziswa kweemveliso zezolimo ukuvelisa i-agrofuel okanye amandla. Ukutya kufuneka kube yeyona nto iphambili kwi-fuel ab-solute;
- ukwazisa ukumiswa kwehlabathi ekuhlawulweni kwamatyala oluntu ngawona mazwe asemngciphekweni. Kwimeko ekhoyo ngoku, ukunyanzela amazwe athile ukuba ahlawule ityala kukungakhathali kwaye kukhokelela kwiingxaki zentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nokutya. Ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwe-IMF lokuchitha imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe yoluntu kunye neenkonzo zoluntu. Simemelela ukuba kucinywe amatyala oluntu angaphandle angekho mthethweni kumazwe asaphuhlayo.
Sifuna utshintsho olumandla kwimigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe, yengingqi neyesizwe ukuze sakhe ngokutsha ulawulo lokutya ngokusebenzisa:
- inguqu emandla kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. I-WTO kufuneka ichithwe. Isakhelo esitsha sehlabathi sorhwebo kunye nezolimo, esisekelwe kulawulo lokutya, kufuneka sivule indlela yokomeleza ezolimo zasekhaya kunye nelizwe jikelele, ukuqinisekisa isiseko esizinzileyo sokuveliswa kokutya okutshintshileyo, ukuxhaswa kweemarike zasekhaya kunye nelizwe jikelele. kwakunye nokubonelela ngenkqubo yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe enobulungisa esekelwe kwintsebenziswano nomanyano kunokhuphiswano nokuqikelela;
- Ukuphunyezwa kohlaziyo oludumileyo noludibeneyo lwezolimo, ukuphelisa ukuthinjwa kwamanzi, iimbewu nomhlaba ziiNkampani zaMazwe ngaMazwe (i-TNCs), kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba abavelisi abakhasayo ngamalungelo afanelekileyo kubutyebi bemveliso. Siqhankqalaza ngokuchasene nokuthengiswa kwabucala kunye nokuhluthwa kwemimandla kunye nezinto eziqhelekileyo ngokwemidla yenkampani phantsi kwesizathu sokhuseleko lwendalo, ngeemarike zekhabhoni okanye ezinye iinkqubo ze-biodiversity off-sets, ngaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo abantu abahlala kule mimandla kwaye bebethatha. ukukhathalelwa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo kwizizukulwana ezininzi;
Utshintsho olumandla olusingise kwi-agroecology ukuvelisa ukutya okunempilo ngobuninzi kunye nomgangatho wabo bonke abantu. Kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba imeko yemozulu kunye nengxaki yokusingqongileyo iya kuba ngumngeni wethu omkhulu kule meko sikuyo. Kufuneka sijongane nomceli mngeni wokuvelisa ukutya okusemgangathweni okwaneleyo ngelixa sivuselela iintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo kunye nokunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwe-GHG.
- ukulawulwa okusebenzayo kwentengiso yamalungiselelo (afana namatyala, izichumisi, izitshabalalisi, imbewu, amafutha) ukuxhasa umthamo wabalimi bokuvelisa ukutya, kodwa nokuqinisekisa utshintsho olunobulungisa nolucwangcisiweyo olusingise kwiindlela zokulima kwezolimo;
- Ulawulo lokutya olusekwe kwimveliso yasekhaya, hayi kwii-TNCs. Kwinqanaba lehlabathi, lengingqi, lesizwe nelengingqi, ukubanjwa kolawulo lokutya zii-TNCs kufuneka kupheliswe, kwaye imidla yabantu kufuneka ibekwe phambili. Indima ebalulekileyo yabavelisi abancinci kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kuwo onke amaqumrhu ajongene nolawulo lokutya;
- Ukuguqulwa kweSibhengezo seZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamaLungelo aBantu aBantu aBantu abaLima sibe sisixhobo esibophelela ngokusemthethweni sokukhusela abantu basemaphandleni.
- Uphuhliso kulo lonke ilizwe lamandla okugcina impahla yoluntu. Isicwangciso-qhinga sokugcinwa kokutya kufuneka sibanjwe kwinqanaba lesizwe kodwa nangokuyilwa kunye nenkxaso kawonke-wonke yogcino lokutya kwinqanaba loluntu ngokutya okuveliswa ekhaya okuvela kwiindlela zokulima ngokweekholoji;
- ukumiswa kwehlabathi kubuchwepheshe obuyingozi obusongela uluntu, njenge-geoengi-neering, GMOs okanye inyama yeselula. Ukukhuthazwa kweendlela ezingabizi kakhulu ezandisa ukuzimela kweertyisi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo kwembewu yazo.
- ukuphuhliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu ukuqinisekisa ubudlelwane obutsha phakathi kwabo bavelisayo kunye nabo batya ukutya, abo bahlala emaphandleni kunye nabo bahlala ezidolophini-njengoko, ukuqinisekisa amaxabiso afanelekileyo ngokusekelwe kwiindleko zemveliso, ukuvumela ingeniso efanelekileyo bonke abo bavelisa emaphandleni kunye nokufikelela ngokufanelekileyo kokutya okunempilo kubathengi;
- ukukhuthazwa kobudlelwane obutsha besini obusekwe kukulingana nentlonipho, kubantu abahlala emaphandleni naphakathi kwabasebenzi basezidolophini. "Ubundlobongela obujoliswe kwabasetyhini kufuneka buphele ngoku."
Ngombulelo kuPablo Laixhay kunye noBrigitte Ponet ngokufunda kwabo ngononophelo.
Imihlathi
[1] I-FAO, iSimo soKhuseleko lokuTya kunye neSondlo kwiHlabathi ka-2022. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cc0639en
[2] IFAO ithi โabalimi beentsapho,. . . ivelisa ngaphezu kwama-70 ekhulwini okutya kwehlabathiโnangaphezu kwama-80 ekhulwini kumazwe asakhasayo ngophuhliso.โ Jonga isiphelo sale ngxelo ilandelayo https://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1175208/icode/
[3] Upapasho losasazo nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, nge-6 kaJulayi 2022, https://www.who.int/news/item/06-07-2022-un-reportโglobal-hunger-numbers-rose-to-as-many-as-828-million-in-2021
[4] Ibid.
[6] U-Mathilde Gรฉrard, "I-Sous-alimentation : Prรจs d'une personne sur dix souffre de la faim dans le monde, un chiffre en forte hausse depuis deux ans }", Le Monde, nge-6 kaJulayi 2022.
[7] I-Oxfam Media Briefing, iNzuzo kwiintlungu. Ukungxamiseka kokurhafisa izityebi phakathi kobutyebi bebhiliyoni kunye nengxaki yeendleko zokuphila kwihlabathi, epapashwe nge-23 kaMeyi 2022, iphe. 6.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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