Wadutyulwa e umva, esona senzo sobuqhophololo. Ngomhla wesi-3 kuSeptemba, umphathi woMkhosi wase-US waba bulawa by Mbini Amapolisa ase-Afghan - abantu kanye iyunithi yakhe, i entsha I-Security Force Assistance Brigade, yayilapho ukuze iqeqeshe. Yayiyi Isibini ebulalayo "uhlaselo lwangaphakathi," njengoko iziganeko ezinjalo zibizwa rhoqo, kulo nyaka kunye ne-102nd ukususela ekuqaleni kweMfazwe yase-Afghan iminyaka eyi-17 edlulileyo. Uhlaselo olunjalo maxa wambi lubizwa ngokuba ziziganeko โeziluhlaza-on-blueโ (ngentetho yoMkhosi, imikhosi โeluhlazaโ ngamahlakani ase-US kunye nemikhosi โeblueโ yaseMelika). Ngezizathu ezicacileyo, ziyonakalisa kakhulu i-mission yasemkhosini yoqeqesho kunye nokucebisa imikhosi yasekhaya kunye nokhuseleko e-Afghanistan. Uhlaselo olunjalo, akumangalisi, luhlwayela ukungathembani kunye noloyiko, ludala umgama phakathi kwemikhosi yaseNtshona kunye namaqabane abo ase-Afghan.
Ukufunda ngeli xhoba libuhlungu lamva nje lemfazwe yaseWashington e-Afghanistan, ukufa kwesixhenxe kwaseMelika kulo nyaka kunye 2,416th ukusukela ngo-2001, ndiye ndacinga malunga nohlaselo lwangaphakathi kunye nebali elikhulu ababenalo. Ithathelwe ingqalelo ngendlela ethile, umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US kuwo wonke uMbindi-Mpuma oMkhulu, eneneni, uvelise uhlaselo lwangaphakathi emva kolunye.
Ukucinga kwexesha elifutshane, ubuchule, kunye nokunqongophala kwesilumkiso sobuchule (okanye isikhokelo) kukhokelele iWashington ukuba iqeqeshe, ixhase ngemali, kunye neqela lenkxaso emva kweqela elathi, kungekudala, lajikela imipu kumajoni aseMelika nakubantu. Libali elide, elibi elibuyela emva kumashumi eminyaka - kwaye enye, ngokungafaniyo neemeko zobuqhophololo obubulala okanye bonzakalise abasebenzi baseMelika, ayifumani ngqalelo. Kufanelekile ukucinga, nangona kunjalo, kuba ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yase-US yayahluke kakhulu, iziganeko ezinjalo eziluhlaza-blue ngezingazange zenzeke. Ke makhe siqwalasele amashumi eminyaka okugqibela emfazwe yaseMelika kwimeko yohlaselo lwangaphakathi.
I-Ground Zero of Insider Attacks: Afghanistan (1979-ngoku)
Ngo-1979, umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle waseWashington wabona yonke into nge-prism yongquzulwano olunokubakho lweMfazwe ebandayo phakathi kwe-US kunye neSoviet Union. Olo gxininiso luthande ukucima imeko yasekhaya, ubucukubhede kunye nobunzima, nto leyo ekhokelela i-US ukubuyisela umva uluhlu lwabadlali abakhohlakeleyo ukuba nje bengamahlakani kumzabalazo ochasene nobukomanisi.
Ke ngoDisemba 1979, xa iSoviet Union yahlasela iAfghanistan engummelwane, iWashington yayisazi ukuba mayenze ntoni. Ngoncedo lweSaudis kunye nePakistanis, iCIA yaxhasa ngemali, yaqeqeshwa, kwaye zixhobile -ekugqibeleni ngemijukujelwa ye-anti-aircraft ye-Stinger, phakathi kwezinye izixhobo-uluhlu lwamajoni alwa neSoviet. Kwaye kwasebenza! Kwiminyaka esibhozo emva koko, emva kokubandezeleka okungaphezulu kwe-10,000 yokufa kwinguqulelo yayo yaseVietnam, uMkhosi oBomvu wayishiya i-Afghanistan yoyiswa (kwaye, kwakamsinya emva koko, iSoviet Union ngokwayo yangena).
Ingxaki yayikukuba uninzi lwala ma-Afghan achasene namaKomanisi nawo ayengamaSilamsi ngokurhabaxa, ehlala egqithise kwiimbono zawo, kwaye ekugqibeleni anxamnye neNtshona kunye ne-anti-Soviet - kwaye phakathi kwabo, njengoko ngokungathandabuzekiyo ukhumbula, yayinguSaudi oselula ogama lakhe. ye UOsama bin Laden.
Yayiyinyani ke leyo ekulula ukuyihoya. Ngapha koko, i-Islamist mujahideen (njengoko babebizwa njalo) babekrelekrele ngokwaneleyo ukuba balwe notshaba olunye ngexesha kwaye besazi ukuba isonka sabo sesaci sasigalelwa phi ibhotolo. Logama nje imali kunye neengalo zaziqhubeka zingena kwaye isisongelo saseSoviet sakhawuleza savela, kwanabona bagqithileyo kubo babekulungele ukudlala kakuhle nabantu baseMelika. Yayingumtshato wolula. Bambalwa eWashington bazikhathaza ngokubuza ukuba babeza kwenza ntoni ngayo yonke loo mipu emva kokuba iiSoviet ziyishiyile idolophu.
yakutshanje scholarship kunye noovimba abasanda kuvulwa baseRussia bacebisa ukuba uhlaselo lwaseSoviet e-Afghanistan lwaluqhutywa kakhulu kukuzikhusela kunye nokungakhuseleki njengayo nayiphi na imbono yokoyisa kwengingqi. Ngaphandle koloyiko lwamagosa kulawulo loomongameli uJimmy Carter kunye noRonald Reagan, iiSoviets azizange zibe namandla okanye injongo yokumatsha e-Afghanistan kwaye zithimbe amasimi e-oyile ePersian Gulf. Njengokucinga okuninzi ngexesha leMfazwe ebandayo, le yayiyiphupha elimsulwa kunye nokugxuphuleka okuhamba nayo nantoni na eyimfuneko.
Emva kokuphuma kweSoviet, iAfghanistan yawela kwixesha elide lesiphithiphithi, njengezohlukeneyo mujahideen iinkokeli zaba ziinkosi zemfazwe zasekuhlaleni, zisilwa zodwa, zaza zagrogrisa ama-Afghan aphakathi. Bakhungathekile ngenxa ye-venality yabo, ngaphambili mujahideen, bencediswa ngabafundi abagxininise kwiimadrassas kwiinkampu zeembacu zasePakistani (izikolo ebezisoloko zikho. mali liqabane eliqinileyo laseMelika, iSaudi Arabia), yaseka intshukumo yeTaliban. Uninzi lweenkokeli zayo kunye namajoni akhe afumana inkxaso-mali kwaye axhotyiswa yiCIA. Ngo-1996, yayisele ingene kulawulo kuninzi lwelizwe, iphumeza ulawulo lobugrogrisi lwamaSilamsi. Sekunjalo, loo ntshukumo yayisaziwa ngokubanzi kwiminyaka yayo yokuqala yokuzisa ucwangco kwisiphithiphithi kunye nosizi.
Kwaye masingalibali enye encinci kodwa enempembelelo mujahideen Iqela elalixhaswe yi-US: "Ama-Arabhu ase-Afghan," njengoko ayebizwa njalo-abantu basemzini abangamaSilamsi ababethontelana kweli lizwe ukuya kulwa neeSoviet ezingahloneli Thixo. Eyona nto yayiphawuleka phakathi kwabo, kunjalo, u-Osama bin Laden - kwaye abanye, njengoko bethetha, yimbali.
UBin Laden kunye namanye amagqala eMfazwe yase-Afghan babeza kwenza i-al-Qaeda, baqhubhise abameli baseMelika eKenya naseTanzania ngo-1998, bavuthele i-USS. Cole eYemen ngo-2000, kwaye uthabathe phantsi i-Twin Towers kunye nenxalenye yePentagon ngoSeptemba 11, 2001. Ezi, nangona kunjalo, yayizezona zenzo ezaziwa kakhulu kwezo zilwanyana ezichasene neSoviet. Amawakawaka ama-Afghan ase-Afghan awushiya loo mmandla wemfazwe aza abuyela kumazwe awo enenzondelelo eninzi yaye esemlo kuwo. Loo magqala ayeya kuthi ke aseke imibutho yasekuhlaleni yobugrogrisi eyayiza kucela umngeni okanye incede ukuzinzisa oorhulumente behlabathi kuMbindi Mpuma nakuMntla Afrika.
Emva kwe-9/11, umbuzo kwiingqondo ezininzi zaseMelika wawulula ngokwaneleyo: "Kutheni besithiyile?" Bambalwa kakhulu abanolwazi okanye ingqiqo yembali enokuthi ikhokelele kwimibuzo efanelekileyo kakhulu: I-US yaba negalelo njani kwinto eyenzekileyo kwaye yayingakanani na. ibuhlungu ukusuka kwimisebenzi yangaphambili yaseMelika? Ngelishwa, imbalwa imibuzo elolo hlobo eyaphakanyiswayo njengoko ulawulo lukaBush lwalusiya kwinto eya kuba yimfazwe yengingqi ye-17, isasasazeke kwisizwe okanye nakwiqela lezizwe, kodwa ngeqhinga, โuloyiko.โ
Nangona kunjalo, kufanelekile ukubonakalisa ukuhambelana kweMelika kwintshabalalo yayo ye-9/11. Ngendlela engaqhelekanga, inikwe imbali yaseWashington e-Afghanistan, umhla we-9/11 unokubonwa njengolona hlaselo lutshabalalisayo lwangaphakathi kubo bonke.
Iimfazwe ezininzi zase-Iraq (1980-ngoku)
Uhlaselo lwase-Iraq lwango-2003-uSebenzi lweNkululeko yase-Iraq njengoko yabizwa ngegama-inokuthi yehle njengenye yeemfazwe zobudenge kwimbali yaseMelika-kwaye uninzi lohlaselo lwemikhosi yase-US olwathi lwalandela emva kweminyaka lunokuthiwa luhlaza. -eblue. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, iWashington yayiza, ekugqibeleni, iqeqeshe kwaye ibuyise amaqela amaninzi asasazekileyo kangangokuba inani lamalungu ohlukeneyo oloyiko kunye nempahla yabavukeli babekhe babhatalwa e-US.
Yaqala, ewe, ngoSaddam Hussein, uzwilakhe okhohlakeleyo wase-Iraqi abantu baseMelika baya kuba ngabo qi niseka (ngowe-1990 nango-2003) yaba โnguHitler olandelayo.โ Ngeminyaka yoo-1980, nangona kunjalo, urhulumente wase-US wayemxhasile kuhlaselo lwakhe lwase-Iran (eyayibonwa njengotshaba olunokufa) kunye nemfazwe yeminyaka esibhozo eyalandelayo. I-US yade yanika imikhosi yakhe ebalulekileyo ukujolisa kubukrelekrele ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zakhe zekhemikhali ngokuchasene nombutho wamajoni ase-Irani, ecaphukisa abantu base-Irani iminyaka ezayo.
Ulawulo lweReagan nalo lwathatha iIraq off Uluhlu lweSebe likaRhulumente lwabaxhasi bombuso bezogrogriso kunye nokuba vunyelwe ukuthengiswa kwamacandelo abalulekileyo ekuveliseni kukaSaddam ezo zixhobo zemichiza. Phantse isigidi sabantu bafa kuloo mfazwe imbi kwaye emva kweminyaka emibini iphelile, i-US yafumanisa ukuba, ngenxa yemizamo yayo, iSaddam yayiza kuthumela imikhosi yakhe kwilizwe laseKuwait elingummelwane kwaye isoyikise ngokuqengqeleka iqabane eliphambili laseMelika kulo mmandla (emva koko njenge. ngoku), eSaudi Arabia. Oko, ewe, yaqalisa enye intuthuko enkulu yaseIraq, kwakhona ebandakanya iWashington: iMfazwe yokuQala yePersian Gulf.
Ekupheleni kolo โloyiso,โ uMongameli uGeorge HW Bush khuthazwa I-Iraq icinezele abantu baseShia kunye namaKurdish ukuba bavuke kwaye babhukuqe urhulumente we-Saddam ubukhulu becala beSunni. Kwaye bavukela de, baphulukana neyona nkxaso incinane evela eWashington, boyiswa babulawa. Ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi kamva, kwi-2003, xa i-US yaphinda yahlasela i-Iraq - ngeli xesha phantsi kobuxoki. ukuzenzisa ukuba uSaddam wayenezixhobo zokutshabalalisa - abantu baseMelika babenjalo qi niseka ukuba uninzi lwabemi (ingakumbi uninzi lwamaShia oluxabeneyo) luyakuvuyela ukufika komatshini womkhosi kaMalume Sam.
Ngokwenyani, kuthathe ixesha elingaphantsi konyaka ukuba amajoni ase-Shia enze kwaye aqalise ukuhlasela ngokuphandle imikhosi yase-US (ngoncedo kamva oluvela kubantu base-Irani, ababenelifa labo elibuhlungu laseMelika ekufuneka balikhumbule). Uyabona, abo maShia - ngokungafaniyo nabantu abaninzi baseMelika - basakhumbula indlela iWashington eyabangcatsha ngayo ngo-1991 kwaye ke baqalisa iinguqulelo zabo zohlaselo lwangaphakathi kumajoni aseMelika.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusuka ku-2003 ukuya ku-2007 (kubandakanya ixesha apho I wakhonza njengenxalenye yomkhosi wase-US e-Baghdad), esona sisongelo sivela kubavukeli beSunni. Babengabantu abaninzi abahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ababekade bethembekile kwiSaddam kunye namagosa omkhosi (aphoswa yi-US esitratweni xa yachithwa umkhosi wakhe), ama-jihadis amaSilamsi, kunye nabalandeli belizwe base-Iraq abachasa nje ukuhlala kwilizwe labo. Njengoko i-Iraq yawela kwisiphithiphithi - ndandilapho ukuze ndiyibone isenzeka - iWashington yaphendukela kumsindisi jikelele, uDavid Petraeus, exhobe ngecebo "lokutyhaphaza" imikhosi yase-US kwiindawo eziphambili zeSunni kunye nokunciphisa ubundlobongela apho ngaphambi kokuba iDemocrats kwiCongress ilahlekelwe ngumonde kwaye. waqala ukumemelela ukuba kupheliswe indima yaseMelika kwelo lizwe.
Kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, amanani abonakala ethethelela โummangalisoโ wasePetraeus. Esebenzisa amaqhinga okwahlula-nokoyisa, yena ibhatalwe yonke iinkokeli zezizwe, ezathi zaziwa ngokuba yintshukumo โyokuvuka kwamaSunniโ, ukuba zijike imipu yazo kumaqela amaSunni agxile kakhulu kubuSilamsi. Uninzi lwabalingane bakhe abatsha bebesandula nje ukuba ngabavukeli abanegazi laseMelika ezandleni zabo.
Sekunjalo, ukungcakaza kwakubonakala kusebenza-kwaze kwaba njalo. Ngo-2011, emva kokuba ulawulo luka-Obama lurhoxise uninzi lwemikhosi yaseMelika kweli lizwe, urhulumente wamaShia (kunye noxhaswa yi-US) eBaghdad. Yahluleka ukuqhubeka nokuhlawula i-Sunni "evusiweyo" okanye idibanise kwimikhosi yokhuseleko esemthethweni. Ndiqinisekile ungaqikelela ukuba kwenzeka ntoni emva koko. Sunni izikhalazo yakhokelela kuqhanqalazo oluninzi, olukhokelele ekuqhekekeni kweShia, okwakhokelela ekuqhumeni kweqela elitsha labanqolobi: i-Islamic State, okanye i-ISIS, imvelaphi yayo-ithetha "ngangaphakathi" - inokulandelwa emva kwimpembelelo ye-al- IQaeda kunye neqela elalaziwa ekuqaleni njenge-al-Qaeda e-Iraq.
Ngapha koko, yayiyimfihlelo emdaka ukuba uninzi lwamagqala okuVusa bajoyine okanye baxhasa ngokucokisekileyo i-ISIS ngo-2013 okanye emva koko, bebona elo qela likhohlakeleyo njengelona bhejo lokukhusela amandla eSunni kwi-Shia chauvinism kunye nenkohliso yaseMelika. Kungekudala, umkhosi wase-US wawubuyile ekusebenzeni (njengoko wawunjalo nangoku namhla) ekuphenduleni uloyiso lwe-ISIS olubandakanya ezinye ze Izixeko ezikhulu zaseIraq. Kwaye ukuba yonke loo nto ayifaneleki njengebali le-blowback, yenza ntoni?
IYemen, iSyria, kunye naNgaphesheya (2011-ngonaphakade)
I-Syria yindawo yentlekele yoluntu kwaye akukho lawulo lwase-US lubonise nantoni na efana neqhinga elihambelanayo okanye elihambelanayo xa lifika kwelo lizwe. Ukuqhekeka phakathi kweMfazwe yase-Iraq ukudinwa kunye nomkhosi ukolula ngaphezulu, Iqela lika-Obama liye laxakeka malunga nokuba umgaqo-nkqubo walo kufuneka ube yintoni kwaye ekugqibeleni wasilela ukufezekisa nantoni na into - ngaphandle kokuhlwayela imbewu yokuhlaselwa kwangaphakathi kwixesha elizayo. Ngokwenene, i-paltry (kodwa iyamangalisa ezibizayo) Umzamo weCIA wokubaxhobisa abavukeli โabaphakathiโ abachasene norhulumente wendoda eyomeleleyo yaseSyria uBashar al-Assad iye yabonakala ingenamveliso kwaphela. Ezinye zezo ngalo ekugqibeleni ziye zaxelwa ukuba ziye zangena kwindawo izandla yamaqela aneengcwangu ezifana ne-al-Nusra Front, i-al-Qaeda franchise eSyria. Kwimeko apho inyaniso ingqineke iyintsomi kunentsomi, i $ 500 million imizamo ukuqeqesha abavukeli abachasene ne-ISIS bakwazile ukuqeqesha "abane okanye abahlanu" kubo, ngokutsho komphathi omkhulu wase-US ojongene nomzamo waseSiriya.
E-Yemen, kwimfazwe ekhokelwa yi-Saudi apho i-US ingenazintloni ngokuhambelana, iphulo elinoburhalarhume lebhombu elaqhutywa ikakhulu ngokuchasene nabantu kunye nokuvalwa kwamazibuko abavukeli ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuhlwayele imbewu yohlaselo lwangaphakathi kwixesha elizayo. Ngaphaya kwenani elimangalisayo lokurhafelwa kwabantu - ubuncinci 10,000 ukufa kwabantu, ubunzima indlala, kunye nokuqhambuka kwehlabathi kunazo Ubhubhani wekholera kwinkumbulo yanamhlanje - sele kukho i-blowback yeqhinga enokwenzakalisa ukhuseleko lwaseMelika oluzayo. Njengoko umkhosi wase-US unikezela ngenqwelomoya ukukhupha yeenqwelomoya zaseSaudi, iibhombu ezikrelekrele ukuba baziwise, kwaye kubalulekile ingqiqo, kwakhona ngokungathandabuzekiyo inceda iintshaba zayo zexesha elizayo. Isiphithiphithi, ubundlobongela, kunye neendawo ezingalawulwayo ezidalwe yimfazwe, umzekelo, ku xhobisa i-al-Qaeda franchise apho, i-al-Qaeda kwi-Peninsula yase-Arabia (AQAP), enye yezona zinto zisebenzayo kwaye ziyingozi jihadist crews ngeenxa zonke. Xa, nangona kunjalo, i-AQAP iphumelela ngokungenakuthintelwa kugwayimbo lwexesha elizayo olujolise kubantu baseMelika okanye kwipropathi yabo, iipundits ezimbalwa ezixabisekileyo kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo baya kuyibiza ngegama layo elifanelekileyo: uhlaselo lwangaphakathi.
Ke, njengoko sikhala ngokusweleka kwelinye ijoni kugwayimbo oluluhlaza-ebhlowu e-Afghanistan, kufanelekile ukucinga malunga neekhonto ezibanzi zomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US kuwo wonke uMbindi Mpuma kunye ne-Afrika kule minyaka. Ngaba kukho nantoni na eyenziwa yi-US, nabani na emxhobisayo okanye exhobileyo, enokwenza ukuba uMbindi Mpuma okanye iMelika ikhuseleke? Ukuba akunjalo, ngaba indlela eyahlukileyo, yongenelelo oluncinci ayinakuba ngundoqo weqhinga elibukhali?
Kakade ke, kusenokwenzeka ukuba kusemva kwexesha kakhulu. Imigaqo-nkqubo yezomkhosi yaseWashington ukusukela nge-9/11 iye yahlukanisa amashumi ezigidi zamaSilamsi kulo lonke elaseMbindi Mpuma nakwezinye iindawo. Izikhalazo ziyakhuliswa, amacebo ayatyhileka, kunye neempahla ezintsha zoloyiko ezifumana abantu abaza kungena ngenxa yobukho bomkhosi wase-US, amandla awo omoya, kunye nomkhosi we-CIA we-drone "kwimfazwe" eza kungena kunyaka wayo we-18. Oku kubonwa koku kukhanya, kunzima ukungakholelwa ukuba uhlaselo oluninzi oluchasene ne-US "ngaphakathi" alukho endleleni.
Umbuzo kuphela apho kwaye nini, hayi ukuba.
Mkhulu uDanny Sjursen, a TomDispatch njalo, ligosa loMkhosi wase-US kunye nomhlohli wembali yangaphambili eWest Point. Usebenze ukhenketho kunye neeyunithi zolwazi e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan kwaye ubhale Abakhweli boMoya baseBaghdad: Amajoni, abahlali, kunye neNtsomi yoPhando. Uhlala nenkosikazi yakhe noonyana bakhe abane eLawrence, eKansas. Mlandele kuTwitter apha @ScepticalVet kwaye ujonge ipodcast yakhe, "Inqaba endulini,โ ibanjwe kunye nogxa wakhe wezilwanyana uChris Henriksen.
[Phawula: Iimbono ezivezwe kweli nqaku zezombhali, ezivezwe ngendlela engekho semthethweni, kwaye azibonisi umgaqo-nkqubo osemthethweni okanye isikhundla seSebe Lezomkhosi, iSebe Lezokhuseleko, okanye urhulumente wase-US.]
Eli nqaku lavela okokuqala kwi-TomDispatch.com, iblogi yeSizwe yeZiko, ebonelela ngokuhamba ngokuqhubekayo kweminye imithombo, iindaba, kunye noluvo oluvela kuTom Engelhardt, umhleli wexesha elide ekupapasheni, umseki weProjekthi yoBukhosi baseMelika, umbhali we Ukuphela kweNkcubeko yoloyiso, njengenoveli, Iintsuku zokuGqibela zokuPapasha. Incwadi yakhe yamva nje ithi Isizwe esingenziwanga yiMfazwe (Iincwadi zeHaymarket).
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
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