Slumbai
Njengoko inqwelomoya yakho iqalisa ukuhla ukuya kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya saseChhatrapati Shivaji, eMumbai, ubhabha phezu kwamakhaya angenasiphelo anezikwere ezingapheliyo zeblue, amadama okuqubha amancinci ancanyatheliswe kwindlu nganye. Ezi zezinye zeendawo zamatyotyombe zaseMumbai, iJamblipada kunye neKuchi Kurve Nagar, kwaye la machibi abhlowu eneneni yimicu eluhlaza yetarpaulin yepolypropylene esetyenzisiweyo, eyona ndawo inexabiso eliphantsi emarikeni. Bangaphezu kwezigidi ezisibhozo abahlali basematyotyombeni eMumbai kuphela, kodwa wonke umntu uyaqonda ukuba eli linani elifanelekileyo โ alichanekanga.
Kula matyotyombe, abahlali abahlali. Ezi ndawo zingumsebenzi ojikelezayo phakathi komsebenzi onzima kakhulu wokulawula ubomi bemihla ngemihla (ukupheka, ukucoca, ukuhlamba, ukulala) kunye nomsebenzi onzima ngokulinganayo wokufumana ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Apha uya kufumana iqela labantu, kuquka nabantwana, kwivenkile encinci echithekela esitratweni iqhekeza iimpahla zombane ezahlukeneyo zeendawo zazo (i-e-recycling) kwaye apho uya kufumana abafazi endleleni eya emsebenzini njengabacoci nabapheki. kwiindawo ezikufutshane zodidi oluphakathi, kunye namadoda asendleleni eya emsebenzini njengabasebenzi bemini. Iqaqobana labantu abalupheleyo liphumle, kodwa naphakathi kwabo kukho into eyenziwayo โ abafazi balungiselela izidlo namadoda abalisa amabali. Akukho maqula okuqubha kufutshane.
Akukho mntu eIndiya ongawahoyiyo amatyotyombe. Ziyinyani yobomi. IKomiti yeeNkcukacha-manani zeCandelo eliNgalungelelanisiweyo (uRhulumente wase-Indiya, ka-2012) iyavuma ukuba ngaphezu kwe-90 yeepesenti yabasebenzi bakwicandelo elingekho sikweni-ichazwe ngoku ayisekelwanga kulawulo lwendawo yokusebenza kodwa ngokuqhubekayo ngakumbi ukukhuphela ngaphandle 'abasebenzi besiqhelo abanentlalontle. izibonelelo zokhuseleko ezibonelelwa ngabaqeshi. Ukuba umsebenzi akafumani ncedo lunjalo, loo msebenzi ukwicandelo elingekho sikweni.
Ukanti xa umbhali uKatherine Boo wafunda indawo yamatyotyombe kufutshane nesikhululo seenqwelomoya, iAnnawadi, wafumanisa ukuba 'phantse akukho mntu kule tyotyombe uthathwa njengelihlwempu ngokwemilinganiselo esemthethweni yaseIndiya' (Ngasemva kwamaNani aMahle: ubomi, ukufa kunye nethemba kwidolophu ephantsi yaseMumbai, ngo-2012 ). Urhulumente ebedlala ngezibalo zentlupheko. Kunyaka ophelileyo kwabika ukuba i-29.8 ipesenti yabemi - i-360 yezigidi ze-1.21 yezigidigidi - iphila phantsi kwentlupheko. Oko kukwehla ukusuka kuma-37.2 eepesenti ngo-2004/05 โ ngenxa yemigaqo-nkqubo yakhe, urhulumente uyacebisa, ngelixa abanye beqaphela ukuba inokuba negalelo elikhulu kwimilinganiselo ekhethiweyo. Ngo-2012, iKomishoni yoCwangciso karhulumente yabeka umda wentlupheko ezidolophini kwi-Rs28.65 (malunga ne-34p) ngosuku, i-Rs22.42 (27p) kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, nangaphantsi kwe-Rs32 (38p) kunye ne-Rs28 (33p) eyayicebise ekuqaleni. . Ezinye izalathisi eziqulethwe kwiNgxelo yoPhuhliso loLuntu yeNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngo-2010, iThe Real Wealth of Nations, icebisa ukuba ama-55 ekhulwini abemi baseIndiya ahlala ebuhlwempu, ngoxa ikomishoni esemthethweni karhulumente iye yabanga ukuba inani elichane ngakumbi liya kuba ngama-77 ekhulwini. ukuhlala ngaphantsi komgca wentlupheko.
Uphononongo lwe-UNDP lubonelele ngomlinganiselo omtsha wokufunda intlupheko. Iphuhlise i 'multidimensional poverty index' entsha, ethathele ingqalelo kungekuphela nje ukufumana amandla kodwa 'impilo enkenenkene kunye nesondlo, imfundo ephantsi nezakhono, ukungonelanga kokuphila, iimeko zezindlu ezimbi, ukukhethelwa bucala ekuhlaleni kunye nokungathabathi nxaxheba'.
Ngokusekwe kolu vavanyo luchaneke kakhulu lokuvinjwa, i-UNDP yafumanisa ukuba amazwe asibhozo kwangama-28 aseIndiya ahlala abantu abazizigidi ezingama-421 abahlwempuzekileyo, ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-410 ngokulinganayo abantu abangamahlwempu abahlala kumazwe angama-26 ahlwempuzekileyo eAfrika.
Iincwadi zikaKatherine Boo, u-Aman Sethi (Indoda ekhululekileyo: ibali lokwenyani lobomi nokufa eDelhi, ngo-2012) kunye noSonia Falerio (Into Entle: ngaphakathi kwehlabathi elifihlakeleyo lemivalo yokudansa yaseBombay, i-2012) isazise kubantu abahlala kuyo. elaa cala lomqobo wentlupheko yamacala amaninzi. Ukomelela ngokuqinisekileyo, kodwa baphinde baxhatshazwe kukungakhuseleki kobomi babo - babanjwe kwi-membrane ebuthathaka phakathi kokusemthethweni kunye nokungabi semthethweni, ukhuseleko kunye nokungakhuselekanga. Umsebenzi uxhomekeke kwaye ngamanye amaxesha unobungozi. Ubumelwane babo buhlala buziindawo zokuhlala ezingekho semthethweni ezixhomekeke kuxhaso lwezopolitiko kwaye bamkele uhlobo lwe-mafia yezopolitiko elinganisa enye i-mafia enenjongo yokurhweba ngezinto ezingekho mthethweni ezinje ngeziyobisi, isini kunye nezixhobo.
UKatherine Boo ufumanisa ukuba kwabo wadibana nabo 'into ebalulekileyo yayisisenzo sokuvota'. Umlinganiswa ophambili ka-Aman Sethi angahlekisa ngoluntu olunjalo. U-Mohammed Ashraf uthi kuye: 'Namhlanje ndingaba seDelhi. Ngomso ndingahamba kakuhle kuloliwe phakathi kwelizwe; kusuku olulandelayo, ndingabuya. Le yinkululeko efumaneka kuphela ngokuba wedwa.'
Ezothando azilawuleki kubomi buka-Ashraf: 'Xa uqala ukuza apha, kukho ithemba elininzi, Abhilasha. Ucinga ukuba yonke into inokwenzeka, kodwa ngokukhawuleza uyaqonda, akukho nto iya kwenzeka, kwaye ungaphila iminyaka emihlanu ezayo kanye njengeminyaka emithathu edlulileyo, kwaye yonke into iya kufana. Vuka, usebenze, utye, usele, ulale, kwaye ngomso kuyafana kwakhona.'
I-anomie ebonakala izinzile kubomi obunzima buka-Ashraf ayizinzi. Okwakhe kukukwazi kwe-vagabond. Kumele ukuba yayiziincoko nabantu abafana naye ezakhokelela uBoo kwisigqibo sakhe esingathandekiyo malunga nemigaqo yokuziphatha nezopolitiko zamahlwempu: 'Abantu abangenamandla babegxeka abanye abantu abangenamandla ngokuswela kwabo. Maxa wambi babezama ukutshabalalisana.' Kodwa le yinxalenye nje enye yebali.
Iikona zezitalato
Ndihleli esitratweni eDelhi, ndincokola neqela lamadoda nabafazi; bangabaqhubi, abalindi nabasebenzi basendlwini. Usuku ngalunye silinda ibhasi yesikolo - abantwana bam bayayikhwela kwaye kunjalo nabantwana babaqeshi babo. Suku ngalunye, njengoko omnye wabafazi esitsho, 'ipalamente' yethu ingena kwiseshoni. Ngale mini ndixela ukuba ndisandula ukufumanisa ukuba uAdi Godrej, intloko yeQela likaGodrej, uxabisa i-9 yeebhiliyoni zeedola. Ndiyabuza ukuba ngamnye wabo uza kwenza ntoni nge-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola - singasathethi ke ezilithoba kubo. Wonke umntu uyahleka.
Enye indoda, uChaman Lal, umlindi osandulโ ukufumana unyana noqaqambileyo ngentembelo yokuba ngutata omtsha, uthi le mali yayiza kusebenzisa โukushenxisaโ inkulumbuso. Zonke iziphumo zokubulawa zisebusweni bakhe nakwilizwi lakhe lokuluma. Abanye bagxalathelana ukungena. Inkunkuma, batsho. Ngapha koko, ukuba ususa umntu omnye, kuya kubakho abanye emaphikweni. Ingongoma iyavunywa, kodwa ugxininisa ukuba makwenziwe okuthile.
Omnye, umkhonzi wasekhaya, uGeeta, uyancuma kwaye uthi uza kusebenzisa imali yakhe ukucima iindawo zamatyotyombe eChirag Delhi, apho ahlala khona. Nje ukuba izindlu ezidala zivuthululwe, iGeeta iza kwakha indawo entsha enezitalato ezinengqiqo, imijelo emdaka ephucukileyo, uthungelwano lombane olulungileyo kwaye โ uyanqwala njengoko esitsho โ i-wi-fi yasimahla. Wonke umntu uqhwaba izandla. Olona luvo lwakhe lungcono.
Ngenye imini sithetha ngepolitiki. Omnye wabaqhubi, uDadu, yinkcuba-buchopho efundeke kakhulu kwiqela. Uthabatha uhambo lwakusasa kangangeyure suku ngalunye ngaphambi kokuba akhwele ibhayisekile isiqingatha seyure ukuya kwindlu yabaqeshi bakhe. Udla ngokutsho ukuba olu hambo lumenza akwazi ukucamngca ngeendaba zemini. Sonke siyavuma ukuba urhulumente okhoyo, okhokelwa yiCongress Party, unobuqhophololo kwaye akanamfeketho. Iphephandaba losuku ngalunye lizisa iindaba zorhwaphilizo olutsha, kwaye kutsha nje, amaHindu, ndiyabaxelela, anika ingxelo yeendlela zorhwaphilizo kwiminyaka yoo-1970. 'Ngaba urhwaphilizo sisiphelo seIndiya?' yabuza enye indoda.
Into abhekisela kuyo kukuxhaphaka kwezinyobo ezincinane. Uvele wahleka omnye umama uPremlata esithi ezinyobo azikhuphileyo azifani namabali ebesidliswa ngawo uTata. Akukho mntu unokungavumelani naye. Bonke bahlala kumatyotyombe ohlobo oluthile okanye olunye, kwaye bonke babona izinyobo zabo ezincinci njengeendlela zerhafu engeyiyo kamasipala ukulungisa imicimbi yamandla, amanzi, ukhuseleko lwengqesho kunye nemfundo. Babona abezopolitiko bendawo yabo besiza kwaye bazidibanise nemigulukudu eqokelela izinyobo ezincinci. Olu luqoqosho olunxuseneyo โ izinyobo ezincinci azihambi kurhulumente kodwa amagosa onyuliweyo karhulumente azifaka epokothweni.
Kwelinye icala lesixeko kukho indawo etyotyombe apho ndiye ndadibana nabahlobo endandisebenza nabo ngexesha lophando lwam dissertation kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo (Inkululeko engenakuchukunyiswa: imbali yentlalo yoluntu yaseBalmiki, 2000). Kunjengoko unokucinga ngetyotyombe ngaphandle kwento enye. Njengoko udlula kwiindledlana ezixineneyo, usoyikiswa ngamaxesha onke ngamanzi amdaka ahamba emithanjeni evulekileyo, uya kudlula kwibala elivulekileyo - ipaki ebambelele ematyotyombeni kwaye engakhange ingenelwe ngenxa yokuphaphela kwabahlali ngokwabo. . Kulapho amakhwenkwe namantombazana adlala khona, apho kukho itempile encinci eyaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1930, nalapho abadala bafunxa ukukhanya kwelanga kunye nomoya omtsha. Kulapho kukho ukuphumla okuthile kwimizabalazo yobomi bemihla ngemihla, kwaye ke kulapho ndihlala ndithanda ukuya khona.
Akukho nto itshintshileyo kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini. Iqela lethu linye likhona, kwaye sithetha ngezopolitiko kwakhona. Ngaphambili, ebutsheni beminyaka yee-1990, izisongelo ezibini zadlakaza i-Indiya-ukuwohloka koqoqosho lwe-dirigiste egameni lenkululeko kunye nokunyuka kwe-Hindutva fascism. Indawo endandisebenza kuyo yayisongelwa ngawo omabini. Abantu balapha bebesebenza njengotshayela nogutyulo kulo masipala, kwaye bekukho uloyiko lokuba imisebenzi yabo ingakhutshwa kumashishini abucala, nto leyo esele yenzeka koogxa babo kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya. Abantu balapha baphinde baqala uhambo olude ukusuka kwi-1930 ukuya kwiphiko lezopolitiko le-fascist ensemble, i-Bharatiya Janata Party, i-BJP.
Namhlanje, izinto zahlukile. Umtsalane wezinto ezithengiswayo umisela i-horizon yabantu abatsha - abathethi ngeHindutva kunye nosongelo lwamaSilamsi okanye malunga nokhuseleko lwemisebenzi yabo yokutshayela kunye neyogutyulo. Uninzi lwabo lufuna ikamva elitsha - into ebavumela ukuba bazulazule kwiivenkile ezinkulu njengabakhenkethi nje kwihlabathi leemveliso. Ndidibana nabanye abantu abatsha abangasafuniyo ukulandela imisebenzi yeentsapho zabo - ubuncinane kwizizukulwana ezibini ezidlulileyo - ukusebenza njengabasebenzi bakamasipala. Abanye bafuna ukuphakama kwinqwanqwa likarhulumente, abanye bafuna ukuba ngabezobupolitika; abanye bafuna ukufudukela kwelinye ilizwe, abanye bafuna ukuba ngabafundisi-ntsapho; abanye bafuna ukuba ziimvumi, abanye bafuna ukuba zizazinzulu.
Amaphupha anjalo ayekho kwakhona kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo. UMahesh wayefuna ukuya eRashiya kodwa wafumanisa ukuba imirhumo yangaphambili kwiikontraka zabasebenzi yayingavumelekanga, ngoko wasala ngasemva. Ngoku amaphupha abethelelwa kulutsha ngezinto zorhwebo ezichaphazela ubomi balo โ kumabonakude, kwiibhodi zezaziso kunye nasezivenkileni. Kodwa andiboni ukuba zininzi kakhulu kwezi mveliso kumakhaya abo, ezineempawu zexesha langaphambili. Kusemizimbeni yabo apho ubani alubonayo utshintsho โ ijean neeteki, ezingathengwanga kwi-Ambience Mall kodwa endaweni yokuthengisa ezitalatweni.
Kungekudala emva kokuba ndiyigqibile i-dissertation yam, u-Om Prakash Valmiki wapapasha imemori yakhe ephawulekayo (uJhootan, 1997) apho wayebonakalisa ukunganyamezeli i-Savarna caste Hindu enqula 'imithi nezityalo, izilo kunye neentaka' kodwa uthiye amaDalits, amaqela acinezelweyo. Konke kulungile ukuba i-caste yakho ingaziwa kodwa 'ngomzuzu befumanisa i-caste yakho, yonke into iyatshintsha,' wabhala uValmiki. 'Izisebezi ziqhekeza imithambo yakho njengeemela. Ubuhlwempu, ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala, ubomi obaphukileyo, intlungu yokuma ngaphandle komnyango, amaHindu aseSavarna aphucukileyo ebeya kuyazi njani loo nto?'
Abantu abancinci kwi-coloni yaseBalmiki banoluhlu olubanzi lwe-caste consciousness. Abanye bayazi ngemfazwe ukuba abazukufumana nto ngaphandle kokuba baququzelele ingcinezelo yabo kwaye mhlawumbi badibanise imibutho yezopolitiko yaseDalit, ngelixa abanye befuna ukuya kwihlabathi njengabemi baseIndiya kwaye babanga amalungelo abo kweso siseko.
I-prognosis engalunganga kaValmiki isondele kwiinyani. AbakwaDalits kwisixeko saseDelhi bazithembe ngakumbi malunga nento abayifunayo kwihlabathi, ukanti ihlabathi elibangqongileyo lisisithunzi seminqweno yabo. Uphando lukarhulumente lufumanise ukuba iipesenti ezingama-90 zeeDalits zaseDelhi zihlala ematyotyombeni. Xa kwakuqalisa ukwakhiwa kweMidlalo ye-Commonwealth esixekweni, urhulumente wanikela ngemali yokubuyisela kwisimo sangaphambili ngezicwangciso zecandelo elikhethekileyo (SCPs). IiDalits zaseDelhi zaziza kufumana phantse ipesenti ze-17 zenkxaso-mali ye-SCP kodwa phakathi kwe-2008-9 kunye ne-2010-11, apho idatha ifumaneka khona, urhulumente wachitha kuphela ipesenti ze-1.6 ze-SCP kwiindawo zaseDalit (malunga ne-ยฃ 1 yezigidi kwiminyaka emithathu) .
Ndibabuza abantu abatsha ukuba bacinga ntoni ngale nto. Banyusa amagxa. Ukungakhathali kubonisa imbali ende yokujongana nengcinezelo nobuqhophololo. Kodwa ke, kwiindawo zokuhlangana, kuvela ezi zityholo: 'Yayingawaphi loo manani kwakhona?' 'Singaya kubona bani na?' 'Yayiyeyantoni loo mali?'
ipolitiki
Ngomhla wesi-2 kuTshazimpuzi ka-2013, imibutho yabafundi yaseWest Bengal yaphuma ezitalatweni ikhalazela ukubanjwa konyulo lorhulumente wabafundi kwiikholeji zabo. Itsunami yohlaziyo lweneoliberal kwimfundo ephakamileyo yabangela ukuba abafundi baxole. Yayingengomcimbi nje weentlawulo eziphezulu ezazisetyenziswa ngabo. Bakwacatshukiswa lutshintsho kwisimo semfundo - benotyekelo lwemfundo edyokhweni kwimisebenzi yemisebenzi kunye nokulinganisa ukufunda ngentembeko kwimithetho ephuhliswe kuMntla weAtlantiki.
Amawakawaka abafundi acula ezantsi kwisitalato saseKholeji esinemigangatho eKolkata kwaye bahlanganisana eRani Rashmoni Road. Bajongana nomgca wamapolisa, owaqhubela phambili ngeenjongo ezingathandekiyo. Amapolisa abamba amakhulu abafundi kwaye abaphosa kwiibhasi zabucala ukuba zisiwe kwintolongo yaseAlipore. Ezibhasini, amapolisa ayebetha abafundi abaphantsi kweManyano Yabafundi BamaKomanisi yaseIndiya (SFI). Omnye umkhokeli we-SFI, u-Sudipta Gupta, oneminyaka eyi-23 kunye nesayensi yezopolitiko yamva nje evela kwiYunivesithi yaseRabindra Bharati, wabethwa, waphoswa ebhasini, wafunyanwa waza wabethwa kwakhona. Usweleke kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa emva kokuba engeniswe esibhedlele.
Umphathiswa oyintloko weWest Bengal, uMamata Banerjee, uthe ukusweleka kukaGupta 'yingozi'. Wayekwelo xesha evula isizini entsha yokhuphiswano lweqakamba yePremier League yaseIndiya. Nangona weva ngokufa kwakhe, wahlala kwimibhiyozo.
Umsindo ngasekhohlo uye wakhula ngokuthe ngcembe. UGupta ligosa lasekhohlo lamashumi alithoba anesithathu elabulawa ngumkhosi wombuso okanye ngabalandeli bombutho kamphathiswa oyintloko kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Kukule meko ukuba inkokeli yamaKomanisi uMohammed Salim yabuza, 'Luhlobo luni lwe-fascism olu?' I-SFI yabamba uqhanqalazo kwilizwe liphela kwaye nge-93 ka-Epreli, xa u-Banerjee wayeseDelhi, ekhohlo wajongana naye ngomkhosi - kubandakanya nokukrazula ihempe kumphathiswa wakhe wezemali. Ukuziphindezela abaxhasi bakhe baqhubela phambili, bahlasela iiofisi ze-SFI kunye namaKomanisi eWest Bengal.
AmaKomanisi ahlala engamandla abuthathaka eIndiya. Amacandelo amabini aphambili ezopolitiko ngurhulumente okhokelwa yiCongress kunye neBJP bloc. ICongress ithetha kumacala omabini omlomo wayo - ulwimi lwentando yesininzi yoluntu lunceda ukuzoba kumacandelo esiseko sonyulo kunye nolwimi lwe-neoliberalism luvumela ukuba lukholise icandelo lezemali kunye nee-arhente zokulinganisa. I-BJP izimisele ukukhuthaza 'ukunyaniseka' kwayo ngokuchasene norhwaphilizo lweNkongolo, kunye nokufihla ukuzinikela kwayo kwiimbono ezifanayo ze-nioliberal kunye nentiyo erhabaxa, neyobuFasi, yentiyo yabantu abambalwa ekuhlaleni.
Kodwa akukho namnye kula maqela akwaziyo ukuzilawula. Kwilizwe elilingana nelizwekazi, amaqela ezopolitiko engingqi ayimfuneko, nto leyo evula eyona ndawo ithobekileyo yokungena kwedemokhrasi kwinkqubo. Amaqela agxininisa umdla wommandla okanye wodidi, ngokuzinikela kwenkqubo ethile okanye ipragmatic populism azinikela kwiiblocs eziphambili ukwenza isininzi kwipalamente yaseIndiya enezitulo ezingama-543.
Ngaphandle kwamaKomanisi, isithuba sepalamente singeyiyo le nto yayiyiyo nakwishumi leminyaka eyadlulayo, eminye imikhosi yezopolitiko izibophelele ngokwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo kumgaqo-nkqubo jikelele we-'neoliberalism eneempawu zaseMazantsi' - inkcitho karhulumente ekwakheni iziseko ezingundoqo. , uphuhliso lwabucala lwezindlu nomhlaba kunye nolonwabo, oluxhaswa ngemali ngurhulumente kodwa olulolwabucala ukutsalwa kwemathiriyeli ekrwada kunye neshishini elinzima. Ababambekiyo abambalwa basakholelwa kwinkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo yoluntu eyomeleleyo enabafundi abavunyelwe amalungelo apheleleyo edemokhrasi kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba; abanye bayakuvuma ukongamela kwecandelo labucala kwaye bakholelwa ukuba ekuphela kwendawo yezopolitiko kufuneka ibe yibhokisi yokuvota ene-anemic. Nantoni na eyenye inokuba yingozi kwinkqubo.
Incwadi entsha kaVijay Prashad, Izizwe ezihlwempuzekileyo: imbali enokwenzeka yoMzantsi wehlabathi, ipapashwe nguVerso
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela