Ukusukela ngo-1967, iNtetho yeSikhumbuzo saseJawaharlal Nehru iye yaququzelelwa phantse minyaka yonke ngenyanga kaNovemba kwiTeen Murti House yiJawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund.
Isifundo samva nje senziwe nguProf Joseph E. Stiglitz weYunivesithi yaseColumbia. UStiglitz, ingcali yezoqoqosho eyaziwayo kwihlabathi kunye nowawongwa ngewonga likaNobel wayesaziwa kakhulu eIndiya ngokucaca kwakhe kunye nokukholelwa kwakhe kwiimbono. Iincwadi zakhe zifundwa ngokubanzi kwaye zixutyushwa phakathi kwezoqoqosho kuphela kodwa kunye nesangqa esibanzi se-intelligentsia. Ingaba njengosihlalo weBhunga likaMongameli uClinton's Economic Advisory Council okanye i-Chief Economist yeBhanki yehlabathi, akazange athandabuze ukubiza i-spade, nokuba yintoni na.
Ayingothusi into yokuba intetho yakhe ingahoywa ngamajelo eendaba aseIndiya nangona ibizinyaswe ngabantu abalawula imicimbi yelizwe. Bobabini uNksk. Sonia Gandhi, usihlalo we-UPA kunye neNgxowa-mali, kunye neNkulumbuso uGqr. Manmohan Singh babekho kulo lonke. Ukanti, ayizange inikwe ngqalelo. Mhlawumbi iingxowa zemali kunye nabaqeshwa babo kumajelo eendaba babengathandi ukuba abantu ngokubanzi baziswe ngamathandabuzo anzulu aphakanyiswe nguStiglitz malunga nesiseko seengcamango zohlaziyo lwezoqoqosho oluqhubeka elizweni ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990. Esi siseko sengcamango saziwa ngokubanzi njenge Isivumelwano saseWashington kunye namanqaku ayo alishumi, achazwe nguJohn Williamson kwaye agxininise kumazwe asakhasayo yi-IMF, iBhanki yehlabathi, iSebe lezeMali laseMelika njalo njalo ngokomyalelo wolawulo lwaseMelika.
Ngoku makhe sijike kule nto ithethwa nguStiglitz. Uyavuma ukuba iIndiya ibhalise ukusebenza okuncomekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukucaphula, โi-India, eyona demokrasi inkulu ehlabathini, ifanele ukuba nebhongo ngempumelelo eyifumeneyo kule minyaka ingama-25 idlulileyo, nangakumbi ngokukhula kwayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. I-GDP ngomntu ngamnye ngowama-2009 yayiyi-2.3 ngokuphindwe kayi-1990, kwaye, ubuncinane ngokwedatha yeBhanki yeHlabathi, intlupheko iye yancitshiswa ukusuka nje kwi-50 pesenti yabemi ngo-1994 ukuya kuma-42 ekhulwini ngo-2005. phumla kwezi laurels. Bangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-400 abahlwempuzekileyo, kwaye umvuzo womntu ngamnye usengaphantsi kwesiqingatha salowo waseTshayina ekuthengeni ukulingana kwamandla. โ
Eyona mibuzo ingxamisekileyo phambi kweIndiya yile: ingayigcina njani isantya sokukhula kwayo kwaye izise iziqhamo zayo ebantwini ngokubanzi. Ngamanye amazwi, kufuneka ihlolisise ngenyameko enoba imigaqo-nkqubo yayo yangoku yezoqoqosho ikhokelela kwimpilo-ntle yabemi bayo yaye iingenelo zokukhula zabiwa ngokulinganayo. Le mibuzo ayinakubekelwa bucala ngenxa yokuba โIziganeko zakutshanje ziye zathandabuza iingcamango ekudala zikho, ubulumko obuqhelekileyo kwinxalenye enkulu yehlabathi malunga neempendulo ezichanileyo zale mibuzo. Iseti yezimvo ezaziwa ngokunye njenge-Washington Consensus, i-market fundamentalism, okanye i-neoliberalism ayiphumelelanga kwakwelo lizwe ziphuma kulo. Amaziko nemigaqo-nkqubo eyamiselwa njengemizekelo yokulandelwa ngabanye ayiphumelelanga: aye asilela ukuvelisa ukukhula okuzinzileyo, yaye iziqhamo zoko kwenzekayo ziye zaya kwabambalwa. Namhlanje, uninzi lwabantu baseMelika bakwimeko embi ngakumbi kunokuba babenjalo ngo-1999, kwangaphambi kokudodobala koqoqosho kwangaphambili. Kwanangaphambi kwentlekele, imeko yezoqoqosho eyehlayoโingcamango yokuba logama nje ukukhula kuqinisekiswa, bonke baya kungenelwaโyayingathenjwa. Kodwa ukukhula kwaseMelika akuzange kuthintele amahlwempu kuphela; nabakumgangatho ophakathi baye babandezeleka. Kukho ubungqina obuninzi bokubandezeleka kwentlalo ehamba ngaphaya kwezi zikhombisi zezoqoqosho-enye yezona zibalo eziphezulu zokubulala kwihlabathi kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokuvalelwa kwihlabathi. Abanye oothunywashe abafakโ isandla kwimpilo yomntuโnjengokunxibelelana nabanye abantuโnabo babonakala bengaqhubi kakuhle.โ
Kungekudala emva kweMfazwe yesiBini yeHlabathi, inkqubo yokuphelisa ubukoloniyali yaqala kwaye inani elikhulu lamakoloniyali angaphambili avela njengezizwe ezizimeleyo. Owona mbuzo ubalulekileyo owawuphambi kwabo yayingowokwenza njani inkululeko yabo yezobupolitika abayizuze nzima ikhuseleke yaye ibe nentsingiselo kubantu babo ukuze bahlale bemanyene yaye bemanyene yaye boyise ubuhlwempu nokubandezeleka kwabo. Ubani usenokukhumbula indlela abo babizwa ngokuba ziingcali zaseNtshona nabaqeshwa babo eIndiya ababonisa ngayo ukuba olu sukelo lwalungenakufikelelwa. Ubungakanani benani labemi kunye nesantya sokukhula kwabo bekufanele ukuba lelona litye likhulu ukoyiswa. Ushishino lwalujongelwa phantsi njengoko bekufanele ukuba luchase ithiyori yothelekiso lwenzuzo. Yiyo loo nto iIndiya yaxelelwa ukuba ihlale ivaleleke kwezolimo kunye nendlwana kunye namashishini amancinci. Ulimo bekufanele luzise uxolo noxolo ngaphandle โkoluncinci luhleโ. UGandhi wafunwa ukuba ahlaselwe nguNehru.
Esinye isikolo sengcinga eNtshona saphuma noluvo lokuba amazwe afana neIndiya akanamali kwaye iimarike ezinkulu zehlabathi azifezekanga. Ngoko ke, into eyayifuneka yayikukusekwa kwebhankiโiBhanki Yehlabathiโukuze ilungelelanise ukuhamba kwemali ize incede amazwe asakhasayo enze iiprojekthi eziza kunyusa ingeniso yomntu ngamnye.โ Ngokucacileyo, iNtshona yazama ukuxazulula iingxaki zayo ngoncedo lwesi sicwangciso. Yayifuna ukugcina amazwe asandul' ukuzimela njengentengiso yeempahla zawo kunye neendlela zotyalo-mali lwentsalela yawo eyinkunzi. Ukubagcina bephantsi kolawulo kwaye babone ukuba abaphumi kuqeqesho olubekwe kubo iBhanki yeHlabathi kunye ne-IMF yangeniswa.
I-Indiya phantsi kwe-Nehru, nangona kunjalo, ayizange ivume konke oku kwaye yayifuna ukuziphuhlisa ngesiseko sokugcinwa kwayo kwangaphakathi, imarike yangaphakathi kunye nemithombo yayo yabantu, ngokusisiseko kwiminqweno yabantu bayo. Yakha ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho kunye neSoviet Union ngoko namanye amazwe awavumayo ukuba angonakalisi iqhinga lawo elisisiseko. Ubani usenokukhumbula indlela iinzame ezenziwe ngayo yiminqweno yokonakalisa isicwangciso nokuzisa isidima. Icandelo lamajelo eendaba, amaqela athile ezopolitiko kunye namaqela, abaphathiswa kunye nezangqa zamashishini benze konke okusemandleni abo ekusasazeni ii-disinformation malunga nokubhukuqa iqhinga le-Nehruvian. Ukwenza umzekelo, uMgaqo-nkqubo wezoShishino we-1956, owawujolise ekoyiseni ukungalingani kwemimandla kunye nokungalingani okukhoyo kwezentlalo noqoqosho, kwafunwa ukuba kugculelwe njengokuzisa i-'Licence-Permit Raj'.
Ngaphandle kweenzame zabo ezilungileyo, imidla ebekiweyo ayikwazanga ukuphumelela nangona yayinokuzisa ukugqwetheka ekuqulunqweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, bafumana ithuba elihle xa iSoviet Union yawa yaza iSocialist Camp yaqhekeka yaza iNAM yaba buthathaka kakhulu. Kwagxininiswa ukuba ukunqongophala kwemali ayingowona mqobo uphambili kwindlela yophuhliso lwala mazwe. Into eyayifuneka โyimigaqo-nkqubo eyiyo,โ leyo, ngokwamazwi kaStiglitz, โidla ngokuthetha i-Washington Consensus, i-neoliberal, imigaqo-nkqubo esisiseko yentengiso.โ
Kumxholo waseIndiya, ingeyiyo kuphela iseti yemigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo, ezilandelwayo ukusukela kwimihla ye-Nehru zabizwa ngokuba zingalunganga kodwa zaphinda zagculelwa kwaye zabhengezwa oyena nobangela wokucotha kokukhula koqoqosho, obizwa ngokuba 'yiNqanaba lokuKhula kwamaHindu'. Indima yombuso kuqoqosho yabhengezwa njengowona mba uphambili okhokelela kulawulo kunye nezenzo zorhwaphilizo. 'Ilayisensi-yemvume kaRaj' yabhengezwa njengowona mqobo uphambili kuqhanqalazo lwaseIndiya. Igqwetha elidumileyo, lithatha inqaku leLaffer's Curve, liphume nencwadi ebhengeza iIndiya njengelona lizwe lirhafiswa kakhulu kwaye lifuna ukuba izinga lerhafu lehliswe kakhulu ukujonga zombini ukuphepha irhafu kunye nokuphepha irhafu kwaye kucinywe ingxaki yabantsundu. imali! Amashishini ecandelo likarhulumente kuthiwe ayarhuqa, kwaye ukungatyali mali, okukhokelela kushishino lwabucala olupheleleyo, kwabhengezwa njengendlela yokuphuma.
Oorhulumente babini abangeyiyo iNkongolo, abakhokelwa ngu-V. P. Singh kunye no-Chandrasekhar, batshone ngezimali ilizwe kangangokuba kuye kwanyanzeleka ukuba liboleke imali yalo egciniweyo yegolide kwiBhanki yaseNgilani ukuze igubungele ingxaki enaniselwano lwangaphandle. Urhulumente olandelayo, owayekhokelwa nguP. V. Narasimha Rao kwafuneka ayamkele iMvumelwano yaseWashington. Yaqala ke inqanaba le-LPG okanye inkululeko, urhwebo lwabucala kunye nehlabathi jikelele. Ukususela ngoko inani loorhulumente beengcamango ezahlukeneyo beza kwaye bahamba kodwa ukuphunyezwa kweengongoma ezilishumi ze-Consensus yaseWashington kuye kwaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka. Ukusuka kwiLungelo lamaHindu ukuya kumaKomanisi onke abelana ngamandla, kodwa akukho lizwi lisebenzayo elakha laphakanyiswa ngokuchasene neziphumo zabo ezimbi.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ukungalingani kwemimandla kuye kwanda, ukungalingani kwezentlalo noqoqosho kuye kwanda kwaye imfuduko yabasebenzi ukusuka ezilalini ukuya kwimimandla yasezidolophini kuye kwanda. Intsholongwane yorhwaphilizo ayilisindisanga naliphi na iqela loluntu, nokuba liphezulu okanye lisezantsi. Ngaphandle kokwehliswa kwamaxabiso erhafu kunye nokuyekiswa kweLayisensi-Permit Raj, mihla le siva ngobuqhetseba obutsha. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kusongela ukuthabatha isimaphambili esithi โhyperโ kwaye oku kuyaboyikisa abantu xa becinga ngemiphumo yako yezopolitiko xa kujongwa okwenzeka eJamani kwiminyaka engamashumi asibhozo eyadlulayo.
UStiglitz uxelele abaphulaphuli bakhe ngaphandle kokuvala amagama: โKwanangaphambi kokuba le ngxaki yamva nje inike isikhonkwane ebhokisini yeneoliberalism, ezi mbono zazingathenjwa ngokupheleleyo: iindawo zabo zobukrelekrele bezijongelwe phantsi, kwaye phantse ngaphandle kokukhetha, awona mazwe aphumeleleyo, amazwe IMpuma Asia, yalandela ikhondo elahluke ngokuphawulekayo.โ
Ethandabuza isiseko sethiyori seneoliberalism/imigaqo-nkqubo yeMvumelwano yaseWashington, uStiglitz wagxininisa: โBezisekelwe kwingcinga yokuba iimalike ngokwazo zisebenza kakuhle kwaye zizinzile, kwaye iinzuzo zokukhula ziya kuthontelana kubo bonke abemi. Kwanangaphambi kokuba amazwe asakhasayo abe sesichengeni kolu vavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo mtsha phantsi kongqalelo lwamaziko emali ezizwe ngezizwe, zombini ithiyori kunye nobungqina babubizele kwezi nkolelo. Umsebenzi wam kwi-economics yolwazi (kunye noBruce Greenwald) ubonise ukuba isizathu sokuba isandla esingabonakaliyo sika-Adam Smith sasihlala sibonakala singabonakali kukuba, ngokwenene, kwakungekho. Iimarike ezinolwazi olungafezekanga kunye nolwazi olungaphelelanga aluzange lusebenze kakuhle-kwaye ekubeni zonke iimarike zibonakaliswa ngolwazi olungafezekanga kunye nolwazi olulinganayo, oku kuthetha ukuba iimarike azizange zisebenze kakuhle. Sifanele sifunde kwi-Great Depression ukuba kungekhona nje ukuba iimarike zingasebenzi kakuhle, kodwa azikwazi ukuzinza kwaye azilungise (ubuncinci, kungekhona kwixesha elifanelekileyo). Ngoku sizifundile ezi zifundo kwakhona.
โAmava ngemigaqo-nkqubo yeMvumelwano yaseWashington ngoku ajongele phantsi enye nemigaqo yomgaqo-nkqubo wayo ongundoqo. Umzekelo, ukurhoxiswa kommiselo kunye nokukhululwa kunokungaphuculi ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuzinza. Inene, ekuphela kwexesha apho uqoqosho lwemarike belungakhange lube phantsi kweengxaki zemali yayingamashumi amathathu ukuya kwamane eminyaka emva koKudodobala Okukhulu xa i-United States kunye namanye amazwe amisela imithetho engqongqo yecandelo leebhanki kunye nelezemali. La mashumi eminyaka kwakhona ibe lixesha lolwando olukhawulezayo, ekwabelwana ngalo ngokubanzi iziqhamo.โ
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo ephuma kwi-Consensus yaseWashington ayizange izise ukukhula koqoqosho kunye nokusabalalisa ngokulinganayo kweziqhamo zayo. Akukho mbuzo wozinzo njengoko kubonakala kuzo zonke iintlobo zeendlela zokuziphatha kunye neentshukumo ezifana neNaxalism. Inzondelelo yempambano yonqulo nobugrogrisi beentlobo ngeentlobo buye baphakamisa iintloko zabo. Njengoko sele kuphawuliwe, urhwaphilizo kunye nobuqhetseba bubonakala bukho kuyo yonke indawo kwaye kukho ukwanda kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Phezu kwayo nje isibakala sokuba abantu abaninzi bevotela โukuthotywa,โ abakhokela iKomishoni yoCwangciso, akukho bungqina bokuba yenzeke eIndiya. Unyanisile uStiglitz xa esithi: โUqoqosho oluphantsi aluzange lube nenkxaso ingako, kodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, luluvo oluye lwahamba kakubi. E-United States, umzekelo, phakathi kwe-1999 kunye ne-2009, ingeniso yokwenyani yekhaya e-United States yehla nge-5%. Namhlanje, uninzi lwabantu baseMelika (kwaye makhe ndigxininise ukuba: iblorho Abantu baseMelika) bakwimeko embi kakhulu kunokuba babenjalo kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo. Zonke izibonelelo kwaye ngaphezulu ziye kwabo phezulu. Siye sakhula kancinci, hayi ukuhla. Namhlanje, phakathi kwesihlanu kunye nekota yayo yonke ingeniso iya kwi-1% ephezulu. Ukungalingani kubutyebi kubi nangakumbi.โ
Lixesha lokuba iNkongolo yeSizwe yaseIndiya isandula ukungena kwi-126 yayoth unyaka wobukho bayo kunye nenkokeli yayo kufuneka iphinde ijonge kwakhona kwaye ibone ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho ephefumlelwe yi-Washington Consensus iqhubela phambili okanye iyalalisa ilifa layo.
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