Ibhinqa eliselula laseDamasko lakhupha i-smart phone kwibhegi yalo laza labuza, “Ndingakubonisa okuthile?” Isikrini sefowuni sibonise ukulandelelana kwemifanekiso. Eyokuqala yayiyifoto yentsapho yomfana oselula owayesele eneendevu ezinqabileyo nokwiminyaka yakhe yamashumi amabini. Ecaleni kwakhe kwakukho amakhwenkwe amabini, awayebonakala enamahlanu nemithandathu, enxibe izikipa. Lo mfana noonyana bakhe babencumile. Esalatha uyise, lo mfazi wathi, “Ngumzala wam lo.” Umfanekiso olandelayo, ngokungafaniyo nowokuqala, uvela kwi-Intanethi. Yayikwangulo mfana, kodwa intloko yakhe yayinqunyulwe. Ecaleni kwakhe kwakulele amanye amadoda amahlanu akwiminyaka yawo engamashumi amabini aneentloko ezinegazi ngokufanayo ezifubeni zawo. Ndajonga ecaleni.
Umnwe wakhe wakroba isikrini, watyhila enye ifoto yomzala wakhe awanyanzelisa ukuba ndiyibone. Ubuso bakhe obonwabileyo ngaphambili babubethelelwe kwintsimbi yentsimbi. I-spike yayiyenye yabaninzi kucingo oluvale ipaki yoluntu eRaqqa, ikomkhulu lephondo elikude kuMlambo umEfrate kumbindi weSyria. Ecaleni kocingo kwakukho ezinye iintloko ezinqunyulwe ngabantwana ekwakufuneka bazidlulise xa besiya kwibala lokudlala.
Umzala weli bhinqa kunye noogxa bakhe abahlanu yayingamajoni kumkhosi waseSiriya kwiCandelo le-17 le-Reserve. Umbuso wamaSilamsi eSyria naseIraq (ISIS) yayibabambe xa igqithela kwibala leenqwelomoya zomkhosi iTabqa, malunga neekhilomitha ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu ukusuka ISISkwikomkhulu eRaqqa, kwi Agasti 24. Ithemba losapho yayikukuba lo mfana wayesele ebhubhile xa bemnqunqa intloko. Kwakungekho mbuzo wokubuyisela umzimba okanye umngcwabo. Kwiiveki nje ezimbalwa kamva ISIS Inkohlakalo yachukumisa iUnited States neBritani, njengoko yayisele ineSyria neIraq, ngokunqunyulwa kweentloko zeentatheli uJames Foley noSteven Sotloff kunye nabasebenzi boncedo uDavid Haines noAlan Henning.
Eli bhinqa lachaza ukuba umzala walo usandul’ ukulandula ithuba lokushiya indawo awayekuyo ukuze aye kwindawo ekhuselekileyo kufutshane nekhaya lakhe. Wayengayi kuba yinto efanelekileyo, waqiqa ngelithi, njengelungu likaMongameli waseSyria uBashar al-Assad weqela le-Alawite elincinci, ukuba alahle amaqabane akhe angamaSunni. wahlala nabo, waza wafa kunye nabo.
Urhulumente waseSyria akapapashi amanani abantu abenzakeleyo ngehlelo, kodwa izaziso zabafel 'ukholo zincanyatheliswe kwiindonga zaseJabal Alawia, i-Alawite heartland kwiinduli ezisempuma yechweba laseLatakia, zibonisa ukuba ama-Alawites afumene isabelo esingenakulinganiswa sokufa emfazweni. ukugcina umongameli wase-Alawite. Intsomi ebhengezwe yinkcaso yeSunni Islamist kukuba i-Alawites ibe ngabaxhamli abaphambili beminyaka engamashumi amane anesine yolawulo lwentsapho yase-Assad phezu kweSiriya, kodwa ubungqina bobutyebi be-Alawite ngaphandle kwendlu kamongameli kunye ne-entourage kunzima ukufumana. Indawo encinci yabalimi ephawule ixesha langaphambi kwe-Assad isengumgaqo eJabal Alawia, apho uninzi lweentsapho luhlala kwiziqhamo zeehektare ezimbalwa. Abanye abarhwebi base-Alawite benze ngcono kwizixeko ezingaselunxwemeni zaseLatakia naseTartous, kodwa ngokunjalo beSunni, Druze, kunye noosomashishini abangamaKristu. Oku kunokuchaza ngokuyinxenye ukuba kutheni, ngokubona kwam, inani elikhulu lamaSunni aseSyria, aquka malunga neepesenti ezingama-75 zabemi, abakhange bathathe izixhobo ngokuchasene norhulumente. Ukuba bekunjalo, urhulumente ngengazange uphile.
Ukunyuka kwenani labafana base-Alawite ababuleweyo okanye abonzakele kakhulu ngelixa besebenza emkhosini nakwimikhosi exhaswa ngurhulumente kukhokelele kwingqumbo phakathi kwabantu abangenandlela yimbi ngaphandle kokulwela uMongameli uAssad kunye nokugcina amaziko abo karhulumente eqinile. Ukusinda kwabo, okoko nje amaSunni jihadists ebabulala naphi na apho abafumana khona, kufuna ukuba baxhase urhulumente uninzi lwabo oluchasayo kwaye babeke ityala ngokubanyanzela kule ngxaki.
Emva kokuba umzala womhlobo wam kunye namaqabane akhe banqunyulwa intloko eTabqa kwaye izidumbu zabo zishiywe kwizitrato zaseRaqqa, ISISabulala ekuhleni amanye amajoni angamakhulu amabini athinjiweyo. Kungelo xesha apho umntu, owathi ungumchasi we-Alawite, wathi kuFacebook, "U-Assad usebhotwe lakhe kwaye oonyana bethu basemangcwabeni abo."
Ukukhungatheka kwe-Alawite kuhambelana nabachasi abangenalunya ngoku abachasene nolawulo luka-Assad. Iivenkile zokutyela zaseDamasko apho ndadibana khona namatsha-ntliziyo aselula achasene no-Assad kwasekuqaleni kwemvukelo ngoku azinamntu, kwaye intshiseko yabo yantlandlolo iphelile. Abanye abaququzeleli basentolongweni, abanye baye elubhacweni, kwaye abanye baye bancama, njengoko bedanile ngenxa yemvukelo njengoko uninzi lwama-Alawites lukunye nolawulo. Kodwa njengama-Alawites akrokrayo kwirekhodi, abanamandla. Omnye owayesakuba ngumqhankqalazi wathi kum, “Ndachitha iintsuku ezintathu entolongweni, iintsuku ezintathu zesihogo. Ndibuyele emsebenzini wam kwaye ndingangeni kwezopolitiko.” Uyesaba ISIS ngaphezu kwemikhosi yokhuseleko embambileyo, kwaye uzama ukubaphepha bobabini.
Kwathatha ixesha elingaphantsi konyaka ukuba imikhosi exhobileyo idibane noMkhosi waseSyria okhululekileyo (FSA) kunye ne-Islamic Front ukugxotha abaqhankqalazi abaxhasa idemokhrasi. I FSA yaxela kwangaphambili impumelelo yovukelo lwayo ekuphindaphindweni kwephulo lomoya laseNtshona elathi lasusa uMuammar Qaddafi eLibya. “Xa oko kusilele ukwenzeka,” ubhala uPatrick Cockburn kwincwadi yakhe yokukhanyisa UkuBuyiswa kweJihadis: i-ISIS kunye neNew Sunni Uprising, “babengenayo iplani B.” Ngaphandle kwenkxaso yomoya ababeyifuna, i FSA-Umhlaba okhubekisayo we-Islamic Front ukuya kumngxunya.
ISIS weza endaweni FSA, njenge FSA ithathe indawo yabaqhankqalazi. ISIS yayinemfazwe ngakumbi, ikhohlakele ngakumbi, ixhaswa ngemali engcono, kwaye isebenza ngakumbi, isebenzisa ukuhambahamba kwintlango eSiriya nase-Iraq ukuqalisa uhlaselo olothusayo. Yasebenzisa amaqela azibulalayo kwiilori ezithwele iziqhushumbisi ukuze ivule indlela yokungena kwiinqaba zolawulo ezazirhangqwe ziintshaba zayo zabavukeli. Ngaphezu koko, ifezekise injongo enye engazange iphumelele FSA: yazisa amandla omoya aseMelika emfazweni, kodwa hayi ngendlela FSA efunwayo. Endaweni yoko, imfazwe yaseSyria iye yavelisa inkcaso ku-Assad ephikisayo kwaye ichasene nabalingani baseNtshona kummandla kangangokuba xa ungenelelo lomoya lufika, lwafika kwi-guise yombutho wolawulo kuyo yonke into ngaphandle kwegama.
Ithemba lokuba iMelika iwurhoxisile umgaqo-nkqubo wayo ekubeni igrogrise ngokuqhushumbisa urhulumente ngo-Agasti ka-2013 ide ibethe ngebhombu iintshaba zalo nyaka kulo nyaka inike urhulumente ithemba. Yabona ukuba yayingayi kusinda nje kuphela, kodwa yayiza kuba, nangona ngokufihlakeleyo, iqabane lezizwe ezazisebenze nzima kakhulu ukuyisusa. Nangona ndemka eSyria ngaphambi nje kokuba i-United States ibhombe ISIS-iidolophu ezibanjwe, kunye nokwenzakala okuqikelelweyo kunye nokujoliswe kuko okuye kwajika kwaba zii-silos zengqolowa kunye nezindlu zabucala, amagosa aseSyria ayelindele ukubandakanyeka kweMelika ngokwaneliseka.
Uqhagamshelwano ne-US beluqhubeka ubuncinci ukusukela ngoko Juni 20, xa umcebisi kamongameli waseSyria uBouthaina Shaaban wadibana nowayesakuba nguMongameli wase-US uJimmy Carter kunye nowayesakuba nguNobhala oNcedisayo weSizwe kwiMicimbi yeMpuma Ekufuphi uJeffrey Feltman e-Oslo. UFeltman wayezimase inkomfa njengegosa elitsha le-UN, kodwa wayesenalo uqhagamshelwano neSebe lakhe leSizwe. Amagosa awayekhona kwintlanganiso yakhe noGqr. Shaaban abalise ngencoko apho uFeltman wamxelela ukuba, “Siyazi ukuba uMongameli uAssad uza kuhlala, kodwa uyayazi into ethethwe nguMongameli Obama. Ke, singayicombulula njani le ngxaki?” Uthe iminyaka emithathu uAssad kufuneka ahambe, u-Obama akakacaci ukuba kutheni u-Assad enokuthi, okwangoku, ahlale. Olu tshintsho alunakuba yinto engaqhelekanga kumongameli waseMelika, ekubeni umxholo ophindaphindiweyo kubudlelwane base-US-Syria kulo lonke ixesha le-Assad ibe yinto yobutshaba elandelwa yintsebenziswano-oko kukuthi, intsebenziswano xa omabini amacala eyidinga.
Ngexesha leminyaka yokuqala yolawulo lukaHafez al-Assad, olwaqala ngo-1970, uRichard Nixon noHenry Kissinger bala konke ukusebenzisana nomlawuli owayebonakala exhasa iSoviet. Imfazwe ka-Oktobha 1973, eyasungulwa yi-Egypt neSyria ukuze kubuyiselwe imimandla uSirayeli awayeyithathile ngowe-1967, yakuphelisa oko. UKissinger wabhabha waya eDamasko ngoDisemba 1973 kwaye wabhala kamva:
Withal, ndamhlonela kakhulu uAssad. Kwimeko yaseSiriya wayephakathi ngokwenene. Wathembela kwiiSoviet njengomthombo wezixhobo zakhe zomkhosi. Kodwa wayekude nokuba yi-stooge yaseSoviet. Wayenengqondo yodidi lokuqala ehambelana noburharha obungendawo.I-US yavula umzi wozakuzo eDamasko ngo-1974 kwaye yonwabela ihoneymoon emfutshane kunye no-Assad père, de ukungenelela kwakhe eLebhanon kwamenza ukuba aphinde abuyele eWashington. Uloyiso olukufutshane lwe-commandos zasePalestine kwimfazwe yamakhaya yaseLebhanon ngo-1976 yabangela ukuba uKissinger acele uAssad ukuba athumele umkhosi wakhe eLebhanon ukuze ulawule uMbutho weNkululeko yasePalestine kwaye usindise amaKristu aseLebhanon.
Ngo-1982, i-US yaphinda yondliwa ngu-Assad ngokunika uncedo ku-Yasser Arafat. Oko kwaba yintlekele kuArafat. Ukunyamezela kweSiriya izenzo zakhe kwayenza yaba mandundu ngakumbi imeko yakhe kunye neyabantu bakhe njengoko ii-commandos zasePalestina zinenxaxheba ekwahluleni nasekutshabalaliseni iLebhanon. URonald Reagan wavumela amaSirayeli ukuba aqhube umkhosi ka-Assad kuninzi lweLebhanon. Kwiminyaka embalwa emva koko, xa iHezbollah yayisenza ubomi obunganyamezeleki eWest Beirut kwaye abantu baseNtshona babebachola lula abaqweqwedisi, ulawulo lukaBush lokuqala lwamema iSyria ukuba ibuyele kummandla owawufuduswe ngumkhosi wayo ngowe-1982. xa uBush kunye nonobhala wakhe welizwe, uJames Baker, bacela iSiriya ukuba ithathe inxaxheba emfazweni ukugxotha i-Iraq eKuwait. U-Assad ubophelelekile, emenza iqhawe lexeshana kwi-White House ukuba kukho into ye-pariah kwabo bemi bakhe ababengama-Arab nationalists.
emva Septemba 11, i-US yanikezela abarhanelwa bobugrogrisi eSyria ukuba bathuthunjiswe. Obo budlelwane baphela ngokubulawa owayesakuba yiNkulumbuso yaseLebhanon uRafic Hariri ngo-2005 kunye nokurhoxa kweSyria eLebhanon emva kokutyholwa ngokwenza iyelenqe nxamnye noHariri. Ukuba uyise wasinda kumahla-ndinyuka aloo saw saw, uBashar oselula, owangena ezihlangwini zakhe ngo-2000, unethuba elihle lokuyikhupha le mvukelo, njengoko wayetshilo ngaphambi kwexesha ekuqalweni kwayo, imvukelo yabalandeli benzondelelo nabanqolobi ababethe. ufuna ukuyisa iSiriya kwixesha lobumnyama.
Njengoko ithemba likaBhashar liphucuka ngomntu ngamnye waseMelika ngokuchasene neentshaba zakhe ezisempuma yelizwe, iDamasko kunye needolophu ezinabemi abaninzi ezisemantla bezinandipha ukuphumla kwemfazwe. UMphathiswa weMfundo waseSyria uchaze ukuba, kwizikolo ze-22,000 zelizwe, ngaphezu kwe-17,000 yazo yavulwa kwakhona ngexesha phakathi kukaSeptemba. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, phantse zonke izikolo ezisebenzayo zikwindawo eziphantsi kukarhulumente. Iisouks kwisixeko esidala saseDamasko, ngokungafaniyo neendawo zazo ezibanzi kwaye ngoku zitshatyalalisiwe e-Aleppo, zivuliwe. Iivenkile ezithengisa inyama, imifuno, iziqholo, kunye nezinye izinto ezisisiseko kubemi bendawo ziqhuba kakuhle, nangona iindawo zokutyela zabakhenkethi ngaphakathi nakwiindawo ezikufutshane neSouk Hamadieh azinabathengi ngaphandle kwabasebenzi be-UN kunye nonozakuzaku abambalwa abaseleyo. Ebusuku, iindawo zokutyela kwiindawo ezininzi, ukuba azigcwele, ziphantse zibe njalo. Yonke into ukusuka kwiwayini ukuya kwinkukhu eyosiweyo ininzi, nangona kumaxabiso aphezulu kunangaphambili kwemfazwe. Izithuthi zihlala zinzima, nangona bekungathintelwa kangako ukusukela ngoJuni xa urhulumente waziva enentembelo ngokwaneleyo yokususa uninzi lweendawo zakhe zokuhlola. Umbane ubakho ngamaxesha athile, kwaye abo banakho ukuthenga iijenereyitha zabucala bazisebenzisa ngexesha elingekhoyo.
Kwisixeko esidala saseDamasko, apho ndandihlala khona kwibhotwe laseOttoman elaguqulwa laba yihotele, ntsasa nganye ngentsimbi yesibhozo ndandisiva ingxolo yeenqwelo-moya zemfazwe zaseSiriya. Baqhuba amaphulo okuqhumisa iibhombu kwihlomela-dolophu laseJobar, elingekho ngaphezu kweemitha ezingamakhulu ambalwa ukusuka kwiindonga zesixeko esidala. Inkoliso yabemi baseJobar yasaba kudala, yaye izakhiwo zayo ziye zadilika zangamabhodlo. Aba bavukeli kuthiwa bakhuselekile ngaphantsi komhlaba kumatonela athe agrumba bona okanye amabanjwa abo kule minyaka mibini idlulileyo. Balutshisa udaka ngamaxesha athile, abangaluhoyiyo abaseDamasko.
Abantu esixekweni bayala ukubona nokuva ugonyamelo kwiindawo abahlala kuzo, kanye njengokuba iBeverly Hills yayingazinanzi izidubedube zaseWatts ngowe-1965 nangowe-1992. Kuba lula ukwenza ngathi akukho mfazwe, ngaphandle kokuba ibhombu iwa kufutshane kakhulu okanye ibulale umntu omaziyo. Ngenye intsasa njengoko ndandiqhuba kwindawo ephakamileyo yase-Abu Rummaneh, iqokobhe labavukeli-mbuso labetha umlozi phezulu, labetha itanki yokugcina amafutha, laza lathumela umsi omnyama esibhakabhakeni. Nangona kunjalo abathengi bejikeleze ikona baqhubeleka ngathi akukho nto yenzekileyo.
IJobar ayikuphela kwendawo engaphandle yekomkhulu ezandleni zabavukeli, kodwa urhulumente usebenze ngempumelelo ngakumbi nabanye. Iphinde yabamba abanye, njengoMleiha on Agasti 14. Kwamanye, igosa le-UN lathi, iqhinga liye lacaca. Abalawuli abavela kumacala alwayo benza izivumelwano zasekuhlaleni zokungalwi. “Izivumelwano zabo zasekuhlaleni ngamanqanaba nje obuchule babo bomkhosi,” latsho igosa leZizwe Ezimanyeneyo elalibandakanyeke kwiingxoxo zala macala mabini. “Iindawo zamaqhekeza. Babeke kwanti. Bangqinge, bade abantu baqonde ukuba abayi kuphumelela imfazwe kwaye baya kuthethathethana. Iqela elichasayo likubiza oku njengomgaqo-nkqubo wokuguqa okanye ukulamba…. Urhulumente usebenzisa igama elithi 'uxolelaniso.' Sikubiza ngokuthi 'ukunikezela.'”
Umhlobo osemtsha uDruze, othe njengabo bonke abantu basekuhlaleni baye basokola ukungathathi cala, wathi, “Abantu badiniwe. Kwanabo balwe norhulumente bajonge eluxolweni.” Kunzima ukubagxeka, xa i-200,000 yaseSiriya ifile kwaye ezinye izigidi ezisithoba ziye zaba ziimbacu ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwelizwe labo kwimfazwe engazange iphumelele nto ngaphandle kokufa kunye nentshabalalo.
Umsebenzi woncedo weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo wavuma ngelithi: “Kuzolile kakhulu eDamasko, kodwa kukho ezinye iindawo ezitshayo.” Ukanti umlilo uvutha kude ngasentla nakwimpuma yeDamasko, iikhilomitha ezininzi ukusuka kumbindi weSiriya enabemi. Iindlela ezisentshona eziya eLebhanon nakumantla ukusuka eDamasko ukuya eHoms zijongeka ngathi umbindi weDamasko uye wadibana nemimandla urhulumente ayijonga njengebalulekile ekusindeni kwayo. Umbono wokuqala njengoko ndandiqhuba kuhola wendlela emantla uphuma kwikomkhulu yayisisithili saseHarasta, sitshatyalalisiwe yaye ubukhulu becala singenamntu. Emva koko kwafika i-Adra, idolophu yemizi-mveliso eyathinjwa ngokungenalusini kunyaka ophelileyo ngamaSilamsi abulala abahlali base-Alawite. Kungekudala emva kokuba ndidlule ngenqwelo-mafutha, urhulumente wabuya nayo waza wamema abasebenzi bakhe kwimizi-mveliso ukuba babuye.
Ukuya ngasemantla, uhola wendlela unqumla umhlaba ovulekileyo weefama kunye neendawo zokuhlala zabalimi. Kunyaka ophelileyo, indlela eya apho yayingakhuselekanga. Abaphangi nabavukeli bamisela iindawo zokuhlola iinqwelo-moya ukuze bafune imali okanye iinqwelo-mafutha baze baqweqwedise abo babonakala bezizityebi ukuze bakwazi ukuhlawulela intlawulelo. Yayiyindawo ekungahambelwanga kuyo yamahlelo amancinane afana nama-Alawites, ama-Ismailis, namaKrestu, kunye nabandwendweli baseNtshona. Emva konyaka, umoya utshintshile.
Abavukeli baseHoms, abathi ngo-2011 yaba sisiqalo sovukelo, banikezela ngezikhundla zabo kurhulumente kwaye bemka nezixhobo zabo ezilula kuMeyi ophelileyo. Kuphela sisithili sase-Al Wa'er, esimalunga neekhilomitha ukusuka kwisixeko esidala, esisele sisezandleni zabavukeli naphantsi kongqingo lolawulo. Kukho ixesha kunye nokwaphulwa rhoqo kwesivumelwano, kodwa isixeko sihlala sithe cwaka. Abanye abemi babuyela emakhaya, kwanakwizindlu ekumele zakhiwe kwakhona emva kweminyaka emithathu kusiliwa. AmaKristu abaleka kwiindawo ezithatyathiweyo ISIS kunye namaqela e-Islamic Front aye afumana indawo yokusabela okwexeshana kwicawa yaseArmenia ekweso sixeko, yaye imibutho yoncedo yasekuhlaleni inceda abantu bamahlelo onke.
Ukusuka eHoms, indlela esemantla isiya eAleppo ihleli inengozi njengoko indlela esentshona eya elwandle ikhuselekile. I-Aleppo, efana neDamasko ebanga ukuba sesona sixeko sikhulu eSyria, yeyona ndawo iphambili yedabi phakathi korhulumente kunye nemikhosi echasayo, elwayo njengoko isenza emkhosini. Ingxelo yeHuman Rights Watch kweli hlotyeni ichonge amakhulukhulu eendawo eAleppo eziye zahlaselwa, ngokufuthi “ngemibhobho” yimikhosi karhulumente.
Noko ke, indlela esentshona engaselwandle, ikhuselekile kuye nabani na ongadibaniyo nabavukeli. Inqaba eyaziwayo yaseKrak des Chevaliers Crusader, apho abavukeli babekwazi ukugoba umgwaqo omkhulu kunye needolophana ezikufutshane, kwakhona ezandleni zikarhulumente. Kukwanjalo nedolophu yaseQosair neQalamoun, abavukeli ababeyisebenzisa ukugcina imizila yabo yokuthengisa ivulekile eLebhanon. Indlela inqumla emasimini apho sele kuqaliswe ukuvunwa kwama-apile yaye iminquma iza kuqokelelwa kungekudala. Isixeko esiselunxwemeni saseTartous sinyakazela bubomi, ngokungathi akuzange kubekho mfazwe. Isikhephe esiya kwiSiqithi saseArwad, apho iintsapho zihamba ngesidlo sasemini, sihamba rhoqo ngemizuzu engamashumi amabini.
Emantla, izibuko laseLatakia liye lahlaselwa ngamabhombu kuphela kwiimeko ezinqabileyo apho abavukeli bathatha izikhundla kwiinduli ze-Alawite ngaphezu kwayo de umkhosi wababuyisela ngokukhawuleza. Kungavakala kungaqhelekanga kuye nabani na ongaphandle kweSyria oye walandela ingxabano, kodwa ulwandle oluphambi kwehotele yam eLatakia lwaluzaliswe ziintsapho eziqubhayo kwaye kungabikho bafazi abambalwa kwiibhikinis.
Kukho uloyiko, nangona kunjalo, ukuba uhlaselo olukhulu ISIS kunye namaqela e-jihadist afanayo aya kuphelisa ezi pokotho zobomi obuqhelekileyo. Kunzima kumaSyria ukwamkela ukuba amazwe akwiGulf nakwezinye iindawo axhasayo ISIS ngeengalo, inkxaso-mali, kunye nabalweli ngoku babhalisela umfelandawonye waseMelika ukuwuhlisa. Ukanti ISIS inokuba ide kakhulu, nakubabaxhasi bayo. I-caliphate eyathi yabhengeza kwiindawo zaseSyria nase-Iraq yabetha ngamandla amaSilamsi anenzondelelo yempambano eSaudi Arabia, Qatar, Turkey, nakwamanye amazwe athe aququzelela ukwanda ngokukhawuleza nangokukhawuleza kweqela. La mazwe kufuneka boyike ukuba intshukumo abayizise eSyria iza kubahlasela. “Ifana nengonyama,” watsho kum umArabhi eDamasko. Uyayondla kwaye ayiqeqeshe ingonyama, kodwa ingonyama inokumbulala ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
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