Umthombo: Jacobin
Isiphithiphithi samanani
Ke i-coronavirus ihamba ngomnyango wangaphambili njenge-monster eqhelekileyo. Ukulandelelanisa i-genome yayo (efana kakhulu nodade wayo ofunde kakuhle u-SARS) yayiliqhekeza lekeyiki, kodwa eyona nkcazelo ibalulekileyo ayikabikho. Njengoko abaphandi besebenza ubusuku nemini ukubonisa uqhushululu, bajongene nemingeni emithathu emikhulu. Okokuqala, ukunqongophala okuqhubekayo kwezixhobo zovavanyo, ngakumbi e-United States nase-Afrika, kuthintele uqikelelo oluchanekileyo lweeparamitha eziphambili ezinje ngesantya sokuzala, ubungakanani bomntu owosulelekileyo, kunye nenani losulelo olungenabungozi. Isiphumo sibe sisiphithiphithi samanani.
Okwesibini, njengemikhuhlane yonyaka, le ntsholongwane iyatshintsha njengoko ihamba phakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka eyahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zempilo. Iindidi ezinokuthi zifumaneke ngabantu baseMelika sele zahluke kancinane kuqhambuko lwase Wuhan. Utshintsho olongezelelekileyo lunokuba luncedo okanye lunokuguqula usasazo lwangoku lwentsholongwane, ethi inyuke kakhulu emva kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. "Umkhuhlane we-corona" kaTrump ubuncinci usengozini yokufa kwikota yabantu baseMelika abasele bekhulile, abanesistim somzimba esibuthathaka, okanye iingxaki ezingapheliyo zokuphefumla.
Okwesithathu, nokuba intsholongwane ihlala izinzile kwaye itshintshile kancinci, impembelelo yayo kumaqela aselula anokwahluka kakhulu kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo naphakathi kwamaqela ahlwempuzekileyo. Qwalasela amava azwenibanzi oMbathalala ngowe-1918โ19, ekuqikelelwa ukuba wabulala umntu omnye ukuya kwisi-1 ekhulwini soluntu. E-United States naseNtshona Yurophu, i-H2N1 yantlandlolo yayibulala kakhulu kubantu abadala abaselula. Oku kuqhele ukucaciswa njengesiphumo sokuqina kwamajoni omzimba athi achaphazeleke ngokugqithisileyo kusulelo ngokuhlasela iiseli zemiphunga, okukhokelela kwinyumoniya yentsholongwane kunye nomothuko we-septic. Kutshanje, nangona kunjalo, ezinye iingcali ze-epidemiologists ziye zathi abantu abadala banokuba "nenkumbulo yamajoni omzimba" ukusuka kugqabhuko lwangaphambili ngeminyaka yee-1s olwabanika ukhuseleko.
Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, umkhuhlane wafumana indawo ethandwayo kwiinkampu zomkhosi kunye nemisele yedabi apho wawuhlahlela amajoni aselula ngamashumi amawaka. Oku kwaba ngunobangela ophambili kwidabi lobukhosi. Ukuwa koKhuseleko olukhulu lwaseJamani lweNtwasahlobo yowe-1918, kwaye ngaloo ndlela isiphumo semfazwe, kuye kwabangelwa kukuba amaZwe amanyeneyo, ngokwahlukileyo kutshaba lwawo, anokuzalisa imikhosi yawo egulayo ngemikhosi esanda kufika yaseMelika.
Kodwa umkhuhlane waseSpain kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo wawunesimo esahlukileyo. Kunqabile ukuba kuxatyiswe ukuba phantse ipesenti ezingama-60 zokusweleka kwehlabathi (oko kukuthi kusweleke izigidi ezingamashumi amabini) kwenzeka ePunjab, eBombay, nakwezinye iindawo ezisentshona yeIndiya, apho ukuthunyelwa kweenkozo kumazwe angaphandle eBritani kunye nezenzo zokufunwa kobugwenxa zihambelana nembalela enkulu. Ukunqongophala kokutya okuye kwakhokelela ekubeni izigidi zabantu abangathathi ntweni babhuqwe yindlala. Baye baba ngamaxhoba onxibelelwano olubi phakathi kokungondleki-olucinezela impendulo yabo yokuzikhusela kwintsholongwane- kunye nebhaktiriya exhaphakileyo, kunye nentsholongwane, inyumoniya. Kwimeko efanayo kwi-Iran ephantsi kweBhritane, iminyaka eliqela yembalela, ikholera, kunye nokunqongophala kokutya, okulandelwa kukuqhambuka kwesifo seengcongconi, kwamisela kwangaphambili ukufa komntu oqikelelwa kwisinye kwisihlanu sabemi.
Le mbali - ngakumbi iziphumo ezingaziwayo zokunxibelelana nokungondleki kunye nosulelo olukhoyo - kufuneka isilumkise ukuba i-COVID-19 inokuthatha indlela eyahlukileyo neyingozi ngakumbi kumatyotyombe axineneyo, agulayo e-Afrika kunye noMzantsi Asia. Ngamatyala avelayo ngoku eLagos, eKigali, eAddis Ababa, naseKinshasa, akukho mntu waziyo (kwaye akayi kwazi ixesha elide ngenxa yokungabikho kovavanyo) ukuba inokusebenzisana njani neemeko zempilo zasekhaya kunye nezifo. Abanye baye bathi ngenxa yokuba abemi basezidolophini baseAfrika bengabona bancinci emhlabeni, ubhubhane uya kuba nefuthe elibi. Ngokubhekiselele kumava ka-1918, oku kukwandiswa kobudenge, njengoko kucingwa ukuba ubhubhane, njengomkhuhlane wexesha elithile, uya kuphinda uphele nemozulu eshushu. (UTom Hanks usandula ukufumana intsholongwane eOstreliya apho kusehlotyeni.)
UKatrina wezoNyango
Kunyaka ukusuka ngoku sinokujonga emva sincoma impumelelo yaseTshayina ekuqulatheni ubhubhane kodwa sothuswa kukungaphumeleli kwe-United States. (Ndenza ingqikelelo yobugorha yokuba isibhengezo saseTshayina sokuncipha ngokukhawuleza kosulelo sichanekile ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi.) Ukungakwazi kwamaziko ethu ukugcina ibhokisi yePandora ivaliwe, ngokuqinisekileyo, akumangalisi. Ukusukela ngo-2000 siye sabona ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuwohloka kukhathalelo lwezempilo oluphambili.
Omabini amaxesha omkhuhlane ka-2009 kunye no-2018, umzekelo, izibhedlele ezigcwele ilizwe lonke, ebonisa ukunqongophala okothusayo kweebhedi zesibhedlele emva kweminyaka yokucuthwa okuqhutywa yinzuzo kumthamo wezigulana. Ingxaki iqalele kuhlaselo lwenkampani olwathi lwazisa uReagan emandleni kwaye lwaguqula iidemokhrasi ezikhokelayo zibe ngumlomo we-neoliberal. Ngokutsho kweAmerican Hospital Association, inani leebhedi zabagulayo lehla ngama-39 ekhulwini phakathi kowe-1981 nowe-1999. Kodwa injongo yabalawuli yokuhlala iipesenti ezingama-90 yayithetha ukuba izibhedlele azisenawo amandla okufunxa ukungena kwabantu abaninzi ngexesha lendyikityha kunye nongxamiseko lwezonyango.
Kwinkulungwane entsha, iyeza likaxakeka liye laqhubeka lincitshiswa kwicandelo labucala ngokuthi "ixabiso labanini-zabelo" liyimfuneko yokunyusa izabelo zexesha elifutshane kunye nenzuzo, kunye necandelo likarhulumente ngokucutha kwemali kunye nokunciphisa kwi-budget ye-state kunye ne-federal yokulungela. Ngenxa yoko, kukho kuphela iibhedi ezingama-45,000 ze-ICU ezifumanekayo zokujongana nezikhukula eziqikelelwayo zeemeko ezinzima nezibalulekileyo ze-coronavirus. (Ngokothelekiso, abemi baseMzantsi Korea bafumaneka ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kathathu iibhedi xa kuthelekiswa nabantu baseMelika.) Ngokophando olwenziweyo USA namhlanje"Kumazwe asibhozo kuphela anokuba neebhedi ezaneleyo esibhedlele ukunyanga abantu baseMelika abazizigidi ezingama-1 nangaphezulu abanokugula yi-COVID-60."
Sikwinqanaba lokuqala likaKatrina wezonyango. Ukukhupha imali ekulungiseleleni unyango olungxamisekileyo ngaxeshanye ukuba lonke uluvo lweengcali lucebise ukwandiswa okukhulu kwamandla, siswele izinto ezisisiseko kunye neebhedi zikaxakeka.
Izitokhwe zelizwe nezengingqi ziye zagcinwa kumanqanaba angaphantsi kakhulu koko kubonakaliswa yimifuziselo yendyikityha. Yiyo ke loo nto i-debacle kit kit ihambelana nokunqongophala okubalulekileyo kwezixhobo ezisisiseko zokukhusela abasebenzi bezempilo. Abongikazi abalwayo, isazela sethu sentlalontle, bayaqinisekisa ukuba sonke siyabuqonda ubungozi obubangelwa kukungonelanga kwezinto ezikhuselayo ezifana ne-N95. Bakwasikhumbuza ukuba izibhedlele ziye zaba ziindawo zokugcina izityalo ze-antibiotic-resistant superbugs ezifana C.difficile, abanokuba ngababulali besibini abaphambili kwiiwadi ezixineneyo esibhedlele.
Ukwahlulahlula kweNtlalo
Uqhambuko luveze ngoko nangoko ulwahlulo lodidi oluqinileyo kukhathalelo lwempilo olubekwe kwi-ajenda yesizwe. Lilonke, abo banezicwangciso zempilo ezilungileyo nabo banokusebenza okanye bafundise ekhaya babekwe bodwa ngokukhululekileyo ukuba balandela izikhuselo ezinobulumko. Abasebenzi bakarhulumente kunye namanye amaqela abasebenzi abamanyeneyo nabasebenza ngokundilisekileyo kuya kufuneka benze ukhetho olunzima phakathi komvuzo kunye nokhuseleko. Okwangoku, izigidi zabasebenzi benkonzo abafumana imivuzo ephantsi, abasebenzi basezifama, abangaphangeliyo nabangenamakhaya baphoswa kwiingcuka.
Njengoko sonke sisazi, ukhuselo lwehlabathi kuyo nayiphi na ingqiqo enentsingiselo lufuna ulungiselelo oluqhelekileyo lweentsuku zokugula ezihlawulelwayo. Amashumi amane anesihlanu epesenti yabasebenzi ngoku banqatshelwe elo lungelo kwaye ke ngoko banyanzelwa ukuba basasaze usulelo okanye babeke ipleyiti engenanto. Ngokunjalo, ishumi elinesine lamazwe aseRiphabhlikhi alile ukwenza unikezelo loMthetho woNonophelo oZifikelelekayo owandisa iMedicaid kwabasebenzayo abahluphekayo. Yiyo loo nto i-Texans ezine, umzekelo, iswele ukhuseleko kwaye inegumbi likaxakeka kuphela kwisibhedlele sedolophu yokufuna unyango.
Ukuchasana okubulalayo kukhathalelo lwempilo yabucala ngexesha lesibetho kubhentsiswe kakhulu kwishishini lasekhaya labahlengikazi elenza inzuzo, eligcina i-2.5 yezigidi zabantu abadala baseMelika, uninzi lwabo kwiMedicare. Lishishini elikhuphisana kakhulu elifumana imivuzo ephantsi, ukungaqeshwa kwabasebenzi, kunye nokuthotywa kweendleko ngokungekho mthethweni. Amashumi amawaka abulawa minyaka le ngenxa yokungahoywa kweenkqubo ezisisiseko zokulawula usulelo, nangenxa yokusilela koorhulumente ukubabeka uxanduva abaphathi ngento enokuchazwa njengokubulala ngabom. Amakhaya amaninzi - ngakumbi kumazwe akuMazantsi - afumanisa ukuba kubiza imali encinane ukuhlawula izohlwayo ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwemithetho yococeko kunokuqesha abasebenzi abongezelelekileyo kwaye ubanike uqeqesho olufanelekileyo.
Ayimangalisi into yokuba i-epicenter yokuqala yosulelo loluntu e-United States yayiliZiko loKhathalelo loBomi, ikhaya labalupheleyo kwi-suburb yaseSeattle eKirkland. Ndithethe noJim Straub, umhlobo wakudala ongumququzeleli womanyano kumakhaya abantu abalupheleyo eSeattle, kwaye ngoku ubhala inqaku malunga nabo. Wesizwe. Uchaze eli ziko "njengenye yabona basebenzi babi kurhulumente" kunye nenkqubo yekhaya labongikazi laseWashington "njengeyona ndawo ifumana inkxaso-mali kweli lizwe-indawo engenangqondo yokubandezeleka okugqithisileyo kulwandle lwemali yetekhnoloji."
Ngaphaya koko, wachaza ukuba amagosa ezempilo kawonke-wonke angayihoyi eyona nto ibalulekileyo echaza ukusasazeka kwesi sifo ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwiZiko loLondolozo lwezoBomi ukuya kwamanye amakhaya abantu abalupheleyo alishumi akufutshane: โAbasebenzi bamakhaya abongikazi kweyona ntengiso intle yokurenta eMelika basebenza imisebenzi emininzi, ngokuqhelekileyo kumakhaya abongikazi amaninzi.โ Uthi abasemagunyeni basilele ukufumanisa amagama kunye neendawo zale misebenzi yesibini kwaye ngenxa yoko baphulukana nalo lonke ulawulo lokusasazeka kwe-COVID-19. Kwaye akukho mntu ucebisa ukuba abuyekeze abasebenzi abavezwayo ngokuhlala ekhaya.
Kwilizwe liphela, amashumi, mhlawumbi amakhulu ngaphezulu, amakhaya abantu abalupheleyo aya kuba ziindawo ezishushu ze-coronavirus. Abasebenzi abaninzi ekugqibeleni baya kukhetha ibhanki yokutya ngaphezu kokusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo kwaye bahlale ekhaya. Kule meko, inkqubo ingawa, kwaye akufanele silindele ukuba uMkhosi weSizwe uza kukhupha iibhedi.
Umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe
Lo bhubhani usasaza imeko yokugubungela umhlaba wonke kunye nekhefu elihlawulelwayo kunye nenyathelo ngalinye lokufa kwalo. Ngelixa iBiden ishiya iTrump, abaqhubela phambili kufuneka bamanyane, njengoko uBernie ecebisa, ukuphumelela indibano yeMedicare for All. Abathunywa abadityanisiweyo bakaSanders kunye noWarren banendima enye ekufuneka bayidlalile ngaphakathi kwiForam yeFiserv yaseMilwaukee phakathi kuJulayi, kodwa thina sonke sinendima ebaluleke ngokufanayo ezitratweni, siqala ngoku kumlo ochasene nokugxothwa, ukugxothwa, kunye nabaqeshi abalandula imbuyekezo. abasebenzi abasekhefini. (Uyoyika ukosuleleka? Yima iimitha ezintandathu ukusuka kumqhankqalazi olandelayo, kwaye kuya kwenza umfanekiso onamandla ngakumbi kumabonakude. Kodwa kufuneka sibuyise izitalato.)
Kodwa ukhuselo lwendalo yonke kunye neemfuno ezinxulumeneyo linyathelo lokuqala kuphela. Kuyadanisa ukuba kwiingxoxo zokuqala, akukho kwaSanders okanye uWarren abaqaqambisa ukugxothwa kukaBig Pharma kuphando kunye nophuhliso lwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kunye nee-antivirals. Kwiinkampani ezilishumi elinesibhozo ezinkulu ezixuba amayeza, ishumi elinesihlanu zilishiye ngokupheleleyo icandelo. Amayeza entliziyo, izithomalalisi ezikhobokisayo, nonyango lokuphelelwa ngamandla kwamadoda ziinkokeli zengeniso, kungekhona iindlela zokuzikhusela kwizibhedlele, izifo ezixhaphakileyo nakubabulali bemveli. Isitofu sokugonya sehlabathi lonke somkhuhlane - oko kukuthi, isitofu sokugonya esijolise kwiindawo ezingaguqukiyo zeeproteni zomphezulu wentsholongwane - ibiyinto enokwenzeka amashumi eminyaka kodwa ayinakuze ibe nengeniso ngokwaneleyo ukuba ibe yinto ephambili.
Njengoko uguqulo lwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane lubuyiselwa umva, izifo ezidala ziya kuphinda zivele kunye nosulelo olutsha, kwaye izibhedlele ziya kuba zizindlu zamachiza. Nkqu noTrump angasebenzisa ithuba lokunyelisa ngokuchasene neendleko zomyalelo kagqirha ezingenangqondo, kodwa sifuna umbono oqinileyo ojonge ukophula ukulawulwa kwamachiza kwaye ubonelele ngemveliso yoluntu yamayeza okuphila. (Oku kwakudla ngokuba njalo: ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, uMkhosi wabhalisa uJonas Salk kunye nabanye abaphandi ukuba baphuhlise isitofu sokuqala somkhuhlane.) Njengoko ndabhala kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu edlulileyo kwincwadi yam. Irhamncwa kuMcango Wethu - INgozi yeHlabathi yoMkhuhlane weeNtaka:
Ufikelelo kumayeza obomi, kuqukwa amayeza okugonya, amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, kunye nee-antivirals, kufuneka ibe lilungelo lomntu, elifumaneka jikelele ngaphandle kweendleko. Ukuba iimarike azikwazi ukunika inkuthazo ekuveliseni amachiza anjalo ngexabiso eliphantsi, ngoko ke oorhulumente nabangenzi ngeniso kufuneka bathathe uxanduva lokwenziwa nokusasazwa kwawo. Ukuphila kwabahluphekayo kufuneka ngamaxesha onke kuthathwe njengento ephambili ephezulu kunengeniso yeBig Pharma.
Ubhubhani wangoku uyayandisa ingxoxo: urhwebo lwehlabathi longxowankulu ngoku lubonakala lungazinzanga ngokwebhayoloji ngokungabikho kwesiseko sezempilo soluntu ngokwenyani. Kodwa isiseko esinjalo asinakuze sibekho de iintshukumo zabantu zophule amandla eBig Pharma kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo lwenzuzo.
Oku kufuna uyilo oluzimeleyo lobusoshiyali ukuze umntu aphile ehamba ngaphaya kweSivumelwano esitsha seSibini. Ukusukela ngeentsuku ze-Occupy, abaqhubela phambili baye babeka ngempumelelo umzabalazo ngokuchasene nokungalingani kwengeniso kunye nobutyebi kwiphepha lokuqala, impumelelo enkulu. Kodwa ngoku ama-socialists kufuneka athathe inyathelo elilandelayo kwaye, kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo kunye namashishini amayeza njengeethagethi ezikhawulezayo, ukukhuthaza ubunini bezentlalo kunye nedemokhrasi yamandla ezoqoqosho.
Kodwa kwakhona kufuneka sizihlole ngokunyanisekileyo ubuthathaka bethu bezobupolitika nobokuziphatha. Njengoko bendichulumancile malunga nenguquko yasekhohlo yesizukulwana esitsha kunye nokubuya kwegama elithi "socialism" kwingxoxo yezopolitiko, kukho into ephazamisayo ye-solipsism yesizwe kwintshukumo yenkqubela phambili ehambelana nelizwe elitsha. Sithetha kuphela ngabasebenzi baseMelika kunye nembali yaseMelika (mhlawumbi silibale ukuba uDebs wayengumntu wamazwe ngamazwe ukuya engundoqo). Ngamanye amaxesha oku kusondele kuhlobo lwasekhohlo lweMelika Firstism.
Ekujonganeni nobhubhane, iisocialists kufuneka zifumane lonke ithuba lokukhumbuza abanye ngokungxamiseka komanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokwenyani kufuneka siphazamise abahlobo bethu abaqhubela phambili kunye nezithixo zabo zezopolitiko ukuba bafune ukonyuswa okukhulu kwemveliso yezixhobo zovavanyo, izixhobo zokukhusela, kunye namachiza okuphila ukuze asasazwe simahla kumazwe ahlwempuzekileyo. Kuxhomekeke kuthi ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-Medicare for All iba ngumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle kunye nowasekhaya.
Mike Davis ngumbhali weencwadi ezininzi, kuquka Isijikelezi-langa samatyotyombe kwaye Isixeko saseQuartz.
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Nikela