UAruna, umongikazi oneminyaka eli-19 ubudala endadibana naye kumazantsi elizwe laseIndiya iTamil Nadu, ufana kakhulu nabanye babahlobo bam eWashington, DC—oqaqambileyo, ongatshatanga, ozithembileyo, uyawuthanda umsebenzi wakhe. Uthetha ngokukhawuleza nangokucikoza, engayekanga ukusela iti yakhe kwaye kunzima nokuba aphumle ukuze aphefumle. Ukuqala kwam ukudibana naye e-Coimbatore, isixeko esaziwa ngokuba yimizi-mveliso yamalaphu, ukwikhefu lakhe lesidlo sasemini, enxibe iyunifomu yakhe emhlophe esandul' ukutshiselwa kunye nebomvu yemveli. bindi ichaphaza ebunzi.
Ukuba u-Aruna ebengomnye wabahlobo bam e-DC, akukho mntu uya kumbuza ukuba kutheni engekabethelwa. Kodwa kwilali yasekhaya yase-Aruna, ukuba awukamfumani umyeni kwiminyaka yakho yokuqala yama-20, ukuhambo olunzima. "EIndiya, ibhinqa linomdla kuba utshatile,” utsho uSrimati Basu, unjingalwazi osebenza naye kwiYunivesithi yaseKentucky oyingcaphephe ngemeko yabasetyhini eIndiya. “Ukunqongophala komtshato kuyingozi emntwini, kusapho nakuluntu.
Ukuze atshate, amantombazana akwilali yaseTamil afana no-Aruna adinga ubuncinci abalawuli abathathu begolide baseBritane-bullion imali ekhethwayo yamakhazi—imali elingana ne-R1,200. Xa bebonke, abazali baka-Aruna benza imali engaphantsi kwe-$400 ngonyaka.
Njengomntwana, uAruna wayephupha ukuya ekholejini. Kodwa xa wayeneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, xa wagqibayo ukufunda ngenkxaso-mali karhulumente, waqonda ukuba uhlwempuzeke gqitha. Emva koko, umntu angamaziyo wathembisa ukutshintsha ubomi bakhe. Umnike umsebenzi kumzi-mveliso wempahla olulaphu obonelele ngeenkampani ezibandakanya, kude kube mva nje, umenzi wempahla yokubeleka esekwe e-UK. Ukunakekelwa kwabantwana. Umvuzo wakhe unokuba malunga ne-105 yeedola ngenyanga-eyanele ukutya kwentsapho yakhe, imfundo yakhe eqhubekayo, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, nethuba lokwakha ikhazi.
Ukufika kuka-Aruna kumzi-mveliso, omalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-40 ukusuka kowabo, wafumana indawo enkulu apho amantombazana amalunga ne-1,000 10, uninzi lwawo akwishumi elivisayo, ahlala ali-15 okanye ali-8 kwigumbi elinye. Ukususela ngentsimbi yesi-10 kusasa ukuya kweye-24 ebusuku yonke imihla, kuquka neempelaveki, wayetyisa aze abeke iliso koomatshini abarusayo abasonta umqhaphu okrwada ube ngumsonto. Abaphathi bakhe babesoloko bemvusa ezinzulwini zobusuku kuba, ukhumbula ukuba, “kwakusoloko kukho uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi, iiyure ezingama-105 ngosuku.” UAruna wenza nje ikota ye-$0.84 ngenyanga awayethenjiswe ngayo, malunga ne-$XNUMX ngosuku.
U-Aruna undibonisa isiva esandleni sakhe, esingaphezulu kwe-intshi ubude, apho umatshini wasikwa khona. Wayedla ngokubona amantombazana esifa isiqaqa ngenxa yokuma ixesha elide. Omnye wakrazulwa iinwele zakhe xa zazibhaqwe kumatshini. Abanye baxhatshazwa ngabaphathi babo. “Bathi siya kufumana umsebenzi omncinci ukuba silala nabo,” utshilo uAruna. Ngamanye amaxesha amantombazana ayenyamalala, kwaye wonke umntu wayecinga ukuba bafile okanye basindile. Sekunjalo, wayeyidinga imali, ngoko wasebenza apho iminyaka emibini. Emva kokuba emkile, umbutho omela abasebenzi beempahla obizwa ngokuba yiCare-T wamncedisa ukuba afumane umsebenzi wakhe wangoku esibhedlele, apho athi kancinane agcinele ikhazi. Xa ndibuza ukuba usenazo na izinto azibonayo ekholejini, uAruna unikina intloko kwaye iinyembezi zizalise amehlo akhe. Kodwa phantse ngephanyazo, uyazisula. Akukho sizathu sokucinga ngaloo nto, ekubeni sele enomvuzo ozinzileyo. Uthi: “Ndiyawuthanda umsebenzi wam esibhedlele ngoku. Uninzi lwabahlobo bakhe basasebenza kumzi-mveliso. (Amagama ka-Aruna nabanye ababefudula besebenza kumzi-mveliso atshintshiwe ukuze bakhuseleke ekuziphindezeleni.)
Kwi-Tamil Nadu, abantu abaninzi bayazi intombazana efana no-Aruna, umntu oye wakhangwa ukuba asebenze kwiifektri zempahla ngesithembiso sokufumana ikhazi. Iskimu siqhelekile kangangokuba side sibe negama: sumangali, igama lesiTamil elithetha "umfazi owonwabileyo emtshatweni." A Ingxelo ye2011 ngamaqela ama-Dutch watchdog Iziko loPhando kwiiNkampani eziManyeneyo kwaye IKomiti yaseIndiya yaseNetherlands ufumanise ukuba iifektri zesumangali ziqeshe uqikelelo Abasebenzi be120,000, abanye baneminyaka eyi-13 ubudala, kwaye banikezela ngeenkampani ezininzi zamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka i-Gap (eyasikhabayo eso sityholo), i-H&M, i-American Eagle Outfitters, kunye no-Tommy Hilfiger.
Isakhiwo sika-Epreli ophelileyo siye sadilika IRana Plaza yaseBangladesh, eyabulala abantu abangaphezu kwe-1,000 XNUMX, ngokufutshane yatsalela ingqalelo kwingxaki yabasebenzi beempahla. IIndiya ngumdlali wehlabathi omkhulu ngakumbi kuneBangladesh: Yeyona umthengisi wempahla olaphuliweyo kunye nempahla ngaphandle ehlabathini (emva kweTshayina kunye ne-European Union), malunga ne-29 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwintengiso ye-2012. Phakathi kukaJuni ka-2012 kunye noJuni 2013, i-United States ithenge iimpahla zomqhaphu ezixabisa i-2.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ezivela e-Indiya, kwaye elo nani kulindeleke ukuba likhule njengoko i-Indiya inyusa ishishini layo lempahla yamalaphu.
Kwishishini lempahla ehlabathini lonke, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba abasebenzi bavalelwe phantsi kweemeko zokuxhatshazwa de bafezekise izivumelwano. Kodwa eIndiya, isiko lekhazi-eliqhubekayo nangona kunjalo akukho mthethweni—kwenza ukuba amantombazana akwishumi elivisayo abe sesichengeni ngokukhethekileyo kula maqhinga. Ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yoku, i-Indiya inemigaqo engqongqo yokusetyenziswa kwabantwana: Akukho mthethweni ukuba abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-14 basebenze kwimizi-mveliso apho, kwaye bonke abasebenzi kufuneka bahlawulwe kabini ngexesha elongezelelekileyo. Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa loo mithetho ngomnye umcimbi. Imizi-mveliso izama kangangoko ukufihla izenzo ezingekho mthethweni. (UAruna ukhumbula ukuba xa abahloli babesiza—wayengazi nokuba ngaba baphicothi-zincwadi bakarhulumente okanye benkampani—abaphathi bemizi-mveliso babebatyhalela kwiphiko elikhethekileyo amantombazana amancinane.
Kwaye abasebenzi ngokwabo abafane baxele uxhatshazo, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuba luninzi baphuma kudidi oluphantsi, Kubandakanywa dalit, okanye abangachukunyiswayo. “Abantu abayithathi le miba kulawulo lwefektri kuba besoyika ukuphulukana nomvuzo kwaye boyika ukuziphindezela kuba bakwimeko esisichengeni eluntwini,” utshilo uHeather White, osebenza kwiziko laseHarvard lezemikhwa esesikweni nophande kwihlabathi jikelele. amakhonkco okubonelela ngempahla. Kudliwanondlebe lwakhe nabasebenzi basefektri, uthi uve malunga "namatyala amaninzi okuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, okuqhelekileyo kwimeko yabasebenzi basefektri kuthetha ukudlwengulwa."
Ngo-2012, iqela lamalungelo abasebenzi iFair Labour Association yavavanya amatyala abasebenzi abangama-78 basesumangali abathi, kwimizi-mveliso emininzi, bazibophelele ekusebenzeni iminyaka emithathu. Kumantombazana angamashumi amathathu anesine angazange azigqibe iikhontrakthi zawo, ama-34 abhubhe ngenxa yengozi okanye ukugula, i-4 lanyanzelwa ukuba lihambe ngenxa yeengxaki zempilo, ali-11 lagoduswa ngabazali, yaye aba-17 bazishiya. Abangamashumi amabini bebesasebenza ngexesha lodliwano-ndlebe lweFLA, kwaye abangama-2 babezigqibile iikhontrakthi zabo. Uninzi lwezinye ii-NGOs ziqinisekisile ukuba ixhaphake kakhulu into yokuba amantombazana angazigqibi iikhontrakthi zawo kwaye iingozi zasemsebenzini kunye nokufa akuqhelekanga kwaphela.
Nangona abanye babasebenzi babaxelela ukuba baye baxhatshazwa ngokwesini ngabaphathi, ababhali bale ngxelo baphawula ukuba amantombazana awafane azixele iziganeko ezilolo hlobo kuba ukwenjenjalo kunokuchaphazela amathuba awo omtshato—kwaye akunakufane kwenzeke ukuba azise iziphumo enkundleni. Ngoxa amatyala achaziweyo okudlwengulwa eIndiya aye anda, umlinganiselo wabagwetyelwayo—ngaphantsi kwama-27 ekhulwini—uye wafunyanwa enetyala. ifakwe kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, kwaye amaxhoba aya emapoliseni aye aziwa njengawo udlwengulwe kwangabo.
Ngaphandle kobungqina obukhulayo bokuba impatho-gadalala ixhaphakile kwimizi-mveliso ye-sumangali, uninzi lweenkampani zaseNtshona azikawususi lo mkhwa kumatyathanga azo okubonelela. Iqela elikhulu lezorhwebo laseMelika, iUnited States Association of Importers of Textiles and Apparel (USA-ITA), uye wacinezela ababoneleli kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi ukuba bacoce imikhwa emibi yabasebenzi; kutshanje iqinisekise iBangladesh ukuba iphumelele a isicwangciso esibophelelayo seminyaka emihlanu ukwandisa inani lokuhlolwa nokuphucula uqeqesho lokhuseleko lwabasebenzi. Kodwa xa ndibuza uSamantha Sault, isithethi seqela, malunga neefektri zesumangali, wathi, "Besingazazi iindlela zokusebenza ozichazayo." Wongeze ukuba ivakala "iyaphazamisa."
USinnathamby Prithiviraj yindoda ekrwada, enzima ekhokela iCare-T, iqela elanceda uAruna ukuba afumane umsebenzi wakhe wobunesi. Ishumi leminyaka esebenza namantombazana angama-sumangali kwi-ofisi yakhe e-Coimbatore; uye wanceda abali-1,600 XNUMX kubo ukuba bafumane umsebenzi emva kokuba bebuyile kwimizi-mveliso. Ukuba ndifuna ukubona apho amantombazana avela khona, uthi, kufuneka ndiye kwidolophana yase-Aruna, apho abone khona i-uptick ekuqeshweni kutshanje. Uthi mandikhangele "amantombazana anotywala kunye nootata abalahlekileyo," kuba "kulapho abaqeshwa bajonge khona."
Sahamba kwangentseni ngentsasa elandelayo, siqhubela emazantsi sityhutyha iimoto ezininzi sidlula kudederhu lweevenkile ezingagqitywanga kunye nemizi-mveliso yamalaphu evalwe ngamasango. Ukufika kwidolophana-indawo yokulima iti yabahlali be-71,000, kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezidibeneyo malunga neendawo ezihlukeneyo ze-56-zifuna umqhubi ongenaloyiko olawula ukutshintshwa kweentonga kwi-tight hairpin kunye nokunyamezela okunempilo kwi-2,000-foot-ukuphakama kwenzuzo. Sayimisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo inqwelo-mafutha ukuze sivumele umkhenkethi wethu ukuba agabhe. Xa sifika, sibona iti idubula kwi-neon-green tufts ngqo kuGqirha Seuss. Uninzi lwabasebenzi beti basuka kwabaphantsi kwaye benza malunga ne-3 yeedola ngosuku; kubiza umvuzo wenyanga nje ukunxibisa umntwana ngeencwadi kunye neyunifomu yesikolo. “Asinakukwazi ukunika bonke abantwana bethu ukutya nemfundo, ngoko sincama ikamva lomntwana omnye ngenxa yabanye,” watsho kum omnye umama. "Kule misebenzi, amantombazana akhethwa, ngoko ke amantombazana ahamba."
Xa ndifika kwiofisi kaCare-T elalini, ndibuliswa nguJulia Jayrosa, umnxibelelanisi walo mbutho oneminyaka engama-31 ubudala, kwigumbi elincinane elizele ngabafazi abalishumi elinesibini nabantwana babo. UJayrosa, obonakala enamandla angenasiphelo kwaye othetha ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba kufuneka ndimcenge ukuba ahlise isantya, wenza ishishini lakhe ukwazi ukuba kwenzekani kwindlu nganye yelali. Undixelela ukuba kukho amantombazana angama-800 asuka apha asebenza kumalungiselelo e-sumangali ngoku. Iiarhente zibhatalwa i-34 yeedola ukuya kwi-50 yeedola ngomsebenzi ngamnye abamfunela kwiindawo zokusila, utshilo, endibonisa ipowusta epinki eqaqambileyo eyasasazwa kwilali yonke ngoMeyi. Ithembisa ukuba kwimizi-mveliso, amantombazana aza kufumana imfundo yesingxungxo, amagumbi okulala abucala, kunye nomvuzo obalaseleyo. UJayrosa woyika ii-arhente kwaye unoloyiko lokuba banokuvala ishishini lakhe elincinci: Ubonelela ngendawo iqela labasebenzi basefektri ababekade besebenza kwimizi-mveliso ukuba basebenzise izakhono zabo zokuthunga kwaye bathengise iimpahla zabo elalini. Eyona nto ayixhalabeleyo ngoku kukuqokelela imali eyaneleyo yokufumanela la mabhinqa indawo yokuhlambela, ukuze angaqhubeki ehamba ehlathini.
Ndichitha imini noJayrosa, sincokola nabahlali abangena nabaphuma eofisini. Ndidibana neentombi ezintlanu ezazisakuba ziintombi zaseSumangali, kunye noomama abathathu notata abathumela iintombi zabo kwimizi-mveliso. Ndithetha nomfazi owaphunyelwa sisisu kumzi-mveliso ngenxa yokuba kwafuneka eme ixesha elide ebushushwini, nomnye ondixelela ukuba i-Sexual Harassment yayixhaphakile kumzi-mveliso wakhe, kodwa “kufuneka ulumke ngokwaneleyo ukuze ungawi ngenxa yabo. amaqhinga."
Ngokuhlwa, ndidibana nentombazana egama linguSelvi, endimemela kwintsapho yayo. Kwiminyaka engama-20, uSelvi ukhangeleka engekho mdala kunomfundi waseMelika ophakathi, kwaye unobunzima obuziikhilogram ezingama-85. Uneentloni, uthe cwaka, kwaye akasoloko ejongana namehlo. Uthi uchithe iminyaka emibini edlulileyo ethungela umzi-mveliso. Umqeshwa wamthembisa iirupee ezingama-250 (malunga nee-$4) kwishifti nganye, kodwa uthi wayefumana kuphela i-150 (malunga ne-$2.50) kunye nexesha elongezelelekileyo le-15 rupees ngeyure—nangona imfuneko esemthethweni yexesha elongezelelekileyo iwuphinda kabini umvuzo wakhe weyure, okanye iirupi ezingama-34 ngeyure.
Inkampani engumninimzi-mveliso awayesebenza kuyo uSelvi ibonelele ngempahla eMothercare, eWalmart, eH&M, nakwiNdawo yaBantwana. I-H&M inike ingxelo yokuba ayifumananga bungqina babasebenzi be-sumangali kuphicotho-zincwadi lwakutsha nje lweefektri ezintathu zale nkampani. Ngo-2011, nangona kunjalo, iqela lamalungelo abasebenzi Ukuchasana nobukhoboka kumazwe aphesheya yafumanisa ukuba inkampani ephethe umzi-mveliso awayesebenza kuwo uSelvi yayihlawula abasebenzi ngaphantsi kwesiqingatha semali ababeyithenjisiwe, maxa wambi ibabambela inxalenye yentlawulo de abasebenzi bayigqibe izivumelwano zabo, ibeke esweni iminxeba yamantombazana, yaye ingavumi ukuba abazali babatyelele. abantwana. (Inkampani iyazikhanyela ezi zityholo, kwaye uSelvi wavunyelwa ukuba athathe umvuzo wakhe aze athathe ikhefu kumzi-mveliso ngoMatshi ngenxa yeengxaki zedlala lakhe ledlala lengqula. Uceba ukubuyela emsebenzini ngokukhawuleza nje kokuba echacha.)
Njengoko ubusuku busondela, igosa lelali likhawuleza lisixelele ukuba kufuneka sibuyele kwindawo enkulu. “Inkungu iyeza,” uyalumkisa. Amadoda afika ekhaya esela ngeli xesha. Ndifuna ukumbuza ukuba yintoni eyingozi ngakumbi, amadoda anxilisayo okanye ama-tigers, kodwa uhamba phambili kum: "Indlovu. Izolo ngeli xesha, bekukho enye apha." Ndikhwaza, "Ingathi lihlathi!" Umqhubi wam ingathi ufuna ukundikrwitsha. “Ayifani nehlathi is ihlathi,” wagqabhuka, embakraza ucango.
Ndibuyele kwihotele yam ngobo busuku, ndigqogqa ityesi yam, ndikhangela eyona nto inevumba elibi endinokuyinxiba kusuku olulandelayo. Ndifumene isikipa esimdaka endasithatha eUrban Outfitters. Ngokuchukumisa uloyiko, ndikhangela i-seams kwileyibhile yomenzi. Ithi "Yenziwe e-Indonesia," ngoko ndinokuqiniseka ukuba ayizange yenziwe ngenye yeentombazana esandul 'udliwano-ndlebe. Kodwa nokuba ibiyenziwe eIndiya, ukuba bendinofowunela inkampani ndizama ukufumanisa ukuba ivela kweyiphi na ilitye lokusila, ngekhe kucace ukuba abasebenzi besumangali bayabandakanyeka na. Iinkampani zaseIndiya zisebenza nzima ukugcina iindlela zabo zokusebenza zithe cwaka, zifihla abasebenzi kubahloli kwaye zoyikisa ii-NGOs ezibhenca imisebenzi yazo. "Le asiyo-USA okanye i-EU," utshilo uCare-T's Prithiviraj. "Akukho ukhuseleko lwasemzimbeni kuthi kunye nabasebenzi bethu."
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