Isigaba 1: Intshayelelo: Indima kunye nokuThathelwa ecaleni kweHuman Rights Watch
IHuman Rights Watch (HRW) yabakho ngo-1978 njengeKomiti yokuJonga yase-Helsinki yase-US. Amaxwebhu okuqala aqinisekisa ukuba injongo yawo “yayikukubeka esweni ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yangaphakathi neyamazwe ngamazwe kunye namalungelo oluntu e-Helsinki Final Act. amazwe ngaphandle kokuba ubeka eyakho indlu ngolungelelwano,”[1] eyona ngqwalasela yayo yayiseMoscow. Ngaloo ndlela uncwadi lwayo lukwaqinisekisa ukuba ukusekwa kweKomiti "kwakujongwe njengesenzo senkxaso yokuziphatha kwimisebenzi yabalindi baseHelsinki ababandezelekileyo kwi-bloc yeSoviet," kwaye umsebenzi wayo wangaphambili wawulungiselelwe kakuhle ukuqhubela phambili umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente wase-US wokwenza buthathaka iSoviet Union. nokuqhawula amaqhina ayo neMpuma Yurophu.[2] Ngelixa umbutho uye wandisa i-horizons yawo kwaye ukhule kakhulu ukusukela kwimali yembewu yeedola ezingama-3 evela kwiFord Foundation, awuzange ucothe ikhonkco lawo elisondeleyo ekusekweni kweNtshona, njengoko kungqinwa ngamaqumrhu obunkokeli bayo,[400,000] inkxaso-mali yayo,[4] kwaye indima yayo ekuhambeni kweminyaka. Ngenxa yokuzibophelela kweziko kumalungelo oluntu kunye nembono yayo ebanzi, nangona kunjalo, i-HRW yenze umsebenzi omkhulu oxabisekileyo, njengomzekelo ekuncedeni ukubhala umlingiswa kunye neziphumo zexesha leemfazwe zeReagan kulo lonke elaseMbindi Melika, apho ingxelo yayo yokubukela iMelika. kwinkxaso yaseMelika kwiNicaragua Ukuhlawula, umkhosi waseSalvador kunye neqela lokufa, kunye noloyiko lwelizwe laseGuatemala lwaluvula amehlo kwaye lwakhokelela kubutshaba obukhulu kwicala lamaReaganites kunye Wall Street Journal abahleli.[6]
Kodwa ngaphandle koku kunye nezinye iinzame ezininzi ezakhayo, umbutho uye ngamaxesha anzima kwaye kwiithiyetha ezinzima uphose inkxaso yawo ngasemva kwe-ajenda yorhulumente wase-US, ngamanye amaxesha ude usebenze njengengalo yobudlelwane boluntu ekusekweni komgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle. Ukusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1990 olu tyekelo luye lwaphawulwa ngokukodwa kugxininiso lombutho kunye nonyango lolunye ukhuphiswano olukhulu apho urhulumente wase-US ebeye wabandakanyeka: mhlawumbi akukho nanye ngokucacileyo kune-Iraq kunye ne-Balkans. Apha, ukuthambekela kwayo okunzulu kuboniswe kakuhle kuMatshi ka-2002 op-ed by umlawuli olawulayo we-HRW, uKenneth Roth, epapashwe Wall Street Journal phantsi komxholo othi “Indict Saddam.”[7] Into yokuqala ekufuneka uyiqaphele ngalo mhlomlo lixesha layo. Yapapashwa ngexesha apho iUnited States kunye neBritani zazicwangcisa ngokucacileyo ukuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq ngephulo "lothuso kunye noloyiko" lokuqhubhisa ibhombu kunye nokuhlaselwa komhlaba ngokuphulwa kwe-UN Charter. Kodwa uRoth akalumkisi ngokuqalisa imfazwe engavuswanga: nangona iimfazwe zobundlongondlongo ziye zagwetywa yiNkundla yaseNuremberg “njengolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu lwezizwe ngezizwe” “oluqulathe ububi obuqokelelweyo bubonke.”[8] Ngokuchasene noko, ngokuchaseneyo noko. , Ugxininiso lukaRoth lwalukulwaphulo-mthetho lukaSaddam, kwaye lubonelele ngesipho esixabisekileyo sobudlelwane boluntu kwiinkokeli zase-US nezaseBritani, ziphambukisa ingqalelo kwaye zibeke iglosi yokuxolisa kulwaphulo-mthetho olulindelekileyo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Kwiminyaka emithathu ngaphambili, xa amagunya e-NATO eqalise ukuqhushumba kwe-Yugoslavia ngo-Matshi 24, 1999, i-HRW ayizange ithethe nto ibalulekileyo malunga nelo nyathelo; njengoko siza kubona, yayijolise ikakhulu kulwaphulo-mthetho lwelizwe ekujoliswe kulo ngelo xesha elalihlaselwa. Kwingxelo ka-1998 ye I-International Herald Tribune, UFred Abrahams, umphandi we-HRW ogxininise kakhulu e-Kosovo, ukhuthaze urhulumente-utshintsho lweYugoslavia, mhlawumbi ngokumangalelwa kukaMongameli Slobodan Milosevic okanye imfazwe yase-US ukuchaphazela umphumo ofanayo. "Ngeliphi ixesha abaphathi bakaClinton baya kuthatha isigqibo sokuba babone ngokwaneleyo?" Wabuza uAbrahams. "[T] ukusilela koluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukohlwaya uMilosevic ngolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseCroatia naseBosnia uthumele umyalezo wokuba angavunyelwa ukuba aphinde abaleke nolwaphulo-mthetho olunjalo kwakhona. Kucacile ngoku ukuba indoda eqale ezi ngxabano ayinakuthenjwa ukuba ingazinqanda. ”[9] Lo mgca wanceda i-United States kunye namanye amagunya e-NATO kakuhle, kwaye zombini ezi meko zibonisa uhlengahlengiso olucacileyo lweenkcazo zeHRW zamalungelo oluntu kunye nokukhetha. zamaxhoba afanelekileyo kwiimfuno zamagunya aseNtshona kunye namaziko akhulisa umbutho. (KwiNxalenye 3, sijongana nokungachazwa kakubi kwembali kwingxelo ka-Abrahams malunga nokungafuni kukaMilosevic ukuyeka ezi mfazwe: enyanisweni, uMilosevic watyikitya kuso sonke isindululo esikhulu soxolo ngo-1992-1995, ngelixa ilizwe alithandayo lika-Abrahams lalisoloko lonakaliswa. bona.)
URoth's “Indict Saddam” uqala ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: “Ukuphoxeka kolawulo lukaBush ngeshumi leminyaka lezohlwayo eziyingozi ngokuchasene ne-Iraq kukhokelele ekubeni kuqwalaselwe isenzo somkhosi. Ukanti enye indlela ekusafuneka izame kakhulu: ukumangalela uSaddam Hussein ngezenzo zakhe zenkohlakalo ezininzi, ngakumbi ukubulawa kwabantu ngo-1988 ngokuchasene namaKurds aseIraq. Oku kuthetha ngokucacileyo ukuba izohlwayo ezibekwe e-Iraq zaye engasebenziyo (“porous”) kunye nokuba ukunxunguphala kwabalawuli kuloo akhawunti bekuyinyani kwaye kunesiseko esihle, amabango okusekwa abubuxoki kwaye alahlekisayo nokuba umhlalutyi ongakhethi cala wayenokuba namathandabuzo ngelo xesha. Sinokuqaphela kwakhona ukungabikho kwenkxalabo "ngokuqwalasela ngokusebenzayo isenzo somkhosi."
Kodwa okubaluleke ngokulinganayo, uRoth akayihoyi isohlwayo esitshabalalisayo esibekwe e-Iraq yi-United States kunye neBritani ngokusebenzisa i-UN iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi, ethintele ukulungiswa kweendawo zococeko zase-Iraq, ukucocwa kwamanzi kunye neenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela kwezolimo, zonke eziye zatshatyalaliswa ngabom. imfazwe yoqhushumbo ngowe-1991.[10] Ngamandla abo okukhulisa ubunzima, ukungondleki nezifo, olu hlobo lwemfazwe yezoqoqosho nezobupolitika “kusenokwenzeka ukuba ibe ngunobangela oyimfuneko wokufa kwabantu abaninzi eIraq kunokuba baye babulawa zizo zonke ezibizwa ngokuba zizixhobo zentshabalalo ukutyhubela imbali. ,” uJohn noKarl Mueller babhala ngokufanelekileyo kwabo banesihloko esithi “Izohlwayo zokutshatyalaliswa ngobuninzi.”[11] Oku kunokubonakala ngathi kulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe yokuqala, kwaye nokufa kwabantu abasisigidi kufanele kuthathelwe ingqalelo enkulu kwiqela lamalungelo oluntu. Kodwa njengoko uMadeleine Albright wakha waxelela i-CBS TV's 60 Imizuzu, ixabiso lesiqingatha sesigidi sokufa kwabantwana base-Iraqi "lalifanelekile,"[12] kwaye uRoth kunye ne-HRW bajonge kwelinye icala. I-HRW ayizange ivelise ngxelo ibalulekileyo kwezo zohlwayo. Ayizange itsalele ingqalelo kuxanduva lwase-US kunye neBritane ngalo mgaqo-nkqubo wokubulala. Kwaye nangona i-HRW yachaza ukuba indlala ngabom yabemi lulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, ayizange iphakamise ukuba amagosa ase-US kunye ne-UK anetyala lobu lwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ayizange ibize naziphi na izigqeba ukuba zichophele amaqela anoxanduva.[13]
Kwakhona umdla kukuba kule efanayo Wall Street Journal Amagqabantshintshi, uRoth uchaza ngokweenkcukacha ulwaphulo-mthetho lukaSaddam Hussein oluchasene namaKurds, alubiza ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuthi "ukubulawa kwabantu," ngelixa inani lama-Iraqi abulawa zisohlwayo zaseNtshona laliphakathi kwesihlanu neshumi inani lamaKurds abulawa yimikhosi yaseBaghdad, kodwa musa ukufumana. ekhankanyiweyo, singasathethi ke ngokuchazwa njengamaxhoba “embubhiso.”[14] uRoth uthi ukuzisa uSaddam ematyaleni ngenxa yokuphatha kwakhe amaKurds kwangena ebunzimeni kuba iFransi neRashiya nganye “yayinomdla woshishino olubanzi” eIraq, kwaye iTshayina yayixhalabile. xa kuthelekiswa nendlela abaphatha ngayo abantu baseTibet. Akukho ndawo i-Roth ikhankanya ukusebenzelana kwezoshishino zase-US kunye ne-Saddam, iimali-mboleko kulawulo lwakhe, ukubonelela ngee-helicopter, izixhobo ze-intelligence kunye neekhemikhali, kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-Reagan yolawulo lwe-Saddam kwizenzo zeBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Endaweni yoko, ukunxulunyaniswa nokugwetywa kwe-HRW kunye nogunyaziso lweBelgrade ngo-1998-1999, ngeli nqanaba ekuqaleni kuka-2002, yayikukugwetywa kunye nogunyaziso lolawulo lwase-Iraq oluye lwaba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwi-Roth. Nangona waphawula ukuba ukumangalelwa kukaSaddam “akusayi kuqinisekisa ukugxothwa kwakhe,” uRoth wongezelela ngelithi “ngokuqinisekileyo kwakuya kunceda ukwakha isivumelwano sokuba akakufanelekelanga ukulawula, yaye ngaloo ndlela kumele kwenziwe okuthile ukuze kupheliswe ulawulo lwakhe.”
Igama elithi "genocide" alikaze lisetyenziswe nguRoth okanye i-HRW kwinani elikhulu lokufa elibangelwe luhlaselo lwase-US kunye nokuhlala e-Iraq, 2003-2007, nangona amanani abantu ababhubhileyo ngenxa yokunyhashwa kweCharter ye-UN ngoku. ukodlula “imbubhiso” yamaKurd ekuthiwa yabangelwa nguSaddam ngokuphinda-phinda okusenokuba kuye kwafikelela ezintandathu okanye ngaphezulu.[15] Kodwa i-HRW ibonise umdla omncinci kwezi zimbuku, kwaye xa ijenali yezonyango yaseBritane Lancet yapapasha uqikelelo lwe-100,000 yokusweleka kwabantu baseIraq kwiinyanga zokuqala ze-18 emva kohlaselo lukaMatshi 2003, umhlalutyi omkhulu wezomkhosi we-HRW (kunye nowayesakuba umhlalutyi wezobuntlola bePentagon) uMarc E. Garlasco wakhawuleza wazichitha izinto ezifunyanisiweyo “njengezikhuselweyo” kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswa “njengezinto ezisetyenziswayo. ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso ngenxa yokubala okugqithisileyo.”[16] Emva koko, uGarlasco wavuma ukuba akazange ayifunde ingxelo xa wayenikela ngovavanyo lwakhe lokuqala ngayo kumaphephandaba. [17] URoth kunye ne-HRW abakhange babonise ukukrokra ngokusebenzisa igama elithi "genocide" rhoqo ngokubhekiselele kukuziphatha kwamaSerb eBosnia naseHerzegovina naseKosovo, nangona kukho inani lamaxhoba awela kakhulu kumanani e-Iraq, nokuba " izohlwayo zentshabalalo enkulu” okanye uhlaselo luka-2003-2007. [18] Kwakhona, oku kusetyenziswa kwegama kulungiselelwe kakuhle ukuxhasa umgaqo-nkqubo wase-US kunye ne-NATO.
Kuzo zonke ezi meko ujoliso lweHRW ibikwiindlela zokulwa kunye nefuthe lazo kubemi. Njengoko kuphawuliwe, oku kudlula nawuphi na umceli mngeni onokubakho kuhlaselo olunqumla imida oluthi “olona lwaphulo-mthetho luphezulu lwamazwe ngamazwe,” oluthi iHRW iluthathe njengento enikiweyo (ngaphandle kwezinto ezichazwe ngezantsi). Kunokuthiwa, nangona kunjalo, ukuba imfazwe ngokwayo ayikho mthethweni, ngoko naluphi na ukubulawa komkhosi okanye uluntu olulandela olu lwaphulo-mthetho alunakukhuselwa ngenxa yokuba luyisiphumo esingenakuphepheka semfazwe; [19] kodwa le asiyofilosofi ye-HRW, engayihoyiyo into engekho semthethweni. Endaweni yoko, i-HRW iphinde yatsho ukuba “ayenzi zigwebo malunga nesigqibo sokuya emfazweni: malunga nokuba imfazwe iyahambelana na nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ochasene nogonyamelo. Siyikhathalele kakhulu imiphumo yobuntu yemfazwe, kodwa siyakuphepha izigwebo malunga nokuba semthethweni kwemfazwe ngokwayo kuba zithanda ukubeka esichengeni ukungathathi hlangothi okufunekayo ukubeka iliso ngendlela eyiyo ukuba imfazwe iqhutywa njani….”[20]
Kodwa oku kukuphepheka okungeyomfuneko ngezizathu ezininzi. Isigqibo sokuya emfazweni seso esiqinisekisa ukuba kuya kubakho iingxwelerha zomkhosi nabemi, njengoko kwagxininiswa siSigqeba saseNuremberg ekuchazeni esaso ingqwalasela “kulwaphulo-mthetho oluphakamileyo lwezizwe ngezizwe,” yaye ngenxa yeso sizathu kuphela umbutho wamalungelo abantu ongakhethi cala. ebengayi kuyityeshela. Ngenxa yokuba ilizwe le-HRW lilo elithe laqhuba iimfazwe ezilandelanayo ngokwaphulwa kweTshatha yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwalo nobangela uphambili wokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu ngokwako kubeka esichengeni nakuphi na ukungathathi cala umbutho onokuthi ubange ukukujongile.
Ngaphezu koko, kukho ubungqina bokuba iinkokeli ze-HRW zanelisekile ngolu hlaselo. Siza kubonisa kamva ukuba yabakhuthaza kwimeko yeemfazwe zaseBalkan, kwaye isiqwenga sikaRoth esithi "Indict Saddam" yayiyindlela yokuxhasa ubudlelwane boluntu kuhlaselo oluza kwenzeka e-Iraq. I-Roth ide ibhiyozele ukuchithwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ochasene nobundlobongela, kutyholwa ukuba unomdla "wamalungelo oluntu." Wathi: “Siza kukhumbula unyaka we-1999 njengonyaka apho ulongamo lwathi lwenziwa kwiindawo apho ubugebenga obunxamnye noluntu benziwa khona.”[21] Kakade ke, bubunkokeli base-US neBritane obumisela ukuba zenziwa nini “ulwaphulo-mthetho olunxamnye noluntu”. , kodwa uRoth unokholo lokuba ezi nkokeli zenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo nokuba ukuncama umgaqo osisiseko womthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kuyathetheleleka. Olu lukhuselo olugqunywe kancinci kuhlaselo lwase-US lwakutsha nje, kwaye ke ngoko ukwala kwe-HRW ukwenza izigwebo malunga nezigqibo zokuya emfazweni enyanisweni luhlobo lokuxolisa ngemfazwe endlongondlongo.
Ukungathabathi cala kwe-HRW kufana nokungakhethi cala ngenxa yesinye isizathu: Lo mbutho awuzange uwusebenzise kungquzulwano lwezixhobo kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia. Apho, i-HRW iluphathe ungquzulwano kunye nefuthe lazo kubemi basekuhlaleni njengeziphumo ezithe ngqo zokuhlaselwa kwemida, kwaye ibambe ubunkokheli be-Serb eBelgrade ukuba bube noxanduva kubo. Isiqingatha sokuqala sonke se-HRW's Ukulinganisa Ubungqina izinikele kwisishwankathelo sobungqina boMtshutshisi bokuba iBelgrade ibonelele ngenkxaso yemali, ngezinto eziphathekayo, kunye nabasebenzi kumajoni angamaSerb eCroatia naseBosnia-Herzegovina: ithatha le nkxaso njengokwaphulwa okucacileyo komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ochasene nogonyamelo: “[ I-H]ow Belgrade yaququzelela iimfazwe ezimanyumnyezi eBosnia, eCroatia naseKosovo,” njengoko. Ukulinganisa Ubungqina umbhali uSara Darehshori wayibeka.[22] I-HRW ayikaze yenze okufanayo kwezinye iithiyetha zongquzulwano oluxhobileyo apho igcina umdla: yithi, ibhala indlela iWashington yenkxaso yezemali nezinto eziphathekayo "i-orchestrates" iminyaka engama-40 ubudala yasemkhosini yase-Israeli kwi-Palestine Territories okanye uhlaselo lwe-Israel oluwela umda ukuya eLebhanon. ; kwaye njengoko sele kuphawuliwe, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwase-US luphathwa “ngokungathathi cala.” Kodwa ukungathathi cala kwe-HRW-style kuyanyamalala xa ijongana neethagethi zase-US ezinje ngeSerbia, apho iHRW ikhulisa iinkxalabo zayo ngamalungelo oluntu ngaphaya kweendlela zokulwa ukubandakanya "ngubani owayiqalayo" kunye "nobubi obuqokeleleneyo buphela."
Kwimigangatho ephindwe kabini enxulumene ngokusondeleyo: kunye nenqaku le-illogic: kulo lonke ugutyulo lwabo lweengxabano zeBalkan, kwaye ngokusondeleyo kunye nesikhundla se-International Criminal Tribunal ye-Former Yugoslavia (ICTY okanye iNkundla yamaTyala), iRoth kunye ne-HRW bafuna ukuba abenzi bobubi ( amaSerbs) afanele agwetywe ukuba kuza kubakho uxolo lokwenyaniso.[23] Oku kwakufunwa ukunceda ukuthintela ubugwenxa bexesha elizayo kwaye kuba amaxhoba adinga intuthuzelo yobulungisa. Kodwa lo mgaqo kufuneka usebenze ngokucacileyo kubantu abangendawo abenze "ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu lwezizwe ngezizwe," kwaye yayingabantu abanjalo abazanywa eNuremberg. Ngaba besingayi kufuna “okusesikweni” kuziswe abahlaseli ukuze kufundiswe abo basenokuba basihlaselayo ukuba loo nto ayithethi mvuzo? Yaye ngaba oku akuyomfuneko ukuzisa uxolo lwengqondo kumaxhoba ohlaselo ukuze kubekho uxolo lokwenyaniso? Inqaku aliveli kwiRoth kunye ne-HRW, abangayikhathalelanga ngokupheleleyo lo mgangatho ophindwe kabini, kodwa kwiinzame zabo zaseBalkans basebenze ngokusondeleyo nabenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu ekutyholwa ukuba bazisa ubulungisa kubaphuli-mthetho abangaphantsi. Apha kwakhona kuyacaca ukuba i-Roth kunye ne-HRW ayithathi hlangothi, kodwa, ngokufaka ngaphakathi kwiimbono zamagunya aseNtshona, bakhonza ubundlobongela xa beqhutywa phantsi kweendlela ezifanelekileyo.
I-HRW ayijongi nje umthetho ngokusingisele kubundlobongela, khange ijongane nokuxhatshazwa okukhulu kwenkqubo yenkundla kumsebenzi wezopolitiko we-ICTY,[24] ngokucacileyo ngenxa yokuba isebenza ngesizathu esifanayo ne-HRW. Komnye umzekeliso wesimo sayo soburhalarhume malunga nokuba semthethweni, iHRW iqhayisa ngelithi "incede urhulumente waseYugoslavia ukuba anikele uMilosevic kunye namahlakani akhe kwinkundla yamatyala," ngokungakhathali ngokupheleleyo ukuba oku kwenziwa ngokuxhwila nangokutyeshela ngokuthe ngqo umthetho. umgaqo-siseko waseYugoslavia nezigwebo zeenkundla zaseYugoslavia.[25]
Phakathi kwezinye iindlela zomkhethe, i-HRW iyayamkela imbono ye-NATO-yobuhlobo yokuba ukusweleka kwabantu abavela kwimfazwe yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengokuqhushumba kweenqwelomoya kunye noqhanqalazo lwemijukujelwa. prima facie “ngabom” njengokuba kusenziwa ubuso ngobuso kunye nokubulawa kwabantu ngokungekho ngqiqweni. I-HRW ibambe ukuba ngelixa elo langaphambili linokubandakanya ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe ukuba aluqhutywa ngononophelo, olu lwamva lulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe ngomntu ngamnye. Kodwa lo mahluko awukho mthethweni, njengoko iziqhushumbisi eziwiswe phezulu zisuka phezulu okanye kufutshane neendawo ezihlala uluntu zisesichengeni sokubulala kwaye zenzakalise abemi, nokuba abantu ababuleweyo bebengajoliswanga ngokuthe ngqo; kwaye le mathuba aphezulu aziwayo enza ukuba oko kubulala kube ngabom kuzo zonke iinjongo.[26] Iziqhushumbisi zokuzibulala ngamanye amaxesha zijolise kumkhosi kwaye azisoloko zihlasela abantu nje. Ngenxa yokuba elona nani lilonke lamaxhoba okuqhushumba kwe-hi-tech kunye nezinye izixhobo zihlala zikhulu kakhulu kunezo ziqhushumbisi ngokuzibulala kunye nolunye ukubulawa kwabantu ubuso ngobuso, [27] olu tyekelo lwe-HRW lubeka ukhuseleko lweendlela zase-US kunye ne-NATO yemfazwe ngaphambili. lwamalungelo oluntu.
Olunye uhlobo lomkhethe lutyekelo lweHRW lokubonelela ngamanani aphantsi e-US kunye namaxhoba e-NATO, kunye namanani aphezulu kumaxhoba e-US kunye ne-NATO ekujoliswe kuyo. Uphononongo olwenziwe nguMarc Herold lutyhila indlela apho i-HRW “inika ingxelo ngamanani amalunga nesinye kwisithathu seminye imithombo ethembekileyo.” U-Herold ubonisa ukuba kwimeko yokuhlaselwa kwe-NATO eYugoslavia, i-HRW iqikelela ukufa kwabantu abangama-500 eSerbia, kanti eminye imithombo ethembekileyo yaya kwi-1,200-1,500 (kwaye uqikelelo olusemthethweni lwaseSerbia lwaluyi-1,800); kunye nase-Afghanistan, i-HRW yaqikelela ukuba ubuncinane abantu be-1,000 babulawa ngelixa izifundo zikaHerold zivelise inani eliphakathi kwe-3,000-4,000. U-Herold ubonisa kwakhona ukuba kwimeko ethile yokubulawa kwabantu e-US eChowkar-Karez e-Afghanistan, uqikelelo olusekelwe kwi-HRW olusekelwe kwi-25-35 efile yayiphawuleka ngaphantsi kwenani le-90 elichazwe kumajelo aseBritani, e-Indiya, eQatar naseYiputa. ]
Kwelinye icala leleja, uRichard Dicker, umlawuli weNkqubo yezoBulungisa yaMazwe ngaMazwe yeHRW (IJP) kunye nomcebisi ku. Ukulinganisa Ubungqina, yathi “amakhulu amawaka abulawa yaye izigidi [zaye] zanyanzelwa ukuba ziwashiye amakhaya azo kwiimfazwe ezine [uMilosevic] woyisakala ngoxa wayegxininisa ubuzwe baseSerbia.”[29] Intetho kaDicker eyenyukayo yayingajongwanga ukuba ibe yechane; kwaye kwakungafuneki ukuba kube njalo, kwaye "amakhulu amawaka" akhe abuleweyo atshatyalaliswa kakhulu yimithombo yokusekwa, kodwa ngaphandle kokuvunywa ngokucacileyo nguDicker okanye i-HRW. Ekusebenzelaneni “nendoda eyomeleleyo” yaseSerbia, eli gqwetha lamalungelo oluntu lalisazi ukuba nasiphi na isityholo esinokuthi siqhubeke, nokuba kuse-ICTY okanye phambi kwenkundla yoluvo lukawonke-wonke. Kumboniso ochubekileyo wamanani-amacala, ii-HRW's Ingxelo Yehlabathi 2007 ithi ngoFebruwari 2006, abasebenzi baseSarajevo Research and Documentation Centre (RDC) “bagrogriswa ngokufowunelwa bengachazwanga igama labo baza balunyukiswa ukuba bayeke ukuhlalutya ukufa okubangelwa yimfazwe.” Injongo “yayiluhlaziyo oluhlayo lweziko lenani labantu abonzakeleyo ngexesha lemfazwe,” eligxininiswe yi-HRW “ibangele ukugxekwa kwamaSilamsi aseBosnia, awona maxhoba emfazwe.”[30] Ngapha koko, i-RDC ifumene inani elipheleleyo lokufa okunxulumene nemfazwe. macala onke ibe kwindawo ye-100,000.[31] Ke ngoko ukusebenzisa kwe-HRW ibinzana elithi “uhlaziyo olusezantsi” luwenza gwenxa umsebenzi we-RDC, njengoko ijongela phantsi ukwehla okumangalisayo ngesiqingatha esinye ukuya kwisibini esithathwini soqikelelo oluphezulu lwama-200,000 ukuya kuma-300,000 obelusasazwa ukususela ekupheleni kuka-1992, ngelixa i-HRW ayizange kanye kunika inani elithile kuqikelelo oluhlaziyiweyo olubonisa ukuba uDicker unetyala lokunyuka kwamaxabiso (kwaye iphakamisa imibuzo malunga nengqalelo enkulu ye-HRW kwisityholo "sokubulawa kwabantu" eBosnia).
Olunye uhlobo olubonakalisa umkhethe ibe kukukhanyela rhoqo kwe-HRW ukuba i-United States yenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. Ebhala ngasekupheleni kowama-2002, uKenneth Roth wathi “Kwiimfazwe zamva nje, imikhosi yaseUnited States yenze iimpazamo yada yatyeshela nomthetho wobuntu kodwa ayizange iwenze ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe.”[32] Wavuma ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweziqhushumbisi eziqhushumbayo apho abantu abaninzi bengxwelerhekile “kubonwa kwangaphambili. ” inokuthathwa yinkundla ethile njengolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe, kodwa yena ngokwakhe wabhengeza ukuba akukho nto yenziweyo: ibango elimangalisayo linikwe ukuba iRoth kunye neHRW abakhange bakuphonononge konke ukusetyenziswa kweziqhushumbisi zeqela kwaye bagqibe kwelokuba kwimeko nganye yokufa kwabantu "kuyabonakala." Olu lulwimi lwe-apologetics ekrwada. Ngapha koko, kukho umba wokusetyenziswa kwe-uranium ephelelweyo, isixhobo esibulala abantu esisetyenziswa rhoqo kwilizwe lakhe, nto leyo uRoth ayihoyanga.
UMichael Mandel uye wabonisa ukuba ngexesha lemfazwe elwa neYugoslavia, "i-NATO yazigweba ngomlomo wayo," iinkokeli zayo zivuma ngokuphindaphindiweyo injongo yokuphula ukuziphatha kwabantu, kunye nokujolisa kwiibhulorho, izikolo, iifektri, imfuyo, izityalo, iigridi zamandla, imithombo yeendaba. amaziko, izakhiwo zonqulo, kuquka iicawa zamaKristu okuqala kunye namaxesha aphakathi, izityalo zemichiza, nemizi-mveliso yezichumisi.[33] Kuphela ngumthetheli wemfazwe wase-US onokuthi le njongo kunye nezi thagethi azikhombe ngenjongo kunye nokutyhila ulwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe. I-Amnesty International ayizange ibe nangxaki yokufumana kunye nokubiza intaphane yolwaphulo-mthetho lwemfazwe.[34]
Kukho ezinye iindlela zokuthatha icala kumsebenzi we-HRW, njengokujongelwa phantsi kolwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu kunye nokunikezela ngobuxoki kwiimeko apho icala elikhethiweyo lenza izinto ezibulalayo nezitshabalalisayo, njengakwimeko yakwaSirayeli eLebhanon naseGaza, okanye IUnited States e-Iraq, ngokusetyenziswa okukhulu kweebhombu zeqela, ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kwezixeko ezinkulu ezifana ne-Fallujah, iziqhushumbisi zesibhedlele, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweebhombu ze-phosphorus kunye ne-uranium ephelile. U-Roth wenza ukuba amaSirayeli ahlasele i-airstrikes ngoJulayi 30 kwidolophana yaseLebhanon yaseQana, esithi kwaye ibhala ukuba "i-IDF iphendule ngokufanelekileyo iLebhanon esemazantsi ibe yindawo yomlilo," kunye nokusetyenziswa kweebhombu zeqela. [35] Kodwa unyango lwe-HRW luka-Israyeli okanye i-United States e-Iraq aluzange lusondele kubushushu obubonakaliswe luphando lwabo lwasemhlabeni kunye nokukhangela amangqina, ukwamkela kwabo ubungqina obuphikiswayo, kunye nokugxeka kwabo ngomsindo kokuziphatha kwama-Serb eBosnia naseKosovo kunye. ibiza isohlwayo.
Kwaye ngokwahlukileyo kunyango lwabo lwama-Serbs, xa besebenzisana no-Israel kunye ne-United States, i-HRW iye kwiintlungu ezinkulu ukubonelela "ibhalansi" ekugwebeni i-Hezbollah, i-Gaza Palestinians kunye ne-Hamas, kunye nokuchasana kwe-Iraqi. Kwimeko ye-Hezbollah kunye no-Israel, i-HRW ide yathelekisa uhlaselo lwabo lwemijukujelwa ngokwemiqathango engathandekiyo kwi-Hezbollah, imijukujelwa yayo i-HRW ityhola ukuba ijolise kuluntu ngabom, ngelixa u-Israyeli ebengalumkanga ngokwaneleyo. I-HRW ayihoyanga inyaniso "yolona lwaphulo-mthetho luphezulu lwamazwe ngamazwe," umthamo wokuqhushumba kunye nemithetho ebekiweyo, kunye nenani labantu abenzakeleyo, kwaye yabeka injongo kubalweli be-Hezbollah apho i-HRW yayingenabungqina obuxhasayo. [36] Oku kungqamana ne-apologetics kumahluko we-HRW phakathi kokwenzakala obekungalindelekanga ukusuka kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokuqhushumba ngokuchasene nokubulawa “ngabom” kwabemi kumlo okufutshane.
Lilonke, i-HRW yenze umsebenzi omkhulu oxabisekileyo kumalungelo oluntu, owaneleyo ukuxhokonxa umsindo wamagosa karhulumente wabathengi base-US kunye nabaxhasi babo beendaba nabeendaba. Kodwa njengabavangeli basemazweni bobukhosi bangaphambili, i-HRW iphinde yenze inkonzo ye-yeoman ekuqhubeleni phambili umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle wase-US. UHans Köchler uthi “amalungelo abantu aye aba sisixhobo sezobupolitika esinamandla kwimekobume ekungekho lungelelwaniso lukhoyo ukuze kuthintelwe ukusetyenziswa kwegunya ngokungekho mthethweni.” Kwaye kwimbono yakhe, "Kwimfazwe echasene neYugoslavia ngo-1999, i-NATO yasebenza 'njengeManyano Engcwele' yamaxesha ethu, izama ukuthethelela ngemigaqo yokuziphatha iphulo lemfazwe eyayichasene ngokupheleleyo ne-UN Charter kunye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. jikelele.”[37] I-HRW ibe sisicaka sale Mdibaniso iNgcwele intsha.
Ekuqaleni, njengeKomiti Yokubukela yaseHelsinki yaseUnited States, yakwenza oku ngokuncedisa ekubhengezeni ububi beSoviet kumakomkhulu aseNtshona. Emva kwexesha, kwaye ngeli xesha langoku kunye neshumi leminyaka edlulileyo ngokukodwa, yenze igalelo eliphambili kwiimfuno zomgaqo-nkqubo wase-US. Okokuqala kwaye eyona nto ibalulekileyo, i-HRW yalile ukucela umngeni kwiimfazwe zase-US kunye nokungenelela ngolo hlobo, ukuzithatha njengokunikiweyo kunye nokujongana kuphela nomyalelo wesibini.
I-ZNetwork ixhaswa ngemali kuphela ngesisa sabafundi bayo.
Nikela