I-tit-for-tat yabhala izoyikiso zobuciko ingavakala imnandi kwaye uJohn le Carré-esque ukuba bebengeyiyo yokwenyani. NgoSeptemba 2022, uMongameli waseRashiya uVladimir Putin wacaphula i-US"ngaphambili” ekusebenziseni izixhobo zenyukliya eJapan kwaye yathi iRussia iya kuyenza"sebenzisa zonke iindlela” enazo ukuze"zikhusele” kwimfazwe yayo nxamnye neUkraine. Malunga neeveki ezimbini emva koko, uMongameli uJoe Biden wathi kwi-CNN akufuneki ukuba iPentagon iqondiswe ukulungiselela ukujongana nenyukliya kwaye walumkisa ngelithi nokuba ngengozi imfazwe yenyukliya inoku"isiphelo seArmagedon.” Umkhosi wase-US uphinde wathatha inyathelo elingaqhelekanga, ngo-Okthobha, lokubhengeza esidlangalaleni iindawo zeenqanawa ezintywilayo zase-Ohio kuLwandle lwaseArabia kunye neAtlantiki - phakathi koluhlu lwaseRussia. Ngamnye unokukhulula 192 imijukujelwa yenyukliya ngomzuzu omnye.
I-Pentagon kunye ne-Kremlin erhuqa i-sabers endala enencam yenyukliya iyoyikeka ngokwaneleyo; la magunya mabini anezinto ezingaphezulu 90Ipesenti yazo zonke izixhobo zenyukliya phakathi kwezixhobo zabo ezimbini. Kodwa isigaba esitsha solu khuphiswano lwekota yesithathu-yenkulungwane ubudala lubandakanya uvavanyo lwe-missile yaseRussia ngo-Epreli nango-Okthobha. 2022, kunye nengxelo yokuphangwa kwenkwili ekwaziyo ukusebenza ngenyukliya USS Rhode Island kwiMeditera ngoNovemba.
Mangakanani amathuba okusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kungquzulwano lwaseRussia-Ukraine? UMatthew Bunn, umhlalutyi waseHarvard, uyibeka apha 10% ukuya 20%, ngokusekwe kwiingxelo zikaPutin esidlangalaleni kunye nokwanda kokuphelelwa lithemba emva kokudodobala komkhosi waseRussia. Ngokwesiqhelo, ezo zinokuba yimiqobo ekhuselekileyo, kodwa kumxholo wezixhobo ezinamandla kakhulu kuneebhombu ezabeka iHiroshima kunye neNagasaki. 77 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye yabulala amashumi amawaka abantu ngokukhanya kokukhanya, loo mathuba awaphantse abe mncinci ngokwaneleyo.
Enye yeemeko ekunokwenzeka ukuba kuxoxwe ngazo kukudubula kweRussia into ebizwa ngokuba yimfazwe yenyukliya yobuqhinga eUkraine. Nayiphi na impendulo yase-US okanye ye-NATO yasemkhosini, nokuba ingekho i-nukes, inokuba sengozini yokunyukela kungquzulwano olubanzi lwenyukliya. A 2019 Ukulinganisa ngabaphandi kwiNkqubo yeNzululwazi yeYunivesithi yasePrinceton kunye noKhuseleko lweHlabathi lubonise indlela i-nuke enye enobuchule enokuthi iqalise ngayo ukutshintshiselana ngenyukliya epheleleyo ebulalayo. 34 abantu abazizigidi ngeeyure nje ezintlanu.
Nditsho nesi sigama sika"izixhobo ezinobuchule” kunye nezixhobo zenyukliya"ukutshintshiselana” kunciphisa iingozi zokwenene zohlaselo lwenyukliya ukusa kumkhamo womlo kwibhodi yeRisk game. Inyani yeyokuba ubomi emva kwayo nayiphi na imfazwe yenyukliya buya kuba bubi kakhulu kubo bonke abasindileyo, nakwabo bahlala kude kakhulu kwiindawo ezikhanyayo. Ngo-Agasti 2022 iphepha phakathi Ukutya kwendalo yafumanisa ukuba imfazwe yenyukliya egcweleyo phakathi kwe-United States neRashiya iya kusigubungela isijikelezi-langa 150 Izigidi zeetoni zothuthu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ukuveliswa kokutya kuphantse kube yinto engenakwenzeka kwaye kubhubhise uninzi loluntu. Ukukhutshwa phantse 50 Isigidi seetoni zothuthu kwi-atmosfera engaphezulu ukusuka kwimililo emva kwemfazwe yenyukliya yengingqi phakathi kweIndiya nePakistan yayiza kuphelisa izityalo kunye neentlanzi kwihlabathi jikelele, ishiya ngaphezulu. 2 abantu ababhiliyoni bafa kwisithuba seminyaka emibini. Ezi meko zobubi azibandakanyi nokufa kunye nokubandezeleka ngenxa yeengozi ezinjengokuwa kweradioactive kunye nokugqatswa lilanga elitshisayo emva kokuba umaleko we-ozone wonakaliswe kukuqhushumba kweathom. Njengoko umbhali kunye nomlweli-mkhosi uJonathan Schell eyibeka:"Ukuzalwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya kwi 1945 yavula indlela ebanzi nengenamqobo eya esiphelweni sehlabathi.”
Ingozi ecacileyo nekhoyo
Abaphembeleli boxolo base-US bacela i-United States ukuba idlale indima ebonakalayo ekwehliseni imfazwe yaseRussia-Ukraine, inikwe isoyikiso senyukliya kunye nemfazwe enkulu yabantu. Amaqhinga asusela ekubhengezeni ukumiswa kokudubula ukuya ekuziseni omabini amacala kwitafile yothethathethwano ukuze kulungiswe izikhalazo, kuquka iindlela iUnited States eye yakhuthaza ngayo ukwanda kwe-NATO ukususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yomlomo.
Ukuba umhlaba unokuwubuyisela umva ukusuka kolu nxweme, ke mhlawumbi isilivere engene kule ntlekele, 21st-imfazwe yenkulungwane inokuba yinto engxamisekileyo entsha emva komsebenzi wokuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya. Uluntu luye lwakhunjuzwa ngobuninzi bee-US kunye neRashiya ezigciniweyo ezingaphezu kwe 4,000 izixhobo zenyukliya nganye, apho zizonke ngaphezu 3,000 zisasazwa ngokusebenzayo. Ukunqanda ukuzifumana silapha kwakhona, sifuna ukuthotywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya.
Siyazi ukuba kuyenzeka ukuhambisa ihlabathi lisingise ekuthotyweni izixhobo kuba besikwenzile ngaphambili. Ngexesha leMfazwe yoMlomo, intshukumo enkulu-eyenziwe ngabaphembeleli kunye nabaphembeleli beGreenpeace, izazinzulu kunye nonongendi kunye nababingeleli bamaKatolika, abaxhasi baMandla aMnyama kunye namaPan-Africanists, iziqithi zePasifiki kunye nezizwe zaseMelika zaseMelika, amagqwetha kunye neehippies, kunye nabanye abaninzi umsinga wokuthotywa kwezixhobo. Ngothotho lwezivumelwano zolawulo lwezixhobo, iRashiya neUnited States zanciphisa izixhobo zazo zenyukliya malunga noko 87% ukusuka kwincopho yokudityaniswa 63,000 iimfazwe phakathi1980s.
Njengoko ingqalelo yoluntu iyemka kwizixhobo zenyukliya, abavelisi bezixhobo balwela ukugcina nokwandisa isabelo sabo sentengiso kwihlabathi eliguqukayo. U-Lockheed Martin, uBoeing, uRaytheon, uGeneral Dynamics kunye noNorthrop Grumman baphembelela kwaye baphosa iminikelo yephulo ukutyhala inkcitho yezixhobo ezongeziweyo kunye neemarike ezivulekileyo ngakumbi zezixhobo zabo, kubandakanya nokwandiswa kwe-NATO kumazwe awayesakuba yiSoviet. Ngu 2009, iUnited States yayichitha i-$29 iibhiliyoni kugcino, ukusebenza kunye nokuphuculwa kwezixhobo zayo zenyukliya. Ngoku, isivumelwano esiseleyo solawulo lwezixhobo phakathi kwe-United States neRussia siphelelwa lixesha 2026, yaye iRashiya yacinezela iintetho ezazicwangciselwe ukuba ngoNovemba 2022. IUnited States ityala imali ukuya kuthi ga kwi-$1.5 iitriliyoni kwelilandelayo 30 iminyaka yokuhlaziya nokuphucula izixhobo zayo zenyukliya kunye nomoya wazo, ulwandle kunye neenkqubo zokuhanjiswa komhlaba. Asinamanani anzima eRussia, kodwa bachitha iibhiliyoni ngokunjalo.
Amaxesha anzima afuna umbono obukhali. Asinakuphumla de izixhobo zitshatyalaliswe. Imfuno yethu ayinakuba yinto emfutshane yokupheliswa.
Izibane eziqaqambileyo, iibhombu ezinkulu
Umanyano lwentshukumo enqamlezileyo malunga nesizathu esinye aluzange lube lula - kutheni ukumanyana malunga nesi sizathu hayi esinye? - kunye nekhwelo lokuphelisa izixhobo zenyukliya kunokuvakala njengento ephazamisayo emsebenzini kwezinye izinto ezixhalabisayo, njengokupheliswa kwentolongo okanye amalungelo abasebenzi.
Umbutho we-anuclear uye wazama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhumbuza wonke umntu ukuba i-nukes ibulala wonke umntu. Ngokomzekelo, xa uthetha nomntu ovela kwi-Audubon Society, unokuthi,"Ukuba uzikhathalele iintaka, kufuneka uzikhathalele izixhobo zenyukliya — ziya kubulala zonke iintaka!” Kodwa eli qhinga livela njengokuzithoba kunye nokulula.
Kukho indlela enzulu ngakumbi yokufikelela kuyo:"Ngaba intshukumo yenu ishukunyiswa ngumbono omhle nolinganayo ngekamva lobomi basemhlabeni?” Kukho ukuqonda okukhulayo ukuba sonke singabalweli bemozulu ngoku, ukuba ngenxa yokuba sonke sikhathalele ikamva lobomi bomntu kunye nobuntu, imozulu kufuneka idityaniswe kuyo yonke into, ukusuka kwindlela umasipala asabela ngayo kwiimfuno zabantu abangahlaliyo ukuya kukuphi ukutya okanye imfundo. ipolisi kufuneka ibonakale ngathi 10 iminyaka. I-Movement for Black Lives ine-Red, Black & Inyathelo leGreen New Deal, umzekelo.
Imfazwe yenyukliya ikwinqanaba elikhoyo elifanayo nelokutshintsha kwemozulu. Inkqubela phambili yayo yonke imivimbo akufuneki ilahle yonke into ukuze ize kuluhlu"lutshitshise umboniso wee-nukes”, kodwa kufuneka sisebenzise onke amaqonga ethu kunye neendlela zethu ukugcina imbonakalo yesitokhwe senyukliya de sichithwe.
Kwaye kukho injongo ethe ngqo esinokuyimanya ngasemva: Ukufumana iUnited States ukuba isayine iSivumelwano soThintelo lwezixhobo zeNyukliya. Isivumelwano kuphela kwesixhobo esibanzi, esibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni esivala uphuhliso, ukubakho, isoyikiso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, kwaye siquka inkqubo-sikhokelo yokuqinisekiswa kokuqhawulwa kwenyukliya. Abaququzeleli besi sivumelwano sibalulekileyo baphumelele ibhaso leNobel Peace Prize 2017. Ukuthi ga, 68 amazwe asamkele isivumelwano, kodwa olu luhlu aluquki nawaphi na amazwe anezixhobo zenyukliya. Ukuba inyukliya i-nonproliferation yayingengomcimbi we-niche, bekuya kubakho umnxeba omkhulu wokuba i-United States isayine isivumelwano, esenza nawuphi na umnini wezixhobo zenyukliya ukuba ahlasele."batshabalalise ... ngokungqinelana nesicwangciso esibophelelayo esisemthethweni, esinexesha."
Ukuba imbono ye-United States yenza unilaterally ekuchithweni kwezixhobo ivakala ihlekisa, mamela ixesha elidlulileyo. Owayesakuba nguMongameli uRonald Reagan kunye noMikhail Gorbachev basondele, batyhalwa ngamandla 1980s intshukumo yoxolo. Owayesakuba nguMongameli uBarack Obama ngoyena mongameli wakutsha nje wase-US ukuba athembise ngokuthotywa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, kwaye lo mbono uphumelele iBhaso loXolo lweNobel. Inkoliseko yehlabathi isiya kuye nabani na ozimiseleyo ukuthatha inyathelo lokuqala. Nje ukuba isibhambathiso senziwe, ukonyuka kwezixhobo kunye nokuqinisekiswa - inkqubo yezixhobo ngenkqubo yezixhobo - yindlela eya kwakhiwa ngayo ukuthembana. Umbutho wokulwa imfazwe eRussia uhlawula iindleko eziphezulu kakhulu zokuchasa uhlaselo lwesizwe sabo eUkraine, ke umbutho woxolo wase-US kuya kufuneka utyhale zombini izizwe.
Ukufika apho kuya kuthatha uxinzelelo olukhulu loluntu kunye nokukhanya okukhulu kakhulu. Kuba, ukuba kukho into enye efundwe ngumbutho ochasene nenyukliya, kukuba izixhobo zenyukliya ziphumelela ebumnyameni.
Ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-Desensitized
Emva kodliwano-ndlebe nabasindileyo baseHiroshima, ugqirha wengqondo uRobert Jay Lifton waqulunqa eli gama."ukubamba ingqondo” ukuzama ukubamba ukungakwazi kobuchopho bomntu ukubamba intlekele ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Ukufa okunye kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa ukujongana nayo 100,000 Ukufa, ingqondo iyancipha. Iingcali zengqondo ze 1980I-psychic numbing ebhalwe kuluntu lwaseMelika malunga nemfazwe yenyukliya, kwaye uGqr. Thomas Wear wabhala ukusilela ukuba noloyiko olufanelekileyo lwezixhobo ezitshabalalisa ilizwe njenge."ukuphazamiseka kokuphika kwenyukliya. "
I-Psychic numbang kunye nokukhanyela kwenyukliya kuyingozi kubathathi-zigqibo kunye nabacwangcisi bemfazwe kunye noluntu. Ulwimi lokutshabalalisa abantu abaninzi luye luhlanjululwe ekubeni lungabi nantsingiselo.
In 1954, US General Curtis LeMay, njengentloko ye-Strategic Air Command, wayila izicwangciso zokusetyenziswa 750 Iimfazwe zenyukliya zichasene neSoviet Union. Amaqhinga phantsi"Iibhombu Zihambile” uLeMay uqikelele ukuba umlilo ungabulala ukuya kuthi ga 100 abantu abazizigidi. Ukucinga ngolo hlobo asiyombali nje yamandulo; a 2019 Ukwaziswa kwezomkhosi ziiNkosana eziManyeneyo zaBasebenzi kwakufana nokuphumelela kwimfazwe yenyukliya."Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zenyukliya kungadala iimeko zeziphumo eziqinisekileyo kunye nokubuyiselwa kozinzo olucwangcisiweyo, ”lo xwebhu luchulumancile.
Thetha malunga ne-psychic numbing! Ekuphela kweemeko zokwenyani ezidalwe yimfazwe yenyukliya iya kuba kukufa okuqinisekileyo kunye nokubuyiselwa kwempucuko yangaphambili.
In 2021, Ndanikela intetho malunga nokuzibandakanya koluntu kubafundi kwiKholeji yaseConnecticut. Incoko iguqukele kwizixhobo zenyukliya, njengoko ihlala isenza xa iinkwili ezinezixhobo zenyukliya zinqumla emanzini omlambo kanye ezantsi kwekhampasi (iGroton Naval Submarine Base ihlala iimayile ezimbini kude). Emva koko, ibhinqa eliselula labuza enoba ndakha ndeva na ngoRoger Fisher; Khange ndiyenze. Undixelele ngesiphakamiso sakhe esilula sokuphelisa imfazwe yenyukliya: Faka ngotyando iikhowudi zenyukliya entliziyweni yevolontiya elihlala likufutshane nomongameli wase-US. Umncedisi uphethe imela ebukhali, kwaye ukuba umongameli uthatha isigqibo sokuqalisa uhlaselo, babulala umncedisi kwaye bafikelele kwiikhowudi.
Siye savala amehlo, mna nalo mntu uselula, sisimumu kunye nokuqonda okufanayo ukuba akukho ngaphantsi kwale nto kufuneka ithathelwe ukuqala imfazwe yenyukliya enokubulala izigidi kwaye ityhefwe umhlaba. I-Primal, i-visceral, ihlazo, ukubulala okungafunwayo.
Ndinombulelo ongazenzisiyo kulo mntu uselula ngokundazisa kolu luvo lutsha, le ndlela yokunqumla i-verbiage ekude efihla iingxoxo ezininzi malunga nezixhobo zenyukliya. Kamva ndaye ndafumanisa ukuba uFisher wayeligqala, igqwetha kunye nonjingalwazi waseHarvard owanceda uthethathethwano ngokupheliswa kwemfazwe yamakhaya eyayixhaswa yi-US e-El Salvador. Wabhala isisombululo sakhe senyukliya kwi-a 1981 isincoko kwi Imbalasane yezaNzululwazi zee-Atomic:"Igazi kwikhaphethi ye-White House. Yinyani yaziswe ekhaya.”
Lo mbono wavakala kakhulu kum njengentombi yabatsha ntliziyo abanenzondelelo ye-anuclear, bobabini abachitha ixesha elide entolongweni ngenxa yezenzo zabo ezimangalisayo ezijolise ekunqumleni inkungu yengqondo yenyukliya. Njengomntwana, ndachitha iiholide zasebusika ngaphandle (ngoku engafikelelekiyo) yokungena eRiverside ePentagon. Apho, abazali bam nabahlobo babo babedla ngokubukela uthuthu negazi. Abantu abanxibe njengezixhobo zokujonga ukufa bakhala iigongs ngelixa abanye bewa phantsi, bebhibhidla kwaye bekhala, bebonisa isiphumo sokudubula kwenyukliya. Ngomnye unyaka, iqela labasetyhini batshisa izitshixo zeenwele zabo kwizitya zentsimbi ukuze baxhome ivumba elibi lokufa kubo bonke obu bugqwirha. Umnyango wePentagon's Riverside unezitepsi ezibanzi zamatye kunye neentsika ezinde zelitye lekalika utata anokuthi azithathe xa ebaleka, efaka ibhotile yegazi phezulu kangangoko ebenako ngelixa ezama ukogqitha iintwala. Njengoko igazi lalibaleka kwiintsika, laxubana nothuthu kwizinyuko zePentagon. Abasebenzi abafikayo babeza kubeka amehlo abo emnyango baze bakhethe indlela yabo phezu kwemizimba egobileyo, balandele igazi kunye nothuthu kweso sakhiwo.
Ukuxhathisa i-atomization
Ayinguye wonke umcimi wenyukliya ofuna ukuphosa igazi kwiPentagon; amandla okwenyaniso ombutho we-anuclear avela kububanzi babathathi-nxaxheba kunye nokwahlukana kwamaqhinga abo. Lo mbutho ubandakanya abahlalutyi kunye nabaxhasi be-lobby kwiisuti eziziqwenga ezithathu ezinxibe izithende zabo kwiiholo zamandla kunye namatsha ntliziyo eGreenpeace anezikhephe ezincinci eziphazamise uvavanyo lwenyukliya olusekwe elwandle ukusuka eArctic ukuya eSouth Pacific. Isusela kuQhagamshelwano lwaBasetyhini loXolo lwamatshantliziyo abambe abenzi bomthetho base-US ukuya kumafeministi aseYurophu amise inkampu eGreenham Common phantse iminyaka engamashumi amabini eqala ngo. 1981, yaye yayiquka namaKatolika awayetshabalalisa izixhobo zenyukliya, aqhubela phambili iinkonzo kwizixhobo zemijukujelwa aza angena ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwizixhobo zenyukliya ukuze akhande amakrele abe ngamakhuba.
Aba baphembeleli bakhuthazwa lulwazi kunye nohlalutyo oluvela kubaphandi be-anuclear abazifundisayo. Indawo yoshishino lwenyukliya yakhula ngokufihlakeleyo; xa inyanzelwa ukuba inyaniseke, yayikhupha ulwazi olungenakungeneka. Phambi kolu lahleko lwedatha, intshukumo yazakhela eyakho intembeko yobuchopho kwaye yaseka ishishini lamagumbi okucinga kunye namanye amaqumrhu ophando ukuchasa kunye nokulungisa ulwazi olungelulo lukarhulumente. Ilandelele imisebenzi yenyukliya kwaye yasasaza uhlalutyo lwayo kubantu abaphantsi, abaququzelela uluntu lwasekuhlaleni ngokuchasene nezixhobo zenyukliya ezisasazwe kuzo zonke izithili zenkongolo kwesi sizwe.
Kwanangaphambi kwe-intanethi, abaphembeleli be-anuclear balandelela phantsi kwaye baveza ukuthunyelwa kwenyukliya eyimfihlo kwaye bahlanganisana ukuvimba oololiwe okanye iilori. Bazizalisa iintolongo, bajikeleza amazwe ngamazwe, babamba izifundiso ezinkulu baza babiza neesimpoziyam zamazwe ngamazwe. Baqalisa amaphephandaba kunye neemagazini ezihlala zibalulekile namhlanje, kuquka Nukewatch, Ukubukela kweNyukliya kwaye Umchasi weNyukliya.
Isifundo esitsha sombhali-mbali uVincent Intondi sifuna kubunkokeli bakutshanje abaNtsundu kwintshukumo yeanuclear. Uthetha nesizukulwana esitsha, ekhumbuza abo bathi intshukumo ye-anuclear yayimhlophe kakhulu ukuba i-NAACP ikhuphe iingxelo ezichasene nezixhobo zenyukliya. 1946, ngelixa uninzi lwabamhlophe baseMelika babengama-nukes. UMalcolm X, uMartin Luther King Omnci., uDuke Ellington, uMarian Anderson, uLangston Hughes, WEB DuBois, uPaul Robeson kunye noZora Neale Hurston bonke bathatha amanyathelo okuqala ngokuchasene nezixhobo zenyukliya. Njengoko uDuBois ebonile,"Ukuba amandla anokubanjwa ngeebhombu zeathom, abantu bamakoloniyali abanakuze bakhululeke.”
Intshukumo ye-anuclear yayikwanenjongo ekwakhiweni kobudlelwane kunye noluntu olubethwe kakhulu luvavanyo lwenyukliya kunye nemigodi, ukusuka kuMzantsi Pasifiki ukuya kwiintlanga zeMveli kulo lonke elase-United States. Ukwandiswa kwamazwi aseMzantsi Pasifiki kunye naseMelika yaseMelika kubeka ubuso bomntu kwilifu le-mushroom, kunceda ukuchasana nokukhutshwa kwentetho yenyukliya kwinyani yethu yokuphila. Umsebenzi wokwenza iingozi zenyukliya zekhonkrithi kwaye zimanyanise amazwe angeyiyo eyenyukliya njengeblok wabeka isiseko seNdawo eziMahala zeNuclear Weapons - Latin America (1967), eMzantsi-mpuma Asia (1995) kunye neAfrika (eyasungulwa ngo 1996 kwaye isayinwe ngabo bonke kodwa 12 Amazwe ase-Afrika), kunye nombutho wamazwe ngamazwe owazala iSivumelwano sokuThintela iNyukliya.
Lo mbutho uphinde wakhuthaza umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye nonxibelelwano lwabantu phakathi kwabantu kwimida yempazamo yeMfazwe ebandayo ngokukhwela ibhayisekile kunye nokumatsha, izibhengezo ezidibeneyo kunye nemiboniso ehambelanayo. Le misebenzi ivumele amatsha ntliziyo ukuba akhe intembeko kunye nobuhlobo obuhlala buhleli obunika ithuba lokuvula amaphulo karhulumente. I-alfabhethi yesobho yezivumelwano ilandelwe, ukwakha enye kwenye njengezitena ze-Lego eziqingqiweyo - i-SALT, i-START, i-ABM, i-CTBT. Isivumelwano ngasinye sinembali enyanzelisayo, kunye namatsha ntliziyo atyhala ukuthotywa kwezixhobo kwelinye icala, iindawo ezikhawulezayo zehlabathi ezitsalele uthethathethwano ngasemva kumaphepha angaphambili, kunye nabafanelekileyo abathethathethana bedlula kwiikoma.
Le misebenzi mincinci, yonatyisiweyo, ebanzi yongeza kubomi beentlobo.
Indibano edumileyo neyatsalela abantu abamalunga nesigidi kwiCentral Park yaseNew York ngoJuni 12, 1982, idla ngokubonwa njengencopho yamandla entshukumo ye-anuclear. Ilanga laliqaqambile, iindlela ezihamba ngaphantsi komhlaba zema ngxi kwaye iimpawu zazenziwe ekhaya kwaye zintle kwaye zivela kulo lonke ilizwe. Iintsuku zokusebenza ezalandelayo zazakhelwa malunga neSeshoni yesiBini eKhethekileyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo malunga nokuthotywa kwezixhobo. NgoJuni 14, umanyano olubanzi lwakhupha umnxeba"Nqanda iiBombmakers,” kunye 161 amaqela asebenze ngamaza othintelo kwiMishini eSisigxina kwi-UN yamazwe amahlanu enyukliya. Amapolisa aseNew York enze 1,691 ukubanjwa.
Ayingobaxo ukutsho ukuba ezi zenzo ziqhubele uReagan noGorbachev kwitafile yothethathethwano. UGorbachev uthetha kakhulu kweyakhe 2020 ncwadi, Yintoni EseMngciphekweni Ngoku, ubhala njani"izigidi zabantu zaya ezitratweni, zibandakanyeka kwidemokhrasi yabantu, zavakalisa iimfuno zazo, zafumana ulwimi olufanayo—kwaye ekugqibeleni abezobupolitika baseMpuma naseNtshona basabela.” UChronicle uLawrence Wittner uthi uReagan, naye, wasabela kuxinzelelo lwe-anuclear ngokwenza"ukuthotywa kwezixhobo yeyona nto iphambili.”
Ukupheliswa okutsha
Emva kweMfazwe Yomlomo, intshukumo yeanuclear yabhanga kodwa ayizange ithi shwaka.
Owayesakuba nguNobhala wezoKhuselo uWilliam J. Perry, owayejongene nokuchithwa kwe 8,000 Iimfazwe zenyukliya ngexesha lolawulo lukaClinton, ngoku unepodcast kunye nomzukulwana wakhe"EBrink,” ebonisa indlela eya ekuthotyweni izixhobo.
Ubutshantliziyo ngamaqela enkolo lusaphethe igunya lokuziphatha kwaye lufikelela kubantu abangazifumaniyo iindaba zabo kubo INdemokhrasi ngoku. Ubhishophu omkhulu waseSanta Fe, NM, umzekelo, waphefumlela ubomi obutsha kwi-antinuclearism yamaKatolika ngoJanuwari. 2022 nge 50-iphepha leleta yomfundisi,"Ukuphila Ekukhanyeni Koxolo LukaKristu: Incoko Ebhekiselele Ekuthotyweni Kwezixhobo Zenyukliya.”
Amatsha ntliziyo emveli aqhube amashumi eminyaka emalinge enxamnye nokonakaliswa komhlaba wabo ngokuthathwa kushishino lwenyukliya. Kumazantsi-ntshona aseMelika-ikhaya leNational Nuclear Laboratories ethi, kunye noLawrence Livermore eCarlifonia, bazala izixhobo zenyukliya-iHaul Nombolo ekhokelwa ngabaNtu! Umdibaniso ulwa imigodi ye-uranium kunye nekoloniyalizim yenyukliya.
Kumazwe ngamazwe, intshukumo isenamandla. IPhulo laMazwe ngaMazwe lokuPhelisa iziXhobo zeNyukliya (i-ICAN)—iqela elisemva kweSivumelwano sokuThintwa kweZixhobo zeNyukliya — nalo laphenjelelwa liPhulo leZizwe ngezizwe lokuThintela izigcayiseli kwiminyaka elishumi ngaphambili. Yasekwa eMelbourne, eOstreliya, i-ICAN ikhule yaba 600 imibutho ngokubanzi 110 amazwe ukususela 2007.
ISivumelwano sokuThintwa kwezixhobo zeNyukliya silungisa iziphene zelitye elingundoqo 1970 ISivumelwano seNuclear Nonproliferation, esathi ngempazamo sabeka ubutyebi benyukliya nanjengoko saqalisa ukuthotywa kwezixhobo. I-United States, i-Soviet Union, i-China, i-France kunye ne-United Kingdom zithembise ukukhupha izixhobo (kwaye zincede ukuphuhlisa iiprojekthi zamandla enyukliya) ukuba nje ihlabathi lonke livumile ukuba lingalandeli izixhobo zalo zenyukliya. Ewe kunjalo, amazwe amahlanu avunyiweyo enyukliya aye asebenza njengamalungu amahlanu asisigxina eBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-UN, anamandla e-veto kuwo onke amanyathelo okuqala. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yiGrand Bargain, eyakhelwe kukungalingani kwe-hegemonic, ayiphumelelanga, kunye nokulandelelana kwamazwe"baphumeze” izixhobo zenyukliya, kuquka noSirayeli 1986 kunye neIndiya, iPakistan kunye noMntla Korea kwi 1998.
Umbutho omtsha wehlabathi wokubhangisa uyaqonda ukuba akusayi kubakho mikroba. Inyaniso yokuba iRashiya yahlasela iUkraine - kabini! -Ijongela phantsi ingqiqo ye-"uxolo lwenyukliya,” ingcamango yozinzo lwemo yelizwe ukusuka kumanyano lwenyukliya. ISivumelwano soThintelo lweZixhobo zeNyukliya siceba indlela eya phambili yokuphuma kwiphupha elibi lenyukliya elide kunye nokuya kumanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe oluthe tye ngakumbi.
Nabani na okhathalayo ngekamva lobomi kule planethi unokuba ngumlweli we-anuclear. Singahlanganisa iidolophu zethu ukuba zijoyine ooSodolophu boXolo kwaye sizibhengeze ukuba singabantu abalungileyo"inyukliya,” umqondiso ongaphezu komfuziselo kwiindawo ezixhomekeke emkhosini njengesixeko sam saseNew London. Sinokucela uluntu lwethu lwezenkolo, imibutho yabasebenzi kunye noomasipala ukuba bahlukane nabavelisi bezixhobo zenyukliya kunye nephulo le-Don't Bank on the Bomb. Zonke iintshukumo zethu zasekhohlo zinokusiphakamisa iSivumelwano soThintelo lwezixhobo zeNyukliya, sifuna ukuba idola yonyaka.50 Iibhiliyoni ezichithwe kwii-nukes e-United States zithunyelwa kwiimfuno zabantu.
Kwaye sinokugcwalisa izitrato, siqale ngamaninzi kunye nokwakha de sibe zizigidi.
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