Ukusuka kwizinja zikaBull Connor kunye nemibhobho yomlilo ehlasela ababonisi bamalungelo oluntu base-US ukuya kwindyikityha yokufa e-Amritsar kwikoloniyali yaseIndiya, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okunyanzeliswa ngokuchasene nabaphikisi kudla ngokubuyisela umva, ibe sisiganeko esiguqulayo esinokutshintsha ikhondo lengxabano. Endaweni yokuthomalalisa intshukumo, ingcinezelo isoloko ixhokonxa inkcaso kwaye ithoba ukuba semthethweni kwabaphezulu. Nangona isiko elide labafundi liphonononga iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga zokufela ukholo kunye nezinye izenzo zobundlobongela, ingqwalasela engaphezulu inokuhlawulwa kwinto esiyibiza ngokuba yi-paradox yengcinezelo - oko kukuthi, xa ingcinezelo idala iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezinganqwenelwanga ngabasemagunyeni. Iinzame zamagosa aphakamileyo okucinezela imibutho zihlala zisithela ngasemva, ukugaya inkxaso exhaphakileyo yemibutho kunye nokujongela phantsi amagunya, okunokukhokelela kuhlaziyo olubalulekileyo okanye nokubhukuqwa korhulumente.
Njengoko umlweli wamalungelo abantu, umfundisi nombhali uWill Campbell ebhala, โEnye into endiqiniseke ngayo kukuba: [umbutho olwela amalungelo abantu] awuzange utshatyalaliswe ngabantu ababukeleyo abagqunywe iminqwazi neminqamlezo evuthayo. Okanye ngamatyathanga asetyenziswa kubantwana besikolo, ukudutyulwa kweecawe namakhaya, ukuvalelwa entolongweni. Zonke ezo zinto zaziyimpembelelo kulo mbutho yaye zazisa ukuzimisela kumaxhoba.โ Ingcinezelo yengcinezelo inokulenza buthathaka igunya lolawulo, ijike iimbono zoluntu ngokuchasene nayo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, okukhona abantu abaphezulu besebenzisa amandla, kokukhona abemi abaninzi kunye namaqela esithathu benokunganeliseki, ngamanye amaxesha bephembelela urhulumente ukuba ahlukane nokuchasana kwangaphakathi.
Ngokutsho kwesazinzulu sezopolitiko uChristian Davenport, ucinezelo luhlala luchazwa โnjengokwenyani okanye okugrogriswayo kusetyenziso lwezohlwayo ngokwasemzimbeni kumntu okanye kumbutho, ngaphakathi kummandla wolawulo lukarhulumente, ngenjongo yokubeka iindleko koko kujoliswe kuko kunye nokuthintela imisebenzi ethile. kunye/okanye neenkolelo ezibonakala zilucelomngeni kubasebenzi bakarhulumente, izenzo okanye amaziko.โ Sikhetha ukubona ucinezelo njengento entsonkothileyo engaphaya kwezisongelo zomzimba okanye izohlwayo. Sikufumanisa kuluncedo ukubeka ezi ndlela ngokuqhubekayo ukusuka kubundlobongela obugqithisileyo, kwelinye icala, ukuya kwi-hegemony kwelinye. Ukujonga ingcinezelo kulo mbono ubanzi kunceda ukulungisa ezinye zokuxinana kophando lwangaphambili.
Ubundlobongela obucacileyo bubandakanya izenzo esihlala sicinga ngazo xa sicinga ngengcinezelo, njengokubethwa, ukungcungcuthekiswa, ukudubula abaqhankqalazi abangaxhobanga kunye nokubanjwa. Ngawona maqhinga acinezelayo anokuthi abangele umsindo wokuziphatha phakathi koluntu ngokubanzi kwaye, ke ngoko, kunokwenzeka ukuba abuyisele umva. Ngenxa yokuba abasemagunyeni ngamanye amaxesha bayazazi iingozi ezibandakanyekileyo ekusebenziseni izigalo, banokusebenzisa iindlela ezingabulalanga kangako ezifana nepepper spray okanye โactive denial systemsโ okanye bavele boyikise amatsha ntliziyo ngokugrogrisa ngokungathanga ngqo, ukuxhaphaza okanye ukubekwโ esweni. Ucinezelo oluthambileyo, ingqikelelo ephuhliswe nguMyra Marx Ferree, ibandakanya izenzo ezinjengokubekwa ibala kwabaqhankqalazi kunye neentshukumo zabo, ukuqulunqa ukhuphiswano, kunye neenzame zobuqhetseba zokwahlula, ukuphambukisa, okanye ukuphazamisa imibutho yentshukumo yentlalo okanye iqela labo abanokuba ngabasebenzi. UMarx Ferree uyachaza: โUmgaqo owahlulayo wengcinezelo ethambileyo, kukuhlanganisa amandla, nangona kungeziindlela ezingenabundlobongela kwaye ngokufuthi ngeendlela ezingacwangciswanga, ukunciphisa nokungabandakanyi izimvo kunye nezazisi kwiforum yoluntu.โ Nangona ephuhlisa ingqikelelo yokuchaza iintshukumo ezisekelwe kwisini, sisicwangciso esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngabaphezulu bamandla ukunciphisa inxaxheba yeentshukumo kunye nabaphikisayo. Okokugqibela, eyona ndlela isebenzayo yedemobilization esetyenziswa ngabasemagunyeni kukukhuthaza i-hegemony, apho abachasayo bazivavanyayo.
Ukungabi nabundlobongela kunye ne-paradox yengcinezelo
Njengoko uJonathan Schell esitsho ngobuchule โkwiLizwe Elingenakoyiswa,โ elinye lawona malungelo anzulu kule mihla ibe kukufezekiswa kwamandla athandwayo angenabundlobongela. Inkulungwane edlulileyo ivelise ukuvela kwezinto ezintsha kwizicwangciso zengxabano ezingenabundlobongela kunye neendlela, ezininzi zazo ezisebenzise ngokufanelekileyo i-paradox yengcinezelo. (Uqhushululu olunobundlobongela ngamanye amaxesha lunokuthi luxhamle kummangaliso wengcinezelo, kodwa ukusebenzisa kwabo ubundlobongela kunokujongela phantsi kwaye kunciphise inkxaso phakathi koluntu lwabo ngakumbi phakathi kwabantu besithathu.)
Nangona kukho indawo yonke, ukufihlakala kwe-paradox yengcinezelo akufanele kube yinto emangalisayo. Ibonakala kakhulu kwiingxabano apho elinye iqela lisebenzisa isicwangciso sobuchule sokungabikho kobundlobongela. Nangona kunjalo, kukwinkulungwane yama-20 kuphela apho sibona ukwanda okumangalisayo kokungabi nabundlobongela okuhambelana nokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nokukhawulezisa uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji. Kwihlabathi lamazwe ngamazwe apho unxibelelwano, ukhenketho kunye nobugcisa bezixhobo bufumaneka ngokubanzi, kwaneepokotho ezincinci zokuchasa ziye zaphuhlisa amandla okucela umngeni kumaziko anamandla ngokwesithethe, afana namaqumrhu kunye namazwe.
Ukuxhomekeka okukhulu kwamanye amazwe kufuna intsebenziswano kwezoqoqosho nezopolitiko kuthungelwano oluya luntsokotha kakhulu lwezivumelwano ezinqamlezileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okunyanzeliswa kule ndawo kunokukhubekisa okanye kuphazamise amahlakani kunye nabamelwane kwaye kushiye umntu ohlaselayo yedwa. I-United States iye yahlangabezana nale ngxaki malunga nokuhlaselwa kwe-Iraq. Ngaphandle kwenkxaso enkulu evela e-United Kingdom, ulawulo lukaBush ludibene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo ekuhlanganiseni kunye imbumba yamazwe amancinane, angenampembelelo kangako. Amazwe amakhulu akwiBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo, anjengeFransi, iJamani neRashiya, mhlawumbi aye ala ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngenxa yomdla obalulekileyo wezoqoqosho kuloo mmandla, kodwa ayephantsi koxinzelelo oluvela kwabemi bawo ababevelana nabantu baseIraq. iluthathele ingqalelo olo hlaselo olungenasihlahla.
Ulwakhiwo lwamaqela abavukeli lukwatshintshile ukuze luthabathe ithuba lobuchwephesha bonxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki obuhlala buvela, obufana noomatshini befeksi, i-intanethi, iiselfowuni kunye nemiyalezo ekhawulezileyo, ngeli lixa benciphisa amandla abasemagunyeni ukucinezela ukuxhathisa. Isenzo esithe ngqo esingenabugebenga ngamanye amaxesha sithatha uhlobo lweeseli okanye amaqela ahambelanayo aphuhliswe yimibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente ukuphepha ingcinezelo. Noko ke, olu tyekelo lusenokuwunciphisa umnqa wengcinezelo. Njengoko kuchaziwe kamva kule ncwadi, umnqa wengcinezelo uxhomekeke ubukhulu becala kungekhona ekuphepheni ingcinezelo kodwa ekunyamezeleni yaye maxa wambi ukuyixhokonxa. Ukuze abavukeli bacele uvelwano kunye nengqumbo yabantu ababukeleyo, olu luntu kufuneka lunxulumane kwaye luchonge ekujoliswe kuko kwingcinezelo. Nangona amaqela obudlelwane angenza amaqela okumelana abonakale ethunzi kwaye engabonakali, ukulungelelaniswa okubaluleke kakhulu kwamaphulo angenalo ubundlobongela kwenzeke phantsi komhlaba. Le ndlela yokugqibela ibonakala isebenzayo kwiimeko ezixananazileyo, apho kukho ukungafihlisi okuncinci malunga novelwano loluntu kunye nokungabi namthetho kolawulo.
Indida yengcinezelo yenye yembonakaliso yoko umphengululi ogqwesileyo wokungabikho kobundlobongela, uGene Sharp, ayibiza ngokuba โyijiu-jitsu yezopolitiko.โ Kwi-karate ye-jiu-jitsu, umntu usebenzisa ubunzima kunye nesantya somdlali ochasayo ukuphosa umdlali ochasayo. Ngokufanayo, kwisenzo esingenabugwenxa, umntu unokusebenzisa izixhobo zomchasi, iimfuno kunye nenkcubeko ukuze azuze yena. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokomzekelo, ukubanjwa nokuvalelwa bekusoloko kusisixhobo esiyintloko samagunya karhulumente nxamnye nabameli bokutshintsha intlalo. Abaphembeleli abangenabundlobongela, nangona kunjalo, bahlala belungiselela ukubanjwa kwaye bavuma ngokuzithandela okanye bafune ukuvalelwa ukuze bazalise iintolongo kwaye bacinezele amagosa karhulumente. Uguqulo olufanayo lunokusebenza ekusetyenzisweni kwemithombo yenkcubeko ukuvusa isiphithiphithi sengcinezelo. Isithandi sobulumko sentlalo-ntle uRichard Gregg waqala wabhala ngolu tshintsho โnjengejiu-jitsu yokuziphatha,โ sitsalela kwingcamango kaGandhi yokuba ukuzeneka kunokubangela ukuguquka komntu ochasayo, oya kuthi, xa ejamelene nomchasi ongenabundlobongela, aphulukane โnenkxaso yokuziphatha efunyanwa ngabanogonyamelo. ukuxhathisa kwabaninzi amaxhoba kuya kumbangela ukuba axhathise.โ
Njengoko abafundi kunye nabaphembeleli bokungabikho kobundlobongela beqonda, i-paradox yengcinezelo inokuhlakulelwa. Liyinyaniso elokuba, kwezinye iimeko, njengokutshatyalaliswa kohlanga kumaMerika Omthonyama, ingcinezelo ibigqibelele kangangokuba yoyise phantse yonke inkcaso. Kwezinye iimeko, nangona kunjalo, apho ubudlelwane phakathi kwabachasi buye badityaniswa ngcono kwaye apho abo ngokwesiko bathathwa njengabanamandla angaphantsi baye baphuhlisa iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuchasana (ezifana nezakhiwo zeeseli kunye nobuchule obungenalo ubundlobongela obuhlangeneyo), i-imperial kunye ne-authoriatory amazwe azifumene engakwazi ukulwa. kunye nenkcaso ephantsi, ngokufuthi ngenxa yokuba lo mbutho wawukwazi ukuhlutha urhulumente ukuba semthethweni kwawo. Ngelixa ukusetyenziswa okucwangcisiweyo okugqithisileyo kwe-nonviolent ye-collective action theory iyahluka ngokubanzi ukusuka kwimeko ukuya kwimeko, uqeqesho kunye nokucwangciswa kweqhinga kuyaqhubeka ukusasazeka. Amatyala esiwanikela njengemizekeliso awasoloko ebhala ulungiselelo lwangabom lwengxaki yokucinezelwa (nangona ulungiselelo luqhelekile, njengoko sichaza ngezantsi) kodwa sibonisa indlela abaceli-mngeni abamkela ngayo amaqhinga ezenzo ezidityanisiweyo ahlala ekhulisa kwaye ephambukisa iinzame zokucinezela kunye nokoyikisa abaphembeleli abangenabundlobongela. .
Isishwankathelo sencwadi
Izahluko kule ncwadi zineenjongo ezimbini eziphambili: ukufumana ukuqonda okuthe kratya malunga nendlela i-paradox yengcinezelo esebenza ngayo kwaye xa yenzekile, kwelinye icala, kunye nokuvavanya indlela abaphembeleli abangenabundlobongela abaye bayilawula ngayo, kwelinye, ukuphucula. indlela exhobisa ngayo iintshukumo kwaye ijongela phantsi iinkqubo ezingenabulungisa. Siyathemba ukuba le ncwadi iya kuba luncedo kubaphengululi kunye namatsha ntliziyo ngokufanayo, kwaye siye saqesha abaphengululi kunye namatsha ntliziyo njengababhali bezahluko (kubandakanywa ababhali abaninzi abangabo bobabini). Umsebenzi wokuqala wabafaki galelo kukujonga imiba eyahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zombhidaniso wengcinezelo ukufumana ingqiqo engcono malunga nenkcazo-bume yayo ngaphaya kwamatyala ahlukeneyo asasazwa luncwadi lwezifundiswa kunye nengcamango yamatsha ntliziyo. Sinikezela ngembono kunye nombono obonakalayo kwaye sidibanise ubungakanani kunye nomgangatho wokufunda kunye namatsha ntliziyo athe afumana ingcinezelo kwaye azama ngolawulo lwayo. Siqala ngembono ka-Erica Chenoweth yobungakanani bentaka yesenzeko kwihlabathi liphela ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane. Isahluko sesibini, "I-Backfire in Action: Insights evela kwi-Nonviolent Campaigns, i-1945-2006," ihlalutya isethi yakhe enkulu yedatha ngokuthelekisa ii-323 ezinobundlobongela kunye namaphulo angenabugorha otshintsho olukhulu lokuvavanya indlela i-backfire esebenza ngayo kwaye zeziphi iimpawu zokunyakaza ezinokuthi ziwuchukumise.
I-Chenoweth ichonga izinto ezintathu ezibalulekileyo eziququzelela isiphumo esihle kwingcinezelo: (1) ukugcina amanqanaba aphezulu entatho-nxaxheba yephulo, (2) utshintsho lokunyaniseka phakathi kwemikhosi yezokhuseleko kunye neenkokeli zabahlali, kunye (3) nokurhoxiswa kwenkxaso kumahlakani ayo angaphandle.
Isahluko sengqikelelo sikaDoron Shultziner sijongana nomba ophambili wesiphithiphithi sengcinezelo ngokuphonononga kumatyala amabini embali. Kwisahluko sesithathu, "Iziganeko eziTshintsho, ukuNcindezelwa, kunye noTshintsho lweMithetho," ugxininise kuxinzelelo oluphakathi phakathi kweeparamitha zezakhiwo zamathuba kunye ne-arhente yezenzo ezihlangeneyo. Uphonononga impembelelo yengqondo yentlalo ye "iziganeko zokuguqulwa," ngamanye amaxesha zinokumisa imikhwa kunye neengcamango eziqhelekileyo ezixhasa imeko yezopolitiko kwaye zivule amathuba amatsha okuchasana. Iziganeko zenguqu ezibandakanya ingcinezelo zingasebenza njengesizathu okanye indlela yokutshintsha kolawulo kunye neziphumo zedemokhrasi. I-Shultziner igxininise kumatyala afana ne-Soweto Uprising eMzantsi Afrika kunye nokwayikwa kwebhasi yaseMontgomery ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwengcinezelo kunye ne-backfire njengeziganeko zenguqu.
Ukuphambuka kwe-Elite ichongiwe njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimpumelelo okanye ukusilela kwamaphulo okumelana noluntu angenabugorha, efuna ukuba sijonge iindlela apho iiarhente zoxinzelelo zifumana ingcinezelo abayenzayo. Kuphononongo lwakhe lweenguqu eziphumeleleyo ezingenabundlobongela, uSharon Erickson Nepstad wafumanisa ukuba iziphako zomkhosi wokhuseleko yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo yeqhinga. Ukuchasana nokungabikho kobundlobongela kunenzuzo ekulawuleni nasekuqulunqeni ingcinezelo kuba kunokudala iingxaki kubacinezeli.
URachel MacNair usikhumbuza kwisahluko sesine, โIPsychology of Agents of Repression: The Paradox of Defection,โ ukuba ubundlongondlongo kunye noloyiko ayizizo iipropathi zenyama abantu abazibambe ezandleni zabo, kodwa ngamava angokwengqondo. Iiarhente zengcinezelo azilandeli nje imiyalelo; Babambeke kumandla engqondo antsonkothileyo kwaye basengozini yokubandezeleka into ayibiza ngokuba kukwenza uxinezeleko olubangelwa kukwenzakala.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubume bokumelana noluntu butshintshile ngokunyuka kwendima ye-intanethi kunye nemidiya yoluntu kwiinkqubo zezopolitiko. UJessica Beyer kunye noJennifer Earl bazisa ubuchwephesha babo obuninzi kweli candelo livelayo kwisahluko sesihlanu, "Backfire Online: Ukufunda iiMpendulo zokuNcitshiswa kwe-Intanethi." Kubalulekile ukuqonda iindlela ubutshantliziyo be-intanethi kunye nabaphembeleli abasemva kwayo banxibelelana norhulumente kunye namanye amaziko anomdla wokubathulisa. Ukuzoba kuphononongo lwamatyala amva nje, u-Beyer kunye no-Earl babonisa ngokucwangcisiweyo iindlela ezahlukeneyo zoxinzelelo kwi-intanethi kwaye babonise ukuba ibabuyisele njani abantu abaphezulu. Baphonononga ubudlelwane phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-intanethi kunye neendlela zokucinezela, ukuchonga amanqanaba amaninzi ohlalutyo malunga nendlela ukubuyisela umva kunye nokuthintela kunokwahlulwa ngokwabadlali ababandakanyekayo (umntu ngamnye ngokuchasene neqela kunye noluntu ngokuchasene nabucala).
Inqaku lesibini eliphambili lencwadi liguqukela kulawulo lwengcinezelo - oko kukuthi, indlela abachasayo abangenalo ubundlobongela, kodwa nabacinezeli, baye bazama ukubumba umphumo wengcinezelo ukuze bazuze. Siqala ngamava kaJenni Williams, umseki wombutho iWomen of Zimbabwe Arise, okanye iWOZA. Kwisahluko sesithandathu, "Ukoyisa Ukwesaba Ukoyisa Uxinzelelo," uWilliams ugxininisa ukubaluleka kokuseka inkcubeko yentshukumo ebeka phambili ukungabikho kobundlobongela kwaye ikhuthaza ukuxhotyiswa ngokusebenzisa ubunkokeli obukwabelwanayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kokudala imixholo yenkcubeko yenkcubeko yokumelana kunye nokunyanzeliswa okucacileyo. Xa iWOZA yayiguqula indima yemveli yobunina ukuba ingxolise kwaye icele umngeni kulawulo lobuzwilakhe lukaRobert Mugabe, amatshantliziyo adibana nengcinezelo ekhohlakeleyo yombutho wabo. Ngokwamkela kunye nokubanjelwa enkundleni, uWilliams uthi, amatsha ntliziyo athabatha esona sixhobo siphambili solawulo sengcinezelo, endaweni yoko saba ngumthombo wokuxhobisa intshukumo kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba ngabanye, benyusa iindleko zeenzame zolawulo zokubathintela. Bahlanganisa iphulo โlothando olunzima,โ beguqula inkcubeko yoloyiko ibe yinkcubeko yokuxhathisa kunye nokwakha ubume bobunkokeli obuyilayo obavumela ukuba babe bhetyebhetye ngakumbi kumaqhinga abo kunokumiswa kwamapolisa angoozwilakhe angqongqo okubotshelelwa luluhlu lwalo olulinganiselweyo.
Isahluko sesixhenxe, "Ulawulo lweNkcubeko kunye noNyanzelo," lugxininise kwimiba yomfuziselo yokunyanzeliswa kunye nokubuyisela kwayo. Sicinga umzabalazo ongenabundlobongela njengomdaniso phakathi kwesiseko kunye nabachasene nayo, urhulumente kunye nabavukeli bayo, njengoko bekhuphisana nezakhelo ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza intsingiselo yeziganeko zengcinezelo. Esi sahluko sihlolisisa iinzame ezisebenzayo zabasebenzi abangekho ubundlobongela kwizenzo ze-choreograph ngeendlela ezinceda ekuqinisekiseni i-backfire effect yengcinezelo ngokuseka ngokucacileyo ukunyanzeliswa kwee-arhente zoxinzelelo. Kwisahluko sesibhozo, โ'Uxinzelelo lwe'Smart'," sijongana neenzame ezikhulayo zabantu abaphezulu ukuba babe nobuchule obungakumbi malunga nendlela abasebenzisa ngayo ingcinezelo, ukuze banciphise iziphumo zokuhlaselwa kwabo okunokubakho. Eso sahluko sivavanya inkalo engakhange iphononongwe yokucinezelwa, ukusetyenziswa kwamaqhinga enziwe ngamabomu ukudiliza ukunyakaza ngelixa ukunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa umphumo wokubuyisela umva.
UDalia Ziada usinika umbono womthathi-nxaxheba wenguqu yaseYiputa ye-2011 kwisahluko sesithoba, "I-Egypt: Isicwangciso somkhosi kunye ne-Revolution ye-2011," nangona ekwaqhelana noncwadi malunga nesenzo esingenalo ubundlobongela. Eyona nto wayifumana iphawuleka kakhulu kukuba umkhosi kwezinye iimeko wakhetha ukungasebenzisi ubundlobongela ngexesha lovukelo lwabemi, kwaye wagqiba ukusebenzisana namatsha ntliziyo ukukhupha uMongameli uHosni Mubarak, nangona babuyela kumkhosi oxhobileyo wesiqhelo modus operandi emva kokuthatha amandla kuMohamed. UMorsi kunye ne-Muslim Brotherhood kwi-2014. U-Ziada unikezela ngengxelo yeziganeko ze-2011 ngokusekelwe ekuthatheni kwakhe inxaxheba kwi-revolution kwaye udweba udliwano-ndlebe kunye nabasebenzi bezempi baseYiputa nabaseMelika.
Kwisahluko se-10, "Ukunyanzeliswa kweNgcaciso ye-Creative Nonviolent Action e-Thailand," u-Chaiwat Satha-Anand uphonononga ubuchule bokusungula emva koxinzelelo eThailand. Uxela ukuba ukunyanzeliswa, njengezenzo zobundlobongela kwi-2010 karhulumente waseThailand ngokuchasene nabaqhankqalazi kwi-Red Shirts movement, kwakha indawo yobunkokeli obutsha bentshukumo kunye nokuqaliswa kokuchasana okungekho mthethweni. Uyibiza le mpembelelo inamandla โnjengempembelelo yokucoca yengcinezelo yogonyamelo.โ Kule meko yaseThai, iSombat Boonngamanong iphuhlise uthotho lwezenzo zehlokondiba elinophawu oluphezulu kunye noyilo olutsalele kwimbali yokungaxhathisi kuluntu lwaseThai.
Ekugqibeleni, i-activist ye-veteran, isazi kunye nomqeqeshi uGeorge Lakey uqukumbela umthamo ngokunika ingqiqo ukusuka kumashumi eminyaka yamava asebenzayo kunye nokucamngca kwisahluko se-11, "Ukwenza iNjongo yeentlungu kunye noloyiko: ukwenza i-Paradox yengcinezelo." Ngokutsho kukaLakey, abagqugquzeli abangenalo ubundlobongela benza iingxelo ezibonelela ngentsingiselo yeengozi zabo, ukulimala, ukubandezeleka kunye nokulahlekelwa, ukubanceda ukuba baguqule intlungu kunye noloyiko lube ngamathuba okuhlanganisa. La mabali wona aneziphumo kumaqhinga kunye namacebo abawakhethayo kwaye anceda ukuvusa isiphithiphithi sengcinezelo. Amatshantliziyo asebenzisa la mabali ukulungiselela kwangaphambili iziganeko zengcinezelo ngoqeqesho kunye nokubumba ungquzulwano.
Ngokudibanisa ezi zifundo, uhlalutyo lwezifundo kunye nokucamngca kwamatsha ntliziyo, sijolise ekukhanyiseleni indlela umxakatho wengcinezelo osebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezininzi kunye nendlela amatsha ntliziyo ayilawule ngayo ingcinezelo ukwandisa amandla ayo okubuyisela umva kunye nokuxhobisa ukuxhathisa.
Ingcinezelo njengengxabano yobudlelwane
Ukuchasana nokungabikho kobundlobongela kusekwe kwinxalenye enkulu kubuchule bobuchule bokusebenzisa amandla obudlelwane. Sigxininise kuluhlu olunye kulo mqulu: ukulinywa kobuchule kwesiphithiphithi sengcinezelo. Ngamanye amaxesha, xa elinye iqela lithatha inyathelo elinyanzelwayo eliphula imimiselo esisiseko, ukukwazi kwalo ukuhlanganisa inkxaso kunye nentsebenziswano - ukuba semthethweni kwayo - kuyajongelwa phantsi, isoyikisa amandla ayo okuhlangabezana neenjongo zayo. Abaxhasi balo mqulu babonisa iimeko apho abasemagunyeni okanye abantu abaphezulu basebenzise ukoyikisa, ukunyanzelisa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ubundlobongela kwiinzame zokutyumza iintshukumo eziphikisanayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko nganye, ukoyikiswa kunye nokunyanzeliswa komzimba kwabonwa ukuphula imilinganiselo yokuphendula ngokulinganayo kwaye kwanceda ukuhlanganisa abathathi-nxaxheba. Iinzame ze-Elite zaphinda zaqina kubo, zajongela phantsi ukuba semthethweni kwabo kwaye behlisa amandla abo okulawula njengoko befuna.
Ngaphaya koko, amatsha ntliziyo angakwazi ukucwangcisa izenzo zabachasi babo okanye azenzele ezabo izenzo ngendlela ezithi zitsalele ingqalelo kwingcinezelo yabachasi. Ngokwamkela amaqhinga angenabugorha, abaphembeleli banokuthi bavelise umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezenzo zabo kunye neendlela "ezingalunganga" zabachasi babo. I-dissonance eyenziwa ngumsantsa inokuthi, nayo, ivuse umsindo wokuziphatha okwandisa inkxaso kunye nokubandakanyeka kwamaqela asekhaya kunye nabesithathu. Umahluko onjalo usenokubangela ukuba amaqela akhule phakathi kwabachasi bombutho njengoko abanye beyirhoxisa intsebenziswano yabo kwaye besala ukuthatha inxaxheba kucinezelo olungaphaya. Xa ucinezelo lwenzeka ngokuchasene nabemi abangenalo ubundlobongela, lunokuba sisithintelo kwabanye oorhulumente, njengaxa uGorbachev ethathela ingqalelo iziphumo ezibi kwihlabathi liphela lokubulawa kwabantu eTiananmen Square kwaye wagqiba ekubeni angawabuyiseli amaKomanisi kulo lonke elaseMpuma Yurophu ngamandla xa ejongana nemvukelo engenabundlobongela. kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva.
Amatsha ntliziyo angasebenzisa izibonelelo zenkcubeko yemveli ukwazisa abantu abanokuba ngabasebenzi kunye noluntu olunovelwano ngezenzo zengcinezelo. Kusenokuqulunqwa amafa aqhubela phambili isiphithiphithi sengcinezelo kwakude kudala emva kokuba intlekele ekhawulezileyo idlulile. Abavukeli baseCzechoslovakia ngowe-1989 benza isikhumbuzo sokufa komfundi oselula, uJan Palach, owazibulala ngenxa yohlaselo lwasePrague ngo-1968 ngamajoni eSivumelwano saseWarsaw kumashumi amabini eminyaka ngaphambili. Ngokukwanjalo, ilifa loMkhosi waseBhritane lokubulala abantu ngeCawa yeBloody ngowe-1972 lisaqhubeka linempembelelo kwezopolitiko zaseMntla Ireland namhlanje, ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-40 emva kweso siganeko. Ukubonisa indlela yokusebenzisa izixhobo zenkcubeko kufuna ubuchule bokuyila bemveli okanye oko isazi ngezentlalo uJames Jasper awabize ngokuba "bubuchule" ekuphuhliseni amaqhinga asebenzayo. Ukukwazi kwabaphembeleli ukuyila isenzo esisebenzayo esingenabundlobongela ngokuyilayo esinciphisa ucinezelo okanye siyiqhubele ekubeni sibuyele emva singaphuhla ngokucwangciswa kobuchule, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo siya kuvela ngokwemvelo kwi- habitus, imbono esondeleyo, engabonakaliyo kunye nengabonakaliyo yobudlelwane obubodwa bendawo. Obu buchule bokuyila bungumthombo we-arhente, nto leyo enzima kwiiparadigms zexabiso lenzuzo njengoko inqabile kwaye kunzima ukuyilinganisa, kwaye noko isenokuphucula ngokubonakalayo amandla akhoyo amaqela anokuthi ngenye indlela athathwe njengasesichengeni sengcinezelo.
Ngamafutshane, nangona i-paradox yengcinezelo yinto echazwe ngokubanzi kuyo yomibini imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neengqungquthela zezemfundo, ibonakala iyinyani ecacileyo kunye neyo yonke indawo kwinkcubeko yezopolitiko yenkulungwane yama-21 kunye neyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimbali yokuphumelela kweentshukumo ezingenabundlobongela. Siyathemba ukuba le ngqokelela yezifundo iya konyusa ukuqonda ngokuphinda icinezelwe njengentsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqela angquzulanayo, ngokwandisa umda wethu wamacandelo apho ucinezelo lwenzeka khona, ngokuphonononga kwimiba yentlalo, yengqondo neyenkcubeko yoxinzelelo, ngokucinga ngakumbi malunga iindleko zokuxinzelela phakathi kwee-arhente zoxinzelelo, kunye nokwazisa ulawulo lonyanzeliso lokuphonononga iindlela apho i-activist yeqhinga elingenalo ubundlobongela baba zii-arhente ezinamandla ngaphakathi kweemeko zengcinezelo.
Thenga ikopi ye "I-Paradox yengcinezelo kunye neentshukumo ezingenabuNdlobongela" apha ISyracuse University Press.
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